Grammar parses for passage 4.31.5
Open translation for this passage
περὶ δὲ τὴν Μεσσήνην τεῖχος, κύκλος μὲν πᾶς λίθου πεποίηται, πύργοι δὲ καὶ ἐπάλξεις εἰσὶν ἐνῳκοδομημένοι.
The initial fragment is an ellipted nominal clause: τεῖχος is the topic/subject, with περὶ Μεσσήνην as its adjunct; πεποίηται is medio-passive perfect, and ἐνῳκοδομημένοι agrees with πύργοι καὶ ἐπάλξεις.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | περὶ | περί | ADP | P | AdpType=Prep | 4 Μεσσήνην | case | high | With accusative, meaning 'around'. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 5 τεῖχος | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 4 Μεσσήνην | det | high | |
| 4 | Μεσσήνην | Μεσσήνη | PROPN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 τεῖχος | obl | high | Object of περί. |
| 5 | τεῖχος | τεῖχος | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 πεποίηται | nsubj | medium | Topic/subject of the following predication; the construction is nominally elliptic. |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 τεῖχος | punct | high | |
| 7 | κύκλος | κύκλος | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 πεποίηται | nsubj | medium | Resumes/describes τεῖχος; nominative predicate-like subject of πεποίηται. |
| 8 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 7 κύκλος | discourse | high | Correlative μέν anticipating δέ. |
| 9 | πᾶς | πᾶς | ADJ | A-NSM | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 κύκλος | amod | high | |
| 10 | λίθου | λίθος | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 πεποίηται | obl | high | Material/genitive with πεποίηται. |
| 11 | πεποίηται | ποιέω | VERB | V-RIM-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Perfect middle/passive, 'has been made'. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 πεποίηται | punct | high | |
| 13 | πύργοι | πύργος | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 εἰσὶν | nsubj | high | Coordinated subject with ἐπάλξεις. |
| 14 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 17 εἰσὶν | cc | high | Correlative contrast with μέν. |
| 15 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 16 ἐπάλξεις | cc | high | Coordinates ἐπάλξεις with πύργοι. |
| 16 | ἐπάλξεις | ἔπαλξις | NOUN | N-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 13 πύργοι | conj | high | |
| 17 | εἰσὶν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 11 πεποίηται | conj | high | Coordinates the second predication with πεποίηται. |
| 18 | ἐνῳκοδομημένοι | ἐνοικοδομέω | VERB | V-RPP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 17 εἰσὶν | xcomp | high | Perfect passive participle, predicate complement of εἰσίν. |
| 19 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 πεποίηται | punct | high |
τὰ μὲν οὖν Βαβυλωνίων ἢ τὰ Μεμνόνεια τὰ ἐν Σούσοις τείχη τοῖς Περσικοῖς οὔτε εἶδον οὔτε ἄλλων περὶ αὐτῶν ἤκουσα αὐτοπτούντων· τὰ δὲ ἐν Ἀμβρός ς ῳ τῇ Φωκικῇ ἔν τε Βυζαντίῳ καὶ Ῥόδῳ---ταῦτα γὰρ δὴ τετείχισται τὰ χωρία ἄριστα---τούτων Μεσσηνίοις ἐστὶν ἐχυρώτερον.
The text contains OCR/tokenization corruption in Ἀμβρός ς ῳ and dash-separated punctuation. I analyze the first clause as an elliptical comparison/topic construction and the final clause as 'of these, it is stronger for the Messenians'; τετείχισται is perfect middle/passive 3sg with χωρία as its subject, while ἐχυρώτερον is a neuter comparative predicate referring to τὸ χωρίον/τὰ χωρία collectively.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T--NPA--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 11 τείχη | det | high | |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | Df | _ | 15 εἶδον | discourse | high | Correlative μέν; spacing/label follows discourse use. |
| 3 | οὖν | οὖν | PART | Df | _ | 15 εἶδον | discourse | high | |
| 4 | Βαβυλωνίων | Βαβυλώνιος | ADJ | A--GPN--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 τείχη | nmod | medium | Substantivized/elliptical: 'the Babylonian [walls/things]'. |
| 5 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | C----- | _ | 4 Βαβυλωνίων | cc | high | |
| 6 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T--NPA--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 7 Μεμνόνεια | det | high | |
| 7 | Μεμνόνεια | Μεμνόνειος | ADJ | A--NPA--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 τείχη | amod | medium | Proper adjectival name, 'Memnonian'; coordinated alternative to Βαβυλωνίων. |
| 8 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T--NPA--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 11 τείχη | det | high | |
| 9 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 10 Σούσοις | case | high | |
| 10 | Σούσοις | Σοῦσα | PROPN | Neut-Dat-Plur | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 τείχη | obl | high | |
| 11 | τείχη | τεῖχος | NOUN | N--NPA--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 15 εἶδον | obj | medium | Object of εἶδον; article/adjectival material is discontinuous. |
| 12 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T--DPN--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 13 Περσικοῖς | det | high | |
| 13 | Περσικοῖς | Περσικός | ADJ | A--DPN--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 τείχη | obl | medium | Likely dative comparison/association: 'than/to the Persian [walls]'. |
| 14 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | C----- | _ | 15 εἶδον | cc | high | |
| 15 | εἶδον | ὁράω | VERB | V--IAI-1S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Form can be 1sg aorist ('I saw') or 3pl ('they saw'); coordinated ἤκουσα is 1sg, favoring 1sg. |
| 16 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | C----- | _ | 20 ἤκουσα | cc | high | |
| 17 | ἄλλων | ἄλλος | ADJ | A--GPM--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 ἤκουσα | nmod | high | Substantivized: 'of other people'. |
| 18 | περὶ | περί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 19 αὐτῶν | case | high | |
| 19 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | P--GPM--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 20 ἤκουσα | obl | high | Reference likely to the walls. |
| 20 | ἤκουσα | ἀκούω | VERB | V--IAI-1S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 15 εἶδον | conj | high | |
| 21 | αὐτοπτούντων | αὐτοπτέω | VERB | V-PAP-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 20 ἤκουσα | acl | medium | Genitive participle, probably modifying ἄλλων: 'of others who had seen them firsthand'. |
| 22 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 εἶδον | punct | high | |
| 23 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T--NPA--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 44 χωρία | det | high | |
| 24 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C----- | _ | 42 τετείχισται | cc | high | Adversative counterpart to μέν. |
| 25 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 26 Ἀμβρός | case | high | |
| 26 | Ἀμβρός | Ἄμβρος | PROPN | Neut-Dat-Sing | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 44 χωρία | obl | low | Tokenization appears corrupted; likely part of a place-name phrase with tokens 27–28. |
| 27 | ς | ς | X | _ | _ | 26 Ἀμβρός | flat | low | Stray OCR/tokenization fragment; not independently morphologically interpretable. |
| 28 | ῳ | ὁ | DET | T--DSN--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 26 Ἀμβρός | det | low | Likely final character(s) of a corrupted place-name/article sequence. |
| 29 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T--DSF--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 30 Φωκικῇ | det | high | |
| 30 | Φωκικῇ | Φωκικός | ADJ | A--DSF--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 26 Ἀμβρός | amod | medium | Probably modifies an omitted feminine place-name, or belongs with the corrupted place phrase. |
| 31 | ἔν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 33 Βυζαντίῳ | case | high | Apocopated/orthographic form of ἐν before Βυζαντίῳ. |
| 32 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C----- | _ | 33 Βυζαντίῳ | cc | high | |
| 33 | Βυζαντίῳ | Βυζάντιον | PROPN | Neut-Dat-Sing | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 44 χωρία | obl | high | |
| 34 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C----- | _ | 35 Ῥόδῳ | cc | high | |
| 35 | Ῥόδῳ | Ῥόδος | PROPN | Fem-Dat-Sing | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 44 χωρία | obl | high | |
| 36 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 39 ταῦτα | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 37 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 39 ταῦτα | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 38 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 39 ταῦτα | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 39 | ταῦτα | οὗτος | PRON | P--NPA--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 42 τετείχισται | nsubj | high | Resumptive subject of τετείχισται. |
| 40 | γὰρ | γάρ | CCONJ | C----- | _ | 42 τετείχισται | discourse | high | Explanatory connective. |
| 41 | δὴ | δή | PART | Df | _ | 42 τετείχισται | discourse | high | |
| 42 | τετείχισται | τειχίζω | VERB | V-RMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Mid | 51 ἐστὶν | conj | high | Perfect middle/passive; impersonal/collective singular agreement is possible with neuter plural χωρία/ταῦτα. |
| 43 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T--NPA--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 44 χωρία | det | high | |
| 44 | χωρία | χωρίον | NOUN | N--NPA--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 42 τετείχισται | nsubj | high | Explicit subject of τετείχισται. |
| 45 | ἄριστα | ἄριστος | ADV | A---NPN--- | Degree=Sup | 42 τετείχισται | advmod | high | Neuter plural superlative used adverbially: 'best/most excellently'. |
| 46 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 49 τούτων | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 47 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 49 τούτων | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 48 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 49 τούτων | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 49 | τούτων | οὗτος | PRON | P--GPN--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 52 ἐχυρώτερον | obl | high | Partitive/selection genitive: 'of these'. |
| 50 | Μεσσηνίοις | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | A--DPM--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 52 ἐχυρώτερον | obl | high | Dative of reference/advantage: 'for the Messenians'. |
| 51 | ἐστὶν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate of the final comparative clause. |
| 52 | ἐχυρώτερον | ἐχυρός | ADJ | A--NSN-C | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 51 ἐστὶν | xcomp | high | Neuter singular comparative predicate, elliptical substantive/collective reference. |
| 53 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 51 ἐστὶν | punct | high |