Grammar parses for passage 4.31.5
Open translation for this passage
περὶ δὲ τὴν Μεσσήνην τεῖχος, κύκλος μὲν πᾶς λίθου πεποίηται, πύργοι δὲ καὶ ἐπάλξεις εἰσὶν ἐνῳκοδομημένοι.
The sentence has two coordinated predications: τεῖχος...πεποίηται and πύργοι δὲ καὶ ἐπάλξεις εἰσὶν ἐνῳκοδομημένοι; κύκλος μὲν πᾶς λίθου is treated as appositive/nominal elaboration of τεῖχος.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | περὶ | περί | ADP | _ | AdpType=Prep | 5 τεῖχος | case | high | Preposition governing τὴν Μεσσήνην. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 5 τεῖχος | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 4 Μεσσήνην | det | high | Article with proper noun. |
| 4 | Μεσσήνην | Μεσσήνη | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 τεῖχος | obl | high | Object of περὶ. |
| 5 | τεῖχος | τεῖχος | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 πεποίηται | nsubj | high | Subject of πεποίηται. |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 τεῖχος | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 7 | κύκλος | κύκλος | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 πεποίηται | nsubj | medium | Second appositive/coordinate subject in asyndetic structure. |
| 8 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 7 κύκλος | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 9 | πᾶς | πᾶς | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 λίθου | amod | high | Modifies λίθου. |
| 10 | λίθου | λίθος | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 κύκλος | nmod | high | Partitive/material genitive with κύκλος. |
| 11 | πεποίηται | ποιέω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verbal predicate. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 πεποίηται | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 13 | πύργοι | πύργος | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 εἰσὶν | nsubj | high | Subject of εἰσὶν. |
| 14 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 13 πύργοι | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 15 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 13 πύργοι | cc | high | Connects πύργοι and ἐπάλξεις. |
| 16 | ἐπάλξεις | ἐπάλξις | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 13 πύργοι | conj | high | Coordinate subject with πύργοι. |
| 17 | εἰσὶν | εἰμί | AUX | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 11 πεποίηται | conj | high | Second coordinated finite predicate. |
| 18 | ἐνῳκοδομημένοι | ἐνοικοδομέω | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 17 εἰσὶν | xcomp | medium | Perfect passive participle predicative with εἰσίν; gender likely masc. agreeing with πύργοι by default, though semantics includes ἐπάλξεις. |
| 19 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 πεποίηται | punct | high | Punctuation. |
τὰ μὲν οὖν Βαβυλωνίων ἢ τὰ Μεμνόνεια τὰ ἐν Σούσοις τείχη τοῖς Περσικοῖς οὔτε εἶδον οὔτε ἄλλων περὶ αὐτῶν ἤκουσα αὐτοπτούντων· τὰ δὲ ἐν Ἀμβρός ς ῳ τῇ Φωκικῇ ἔν τε Βυζαντίῳ καὶ Ῥόδῳ---ταῦτα γὰρ δὴ τετείχισται τὰ χωρία ἄριστα---τούτων Μεσσηνίοις ἐστὶν ἐχυρώτερον.
Syntax is compressed and somewhat corrupt in the place-name sequence (tokens 26–28), and the final comparative clause is elliptical, with ἐχυρώτερον serving as the predicate of ἐστίν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 11 τείχη | det | high | Article with τείχη; accusative object of seeing/hearing. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 1 τὰ | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 3 | οὖν | οὖν | PART | _ | _ | 1 τὰ | discourse | high | Inferential particle. |
| 4 | Βαβυλωνίων | Βαβυλώνιος | ADJ | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 τείχη | amod | medium | Likely genitive attributive modifier of τείχη, meaning 'Babylonian'. |
| 5 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 11 τείχη | cc | high | Disjunctive conjunction. |
| 6 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 11 τείχη | det | high | Article with τείχη. |
| 7 | Μεμνόνεια | Μεμνόνειος | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 τείχη | amod | high | Attributive adjective modifying τείχη. |
| 8 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 11 τείχη | det | high | Article with τείχη. |
| 9 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | _ | _ | 10 Σούσοις | case | high | Preposition governing Σούσοις. |
| 10 | Σούσοις | Σοῦσα | PROPN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 τείχη | nmod | high | Locative/dative complement within the noun phrase. |
| 11 | τείχη | τεῖχος | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 15 εἶδον | obj | high | First object of εἶδον and coordinated with the omitted second object. |
| 12 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 13 Περσικοῖς | det | high | Article with Περσικοῖς. |
| 13 | Περσικοῖς | Περσικός | ADJ | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 τείχη | obl | medium | Dative phrase modifying/associated with τείχη; syntax somewhat compressed. |
| 14 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | _ | _ | 15 εἶδον | cc | high | Negative correlative coordinating verb phrases. |
| 15 | εἶδον | ὁράω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb of the first clause. |
| 16 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | _ | _ | 20 ἤκουσα | cc | high | Coordinates with οὔτε...οὔτε. |
| 17 | ἄλλων | ἄλλος | ADJ | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 αὐτοπτούντων | amod | high | Genitive modifier of αὐτοπτούντων. |
| 18 | περὶ | περί | ADP | _ | _ | 19 αὐτῶν | case | high | Preposition governing αὐτῶν. |
| 19 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 20 ἤκουσα | obl | high | Object of περὶ in the hear-from phrase. |
| 20 | ἤκουσα | ἀκούω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 15 εἶδον | conj | high | Second coordinated main verb with same subject. |
| 21 | αὐτοπτούντων | αὐτόπτης | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 ἤκουσα | advcl | medium | Genitive absolute-like participial noun phrase, 'of eyewitnesses'; relation approximate. |
| 22 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 εἶδον | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
| 23 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 44 χωρία | det | high | Article with χωρία. |
| 24 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 39 ταῦτα | discourse | high | Mild adversative/discourse particle. |
| 25 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | _ | _ | 26 Ἀμβρός | case | high | Preposition governing place name. |
| 26 | Ἀμβρός | Ἀμβρός | PROPN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 44 χωρία | nmod | low | Tokenization is corrupt here; treated as part of a place-name expression. |
| 27 | ς | ς | X | _ | _ | 26 Ἀμβρός | flat | low | Corrupted token, likely part of Ἀμβρόσῳ. |
| 28 | ῳ | ος | X | _ | _ | 26 Ἀμβρός | flat | low | Corrupted token, likely part of Ἀμβρόσῳ. |
| 29 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 30 Φωκικῇ | det | high | Article with Φωκικῇ. |
| 30 | Φωκικῇ | Φωκικός | ADJ | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 44 χωρία | nmod | high | Attributive modifier of the place phrase. |
| 31 | ἔν | ἐν | ADP | _ | _ | 33 Βυζαντίῳ | case | high | Preposition governing Βυζαντίῳ. |
| 32 | τε | τε | PART | _ | _ | 31 ἔν | discourse | high | Enclitic coordinating particle. |
| 33 | Βυζαντίῳ | Βυζάντιον | PROPN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 44 χωρία | nmod | high | Locative dative with ἐν. |
| 34 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 33 Βυζαντίῳ | cc | high | Coordinator of the place names. |
| 35 | Ῥόδῳ | Ῥόδος | PROPN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 33 Βυζαντίῳ | conj | high | Coordinated with Βυζαντίῳ. |
| 36 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 39 ταῦτα | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 37 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 39 ταῦτα | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 38 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 39 ταῦτα | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 39 | ταῦτα | οὗτος | PRON | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 51 ἐστὶν | nsubj | high | Subject of τετείχισται. |
| 40 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | _ | _ | 42 τετείχισται | discourse | high | Explanatory particle. |
| 41 | δὴ | δή | PART | _ | _ | 42 τετείχισται | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 42 | τετείχισται | τειχίζω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Pass | 51 ἐστὶν | advcl | high | Perfect passive verb in explanatory clause. |
| 43 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 44 χωρία | det | high | Article with χωρία. |
| 44 | χωρία | χωρίον | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 42 τετείχισται | nsubj:pass | high | Subject of τετείχισται. |
| 45 | ἄριστα | ἄριστα | ADV | _ | _ | 42 τετείχισται | advmod | high | Superlative adverb modifying τετείχισται. |
| 46 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 51 ἐστὶν | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 47 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 51 ἐστὶν | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 48 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 51 ἐστὶν | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 49 | τούτων | οὗτος | PRON | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 52 ἐχυρώτερον | nmod | high | Genitive complement with comparative ἐχυρώτερον. |
| 50 | Μεσσηνίοις | Μεσσήνιος | ADJ | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 52 ἐχυρώτερον | obl | high | Dative of comparison/advantage with ἐστιν ἐχυρώτερον. |
| 51 | ἐστὶν | εἰμί | AUX | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 52 ἐχυρώτερον | cop | high | Copula with comparative predicate. |
| 52 | ἐχυρώτερον | ἐχυρός | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 39 ταῦτα | conj | high | Comparative predicate adjective; linked to previous clause via dash/ellipsis. |
| 53 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 52 ἐχυρώτερον | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |