Grammar parses for passage 4.28.1
Open translation for this passage
κατελθοῦσι δὲ αὐτοῖς κατʼ ἀρχὰς μὲν ἀπὸ Λακεδαιμονίων δεινὸν ἦν οὐδέν·
The dative participial clause κατελθοῦσι αὐτοῖς is circumstantial; κατʼ ἀρχάς is temporal, while ἀπὸ Λακεδαιμονίων specifies the source of the initially absent danger.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | κατελθοῦσι | κατέρχομαι | VERB | VAIP-PMP | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aorist|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Active | 10 ἦν | advcl | high | Aorist active participle, dative plural masculine, agreeing with αὐτοῖς. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 10 ἦν | cc | high | |
| 3 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | P------DF3P | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 1 κατελθοῦσι | nsubj | high | Dative subject of the participial clause. |
| 4 | κατʼ | κατά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 5 ἀρχὰς | case | high | Elided before ἀρχάς. |
| 5 | ἀρχὰς | ἀρχή | NOUN | N-AF-PP-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 10 ἦν | obl | high | Accusative temporal phrase κατʼ ἀρχάς. |
| 6 | μὲν | μέν | PART | X-------- | _ | 10 ἦν | discourse | high | Correlative particle, with contrast anticipated. |
| 7 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 8 Λακεδαιμονίων | case | high | |
| 8 | Λακεδαιμονίων | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | N-GP-P---- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 δεινὸν | obl | medium | Genitive plural ethnic name, source/origin with ἀπό. |
| 9 | δεινὸν | δεινός | ADJ | A-N--AFN-- | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 ἦν | nsubj | high | Substantivized neuter adjective, subject of ἦν. |
| 10 | ἦν | εἰμί | VERB | V3SIA--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 11 | οὐδέν | οὐδείς | PRON | P---NA-S-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 9 δεινὸν | advmod | medium | Neuter οὐδέν modifies the substantivized δεινόν, yielding ‘nothing alarming’; could alternatively be analyzed as a predicative complement. |
| 12 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ἦν | punct | high |
κατεχόμενοι γὰρ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι φόβῳ τῷ Θηβαίων Μεσσήνης τε ἠνείχοντο ἐποικιζομένης καὶ Ἀρκάδων ἐς μίαν ἠθροισμένων πόλιν.
Participial κατεχόμενοι is the nominative subject adjunct of ἠνείχοντο; φόβῳ is the dative cause, with τῷ Θηβαίων modifying φόβῳ. The genitive absolute clauses ἐποικιζομένης Μεσσήνης and ἠθροισμένων Ἀρκάδων describe the circumstances tolerated.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | κατεχόμενοι | κατέχω | VERB | V-PAP-NMP | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 10 ἠνείχοντο | advcl | high | |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 10 ἠνείχοντο | cc | high | |
| 3 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 Λακεδαιμόνιοι | det | high | |
| 4 | Λακεδαιμόνιοι | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 ἠνείχοντο | nsubj | high | |
| 5 | φόβῳ | φόβος | NOUN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 ἠνείχοντο | obl | high | Dative of cause or motivation. |
| 6 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 φόβῳ | det | high | |
| 7 | Θηβαίων | Θηβαῖος | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 φόβῳ | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on φόβῳ, likely fear of the Thebans. |
| 8 | Μεσσήνης | Μεσσήνη | PROPN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 ἐποικιζομένης | nsubj | high | Genitive-absolute subject. |
| 9 | τε | τε | CCONJ | _ | _ | 11 ἐποικιζομένης | cc | high | Coordinates the two genitive-absolute clauses. |
| 10 | ἠνείχοντο | ἀνέχομαι | VERB | V-IMI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Impf|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Deponent imperfect, ‘they endured/tolerated’. |
| 11 | ἐποικιζομένης | ἐποικίζω | VERB | V-PMP-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 10 ἠνείχοντο | advcl | high | Genitive-absolute predicate with Μεσσήνης. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 16 ἠθροισμένων | cc | high | Coordinates the second genitive-absolute clause. |
| 13 | Ἀρκάδων | Ἀρκάς | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 ἠθροισμένων | nsubj | high | Genitive-absolute subject. |
| 14 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | P | _ | 15 μίαν | case | high | |
| 15 | μίαν | εἷς | NUM | A-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 πόλιν | amod | high | |
| 16 | ἠθροισμένων | ἀθροίζω | VERB | V-RPP-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 10 ἠνείχοντο | acl | high | Genitive-absolute predicate; ἐς μίαν πόλιν is its destination complement. |
| 17 | πόλιν | πόλις | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 ἠθροισμένων | obl | high | Destination with ἐς. |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ἠνείχοντο | punct | high |
ὡς δὲ ὁ πόλεμος ὁ Φωκικός, καλούμενος δὲ ὁ αὐτὸς οὗτος καὶ ἱερός, ἀπήγαγεν ἐκ Πελοποννήσου Θηβαίους, ἀνεθάρρησάν τε οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ τῶν Μεσσηνίων οὐκέτι ἐδύναντο ἀπέχεσθαι.
Temporal ὡς-clause: the Phocian (also called Sacred) War led the Thebans away from the Peloponnese; then the Lacedaemonians regained courage and could no longer refrain from the Messenians. The naming phrase around καλούμενος is structurally somewhat ambiguous.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 16 ἀπήγαγεν | mark | high | Temporal/subordinating conjunction introducing the ὡς-clause. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 16 ἀπήγαγεν | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 πόλεμος | det | high | |
| 4 | πόλεμος | πόλεμος | NOUN | N--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἀπήγαγεν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀπήγαγεν. |
| 5 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 Φωκικός | det | high | |
| 6 | Φωκικός | Φωκικός | ADJ | A--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 πόλεμος | amod | high | Adjectival specification of πόλεμος. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 καλούμενος | punct | high | |
| 8 | καλούμενος | καλέω | VERB | V-PMPNSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 4 πόλεμος | acl | high | Participial modifier of πόλεμος. |
| 9 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 8 καλούμενος | cc | high | Postpositive connective within the participial phrase. |
| 10 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 αὐτὸς | det | high | |
| 11 | αὐτὸς | αὐτός | ADJ | A--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 ἱερός | amod | medium | Attributive αὐτός, with ὁ ... οὗτος καὶ ἱερός describing the war. |
| 12 | οὗτος | οὗτος | PRON | P-DNSM- | Case=Nom|Deixis=Med|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 ἱερός | det | medium | Demonstrative accompanying the substantivally/attributively modified noun phrase. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 14 ἱερός | cc | high | Coordinates ἱερός with the preceding characterization. |
| 14 | ἱερός | ἱερός | ADJ | A--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 καλούμενος | xcomp | medium | Predicate adjective/complement in the naming construction καλούμενος ... ἱερός. |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 ἀπήγαγεν | punct | high | |
| 16 | ἀπήγαγεν | ἀπάγω | VERB | V-AAI3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite verb of the temporal clause. |
| 17 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | R | _ | 18 Πελοποννήσου | case | high | |
| 18 | Πελοποννήσου | Πελοπόννησος | PROPN | N--Gsf- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 ἀπήγαγεν | obl | high | Source/place complement of ἀπήγαγεν. |
| 19 | Θηβαίους | Θηβαῖος | PROPN | N--APM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 ἀπήγαγεν | obj | high | Object of ἀπήγαγεν. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 21 ἀνεθάρρησάν | punct | high | |
| 21 | ἀνεθάρρησάν | ἀναθαρρέω | VERB | V-AAI3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 16 ἀπήγαγεν | conj | high | Coordinated finite verb, linked by τε ... καί. |
| 22 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 21 ἀνεθάρρησάν | cc | high | First member of τε ... καί coordination. |
| 23 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T--NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 24 Λακεδαιμόνιοι | det | high | |
| 24 | Λακεδαιμόνιοι | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | A--NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 ἀνεθάρρησάν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀνεθάρρησαν and ἐδύναντο. |
| 25 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 29 ἐδύναντο | cc | high | Coordinates the second finite verb with ἀνεθάρρησαν. |
| 26 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T--GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 27 Μεσσηνίων | det | high | |
| 27 | Μεσσηνίων | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | A--GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 30 ἀπέχεσθαι | obl | high | Genitive object/complement of ἀπέχεσθαι. |
| 28 | οὐκέτι | οὐκέτι | ADV | D | Polarity=Neg | 29 ἐδύναντο | advmod | high | Negates ἐδύναντο. |
| 29 | ἐδύναντο | δύναμαι | VERB | V-IMI3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 21 ἀνεθάρρησάν | conj | high | Second coordinated finite verb; takes ἀπέχεσθαι as infinitival complement. |
| 30 | ἀπέχεσθαι | ἀπέχω | VERB | V-PMN--- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 29 ἐδύναντο | xcomp | high | Infinitival complement of ἐδύναντο. |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 ἀπήγαγεν | punct | high |