Grammar parses for passage 4.28.1
Open translation for this passage
κατελθοῦσι δὲ αὐτοῖς κατʼ ἀρχὰς μὲν ἀπὸ Λακεδαιμονίων δεινὸν ἦν οὐδέν·
The clause is an impersonal/copular construction with ἦν; κατελθοῦσι and κατʼ ἀρχὰς are adverbial modifiers, and οὐδέν/δεινόν form the predicative content.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | κατελθοῦσι | κατέρχομαι | VERB | V--PAP-DSM | Aspect=Perf|Case=Dative|Number=Plural|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 10 ἦν | advcl | high | Aorist participle, dative plural; dependent of the impersonal construction with ἦν. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 10 ἦν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | P-P---DM- | Case=Dative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 1 κατελθοῦσι | obl | medium | Likely dative of association/reference with the participle. |
| 4 | κατʼ | κατά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 5 ἀρχὰς | case | high | Enclitic form before ἀρχὰς. |
| 5 | ἀρχὰς | ἀρχή | NOUN | N-P---FA- | Case=Accusative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Plural | 1 κατελθοῦσι | obl | high | Adverbial accusative in the phrase κατʼ ἀρχάς 'at first'. |
| 6 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 10 ἦν | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 7 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 8 Λακεδαιμονίων | case | high | Introduces source/origin phrase. |
| 8 | Λακεδαιμονίων | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | A-P---MG- | Case=Genitive|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 9 δεινὸν | obl | high | Genitive complement of ἀπό. |
| 9 | δεινὸν | δεινός | ADJ | A-S---NA- | Case=Accusative|Gender=Neuter|Number=Singular | 10 ἦν | obj | medium | Could be predicative adjective with ἦν; parsed as nominalized neuter 'no danger/terrible thing'. |
| 10 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V3SIIA--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the clause. |
| 11 | οὐδέν | οὐδείς | PRON | A-S---NA- | Case=Accusative|Gender=Neuter|Number=Singular|PronType=Neg | 10 ἦν | nsubj | medium | Likely subject/predicative nominal with impersonal ἦν; alternative analysis as adverbial 'not at all'. |
| 12 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ἦν | punct | high | Sentence-ending punctuation. |
κατεχόμενοι γὰρ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι φόβῳ τῷ Θηβαίων Μεσσήνης τε ἠνείχοντο ἐποικιζομένης καὶ Ἀρκάδων ἐς μίαν ἠθροισμένων πόλιν.
The syntax hinges on a main clause with ἠνείχοντο, plus two genitive absolutes: Μεσσήνης τε ἐποικιζομένης and καὶ Ἀρκάδων ἐς μίαν ἠθροισμένων πόλιν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | κατεχόμενοι | κατέχω | VERB | PAPMPN | Aspect=Imp|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 10 ἠνείχοντο | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle modifying the main verb. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | GAP | _ | 10 ἠνείχοντο | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | lil | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 4 Λακεδαιμόνιοι | det | high | Definite article with the subject noun phrase. |
| 4 | Λακεδαιμόνιοι | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | NPM-N | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 ἠνείχοντο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἠνείχοντο. |
| 5 | φόβῳ | φόβος | NOUN | N-S---D | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 ἠνείχοντο | obl | high | Dative of cause/means with the main verb. |
| 6 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | lil | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 7 Θηβαίων | det | high | Article modifying Θηβαίων. |
| 7 | Θηβαίων | Θηβαῖος | PROPN | NPM-G | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 φόβῳ | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent of φόβῳ; likely subjective/objective genitive, here attached as nominal modifier. |
| 8 | Μεσσήνης | Μεσσήνη | PROPN | N-S---G | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 ἠνείχοντο | advcl | medium | Genitive absolute with token 11. |
| 9 | τε | τε | PART | GAP | _ | 8 Μεσσήνης | discourse | high | Enclitic connective particle. |
| 10 | ἠνείχοντο | ἀνέχομαι | VERB | V-3PIM-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 11 | ἐποικιζομένης | ἐποικίζω | VERB | VPPMGS | Aspect=Imp|Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 8 Μεσσήνης | advcl | high | Participial element within the genitive absolute. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 16 ἠθροισμένων | cc | high | Coordinates the two genitive absolutes. |
| 13 | Ἀρκάδων | Ἀρκάς | PROPN | NPM-G | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 ἠθροισμένων | nsubj | medium | Genitive subject in the second genitive absolute. |
| 14 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R | _ | 17 πόλιν | case | high | Preposition governing πόλιν. |
| 15 | μίαν | εἷς | NUM | A-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 πόλιν | amod | high | Attributive numeral modifying πόλιν. |
| 16 | ἠθροισμένων | ἀθροίζω | VERB | VPPPGM | Aspect=Perf|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|Voice=Mid | 13 Ἀρκάδων | advcl | high | Participle completing the genitive absolute with Ἀρκάδων. |
| 17 | πόλιν | πόλις | NOUN | N-S---A | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 ἠθροισμένων | obl | high | Object of ἐς. |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ἠνείχοντο | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
ὡς δὲ ὁ πόλεμος ὁ Φωκικός, καλούμενος δὲ ὁ αὐτὸς οὗτος καὶ ἱερός, ἀπήγαγεν ἐκ Πελοποννήσου Θηβαίους, ἀνεθάρρησάν τε οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ τῶν Μεσσηνίων οὐκέτι ἐδύναντο ἀπέχεσθαι.
The syntax is a bit irregular because the sentence opens with a temporal clause and then coordinates two main verbs; ἀνεθάρρησάν is singular in the transmitted text, but the following plural ἐδύναντο suggests a possible textual/syntactic irregularity.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | _ | _ | 16 ἀπήγαγεν | mark | high | Introduces a temporal/subordinate clause. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 16 ἀπήγαγεν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 4 πόλεμος | det | high | Article modifying πόλεμος. |
| 4 | πόλεμος | πόλεμος | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἀπήγαγεν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀπήγαγεν. |
| 5 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 Φωκικός | det | high | Article modifying Φωκικός. |
| 6 | Φωκικός | Φωκικός | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 πόλεμος | amod | high | Adjectival epithet of πόλεμος. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 ἀπήγαγεν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 8 | καλούμενος | καλέω | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 4 πόλεμος | acl | high | Participial modifier of πόλεμος. |
| 9 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 8 καλούμενος | discourse | high | Connective particle within participial phrase. |
| 10 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 12 οὗτος | det | high | Article modifying οὗτος. |
| 11 | αὐτὸς | αὐτός | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 οὗτος | amod | high | Attributive modifier of οὗτος. |
| 12 | οὗτος | οὗτος | PRON | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 8 καλούμενος | nsubj:pass | medium | Likely subject of the passive participle; wording is appositional in sense. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 14 ἱερός | cc | high | Connects adjectives. |
| 14 | ἱερός | ἱερός | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 οὗτος | conj | high | Conjunct adjectival predicate/modifier of οὗτος. |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 ἀπήγαγεν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 16 | ἀπήγαγεν | ἀπάγω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main clause verb. |
| 17 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | _ | _ | 18 Πελοποννήσου | case | high | Preposition governing Πελοποννήσου. |
| 18 | Πελοποννήσου | Πελοπόννησος | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 ἀπήγαγεν | obl | high | Source/origin phrase with ἐκ. |
| 19 | Θηβαίους | Θηβαῖος | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 ἀπήγαγεν | obj | high | Direct object of ἀπήγαγεν. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 ἀπήγαγεν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 21 | ἀνεθάρρησάν | ἀναθαρσέω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Second main verb; coordination with ἀπήγαγεν, though finite form is plural. |
| 22 | τε | τε | PART | _ | _ | 21 ἀνεθάρρησάν | discourse | high | Enclitic connective particle. |
| 23 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 24 Λακεδαιμόνιοι | det | high | Article modifying Λακεδαιμόνιοι. |
| 24 | Λακεδαιμόνιοι | Λακεδαιμόνιος | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 ἀνεθάρρησάν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀνεθάρρησάν. |
| 25 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 29 ἐδύναντο | cc | high | Connects coordinated clause or verb phrase. |
| 26 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 27 Μεσσηνίων | det | high | Article modifying Μεσσηνίων. |
| 27 | Μεσσηνίων | Μεσσήνιος | ADJ | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 30 ἀπέχεσθαι | obl | medium | Genitive complement of ἀπέχεσθαι; may be partitive/ablatival. |
| 28 | οὐκέτι | οὐκέτι | ADV | _ | _ | 29 ἐδύναντο | advmod | high | Negating adverb 'no longer'. |
| 29 | ἐδύναντο | δύναμαι | AUX | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 21 ἀνεθάρρησάν | conj | high | Auxiliary-like finite verb coordinated with ἀνεθάρρησάν. |
| 30 | ἀπέχεσθαι | ἀπέχω | VERB | _ | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 29 ἐδύναντο | xcomp | high | Complement infinitive of ἐδύναντο. |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 ἀπήγαγεν | punct | high | Punctuation. |