Grammar parses for passage 4.28.4
Open translation for this passage
οὐ πολλῷ δὲ ὕστερον ἔσχον Ἦλιν Μεσσήνιοι, σοφίᾳ τε ὁμοῦ χρησάμενοι καὶ τολμήματι.
ἔσχον is aorist active indicative, 3rd plural, with Μεσσήνιοι as subject and Ἦλιν as object; χρησάμενοι is a circumstantial aorist middle participle agreeing with Μεσσήνιοι, governing the instrumental datives σοφίᾳ and τολμήματι.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 5 ἔσχον | advmod | high | |
| 2 | πολλῷ | πολύς | ADJ | A-S---ND- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 ὕστερον | advmod | high | Adverbial dative modifying ὕστερον. |
| 3 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 5 ἔσχον | cc | high | |
| 4 | ὕστερον | ὕστερος | ADJ | A-S---NA- | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 ἔσχον | advmod | high | Accusative neuter used adverbially: 'not much later'. |
| 5 | ἔσχον | ἔχω | VERB | V--AAI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 6 | Ἦλιν | Ἦλις | PROPN | Ne---AS- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 ἔσχον | obj | high | |
| 7 | Μεσσήνιοι | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | N---MN-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 ἔσχον | nsubj | high | |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἔσχον | punct | high | |
| 9 | σοφίᾳ | σοφία | NOUN | N--SFD-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 χρησάμενοι | obl | high | Instrumental dative with χρησάμενοι. |
| 10 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 9 σοφίᾳ | cc | high | Correlative τε with καί. |
| 11 | ὁμοῦ | ὁμοῦ | ADV | D-------- | _ | 12 χρησάμενοι | advmod | high | 'Together/equally'; modifies the participial phrase. |
| 12 | χρησάμενοι | χράομαι | VERB | V--AMP-NP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 5 ἔσχον | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle agreeing with Μεσσήνιοι. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 14 τολμήματι | cc | high | Coordinates the second instrumental dative with σοφίᾳ. |
| 14 | τολμήματι | τόλμημα | NOUN | N--SND-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 12 χρησάμενοι | obl | high | Instrumental dative with χρησάμενοι. |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἔσχον | punct | high |
Ἠλεῖοι γὰρ τὰ μὲν παλαιότατα εὐνομώτατοι Πελοποννησίων ἦσαν·
The phrase τὰ μὲν παλαιότατα is an adverbial accusative meaning ‘in the earliest times’; εὐνομώτατοι Πελοποννησίων is a superlative predicate with partitive genitive.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ἠλεῖοι | Ἠλεῖος | PROPN | N--MP-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἦσαν | nsubj | high | Ethnic name functioning as the subject. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | G-------- | _ | 8 ἦσαν | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T----NPA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 5 παλαιότατα | det | high | Article substantivizing the superlative adverbial expression. |
| 4 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 5 παλαιότατα | discourse | high | Correlative particle, with the corresponding δέ understood or supplied by context. |
| 5 | παλαιότατα | παλαιός | ADJ | A-SNA | Case=Acc|Degree=Sup|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 εὐνομώτατοι | advmod | medium | Neuter plural superlative used adverbially, with τὰ μὲν in the sense ‘in the earliest times’. |
| 6 | εὐνομώτατοι | εὔνομος | ADJ | A--MP-N | Case=Nom|Degree=Sup|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἦσαν | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective with εἰμί. |
| 7 | Πελοποννησίων | Πελοποννήσιος | PROPN | A--GP-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 εὐνομώτατοι | obl | high | Partitive genitive dependent on the superlative adjective. |
| 8 | ἦσαν | εἰμί | AUX | V3PIIA---- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Imperfect of εἰμί, ‘were’. |
| 9 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἦσαν | punct | high |
Φιλίππου δὲ τοῦ Ἀμύντου τά τε ἄλλα ὁπόσα εἴρηται κακουργήσαντος τὴν Ἑλλάδα καὶ Ἠλείων τοὺς δυνατοὺς διαφθείραντος χρήμασι, στασιάζουσι πρῶτον τότε Ἠλεῖοι καὶ ἐς ὅπλα, ὡς λέγουσι, χωροῦσι.
The opening is a coordinated pair of genitive absolutes: Φιλίππου ... κακουργήσαντος and Ἠλείων ... διαφθείραντος; χωροῦσι is coordinated with στασιάζουσι.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Φιλίππου | Φίλιππος | PROPN | N--GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 κακουργήσαντος | nsubj | high | Genitive absolute subject. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 20 στασιάζουσι | cc | high | |
| 3 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | RA--GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 Ἀμύντου | det | high | |
| 4 | Ἀμύντου | Ἄμυντος | PROPN | N--GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 Φιλίππου | appos | high | Apposition to Φιλίππου. |
| 5 | τά | ὁ | DET | RA--NPA- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 7 ἄλλα | det | high | |
| 6 | τε | τε | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 7 ἄλλα | cc | high | |
| 7 | ἄλλα | ἄλλος | ADJ | A--NPN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 10 κακουργήσαντος | obj | medium | Substantivized neuter plural, object of κακουργήσαντος. |
| 8 | ὁπόσα | ὁπόσος | PRON | P--NPN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 9 εἴρηται | nsubj | medium | Relative-like subject of εἴρηται; neuter plural with singular verb. |
| 9 | εἴρηται | λέγω | VERB | V--XMI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Mid | 7 ἄλλα | acl:relcl | medium | Perfect middle/passive of λέγω, ‘has been said’; modifies ἄλλα. |
| 10 | κακουργήσαντος | κακουργέω | VERB | V--AAPGM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 20 στασιάζουσι | advcl | high | Genitive absolute with Φιλίππου. |
| 11 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | RA--ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 Ἑλλάδα | det | high | |
| 12 | Ἑλλάδα | Ἑλλάς | PROPN | N--ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 κακουργήσαντος | obj | high | |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 17 διαφθείραντος | cc | high | Coordinates the two genitive absolute participles. |
| 14 | Ἠλείων | Ἠλεῖος | PROPN | N--GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 διαφθείραντος | nsubj | high | Genitive absolute subject. |
| 15 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | RA--APM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 δυνατοὺς | det | high | |
| 16 | δυνατοὺς | δυνατός | ADJ | A--APM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 διαφθείραντος | obj | high | Substantivized adjective, ‘the powerful’. |
| 17 | διαφθείραντος | διαφθείρω | VERB | V--AAPGM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 20 στασιάζουσι | advcl | high | Genitive absolute with Ἠλείων. |
| 18 | χρήμασι | χρῆμα | NOUN | N--DPN- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 17 διαφθείραντος | obl | high | Means/instrument with διαφθείραντος. |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 στασιάζουσι | punct | high | |
| 20 | στασιάζουσι | στασιάζω | VERB | V-PAI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 21 | πρῶτον | πρῶτος | ADV | A--ASM- | Degree=Pos | 20 στασιάζουσι | advmod | high | Adverbial accusative, ‘for the first time’. |
| 22 | τότε | τότε | ADV | D-------- | _ | 20 στασιάζουσι | advmod | high | |
| 23 | Ἠλεῖοι | Ἠλεῖος | PROPN | N--NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 στασιάζουσι | nsubj | high | |
| 24 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 31 χωροῦσι | cc | high | Coordinates χωροῦσι with στασιάζουσι. |
| 25 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 26 ὅπλα | case | high | |
| 26 | ὅπλα | ὅπλον | NOUN | N--APN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 31 χωροῦσι | obl | high | Goal/direction with ἐς. |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 31 χωροῦσι | punct | high | |
| 28 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | -------- | _ | 29 λέγουσι | mark | high | Introduces parenthetical reported-speech clause. |
| 29 | λέγουσι | λέγω | VERB | V-PAI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 31 χωροῦσι | parataxis | medium | Parenthetical ‘as they say’; attachment is conventionally paratactic. |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 31 χωροῦσι | punct | high | |
| 31 | χωροῦσι | χωρέω | VERB | V-PAI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 20 στασιάζουσι | conj | high | Coordinated finite verb. |
| 32 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 στασιάζουσι | punct | high |