Grammar parses for passage 5.12.7
Open translation for this passage
αἱ δὲ εἰκόνες αἱ τοῖς κατασκευάσμασι τοῖς περιφερέσιν ἐγκείμεναι, ἡ μὲν τοῦ ἠλέκτρου βασιλέως Ῥωμαίων ἐστὶν Αὐγούστου, ἡ δὲ τοῦ ἐλέφαντος βασιλέως Νικομήδους ἐλέγετο εἶναι Βιθυνῶν.
The sentence coordinates two substantivized article phrases referring to the images; the second clause has λέγετο εἶναι as an indirect-statement construction. Some parser conventions may attach the genitives βασιλέως differently, but they identify the image's owner/subject.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | ----NFP-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 3 εἰκόνες | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 3 εἰκόνες | cc | high | |
| 3 | εἰκόνες | εἰκών | NOUN | ---NF------ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 17 ἐστὶν | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | ----NFP-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 9 ἐγκείμεναι | det | high | Article introducing the attributive participial phrase. |
| 5 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | ----DNP-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 κατασκευάσμασι | det | high | |
| 6 | κατασκευάσμασι | κατασκεύασμα | NOUN | ---DN------ | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 9 ἐγκείμεναι | obl | high | Dative associated with ἐγκείμεναι. |
| 7 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | ----DNP-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 8 περιφερέσιν | det | high | |
| 8 | περιφερέσιν | περιφερής | ADJ | --ADN---- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 κατασκευάσμασι | amod | high | |
| 9 | ἐγκείμεναι | ἔγκειμαι | VERB | - Pepa-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 3 εἰκόνες | acl | high | Present middle participle agreeing with εἰκόνες. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 εἰκόνες | punct | high | |
| 11 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | ----NSF-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 ἐστὶν | nsubj | high | Article substantivizing the first coordinated image clause. |
| 12 | μὲν | μέν | PART | -------- | _ | 11 ἡ | discourse | high | |
| 13 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | ----GSM-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 ἠλέκτρου | det | high | |
| 14 | ἠλέκτρου | ἤλεκτρον | NOUN | ---GNN------ | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 βασιλέως | nmod | high | Material genitive with βασιλέως. |
| 15 | βασιλέως | βασιλεύς | NOUN | ---GSM------ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 ἐστὶν | obl | medium | Genitive relation is semantically possessive/identifying with the image. |
| 16 | Ῥωμαίων | Ῥωμαῖος | ADJ | --GPM---- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 βασιλέως | nmod | high | Substantivized ethnic adjective: king of the Romans. |
| 17 | ἐστὶν | εἰμί | AUX | 3--SPI--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 18 | Αὐγούστου | Αὔγουστος | PROPN | ---GSM------ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 ἐστὶν | xcomp | high | Genitive predicate of possession/identity with εἰμί. |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 ἐστὶν | punct | high | |
| 20 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | ----NSF-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 26 ἐλέγετο | nsubj | high | Article substantivizing the second coordinated image clause. |
| 21 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 20 ἡ | cc | high | |
| 22 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | ----GSM-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 ἐλέφαντος | det | high | |
| 23 | ἐλέφαντος | ἐλέφας | NOUN | ---GSM------ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 24 βασιλέως | nmod | high | Material genitive with βασιλέως. |
| 24 | βασιλέως | βασιλεύς | NOUN | ---GSM------ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 26 ἐλέγετο | obl | medium | Genitive relation is semantically possessive/identifying with the image. |
| 25 | Νικομήδους | Νικομήδης | PROPN | ---GSM------ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 24 βασιλέως | nmod | high | Personal name dependent on βασιλέως. |
| 26 | ἐλέγετο | λέγω | VERB | 3--SPI- mp | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 17 ἐστὶν | conj | high | Imperfect middle/passive; governs infinitival complement. |
| 27 | εἶναι | εἰμί | AUX | --PAN---- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 26 ἐλέγετο | xcomp | high | Infinitive in indirect statement. |
| 28 | Βιθυνῶν | Βιθυνός | ADJ | --GPM---- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 24 βασιλέως | nmod | high | Substantivized ethnic adjective: king of the Bithynians. |
| 29 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 26 ἐλέγετο | punct | high |
ἀπὸ τούτου δὲ καὶ τῇ μεγίστῃ τῶν ἐν Βιθυνίᾳ πόλεων μετεβλήθη τὸ ὄνομα, Ἀστακῷ τὰ πρὸ τούτου καλουμένῃ·
The sentence states that the name of the greatest city in Bithynia was changed from Astacus; Ἀστακῷ is a dative of comparison/reference with καλουμένῃ, while τὰ πρὸ τούτου is an adverbial temporal phrase meaning 'before this'.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | PREP | Case=Gen | 2 τούτου | case | high | |
| 2 | τούτου | οὗτος | PRON | PDGSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 μετεβλήθη | obl | high | Genitive complement of ἀπό. |
| 3 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 11 μετεβλήθη | cc | high | |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 11 μετεβλήθη | advmod | high | Connective/additive καί. |
| 5 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | TDSFD | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 μεγίστῃ | det | high | |
| 6 | μεγίστῃ | μέγας | ADJ | A-SDF-S | Case=Dat|Degree=Superl|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 πόλεων | amod | high | Superlative adjective agreeing with πόλεων in the dative phrase. |
| 7 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPF-P | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 10 πόλεων | det | high | |
| 8 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | PREP | Case=Dat | 9 Βιθυνίᾳ | case | high | |
| 9 | Βιθυνίᾳ | Βιθυνία | PROPN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 πόλεων | nmod | high | Name of the region. |
| 10 | πόλεων | πόλις | NOUN | N-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 6 μεγίστῃ | nmod | high | Genitive partitive/specifying phrase with μεγίστῃ. |
| 11 | μετεβλήθη | μεταβάλλω | VERB | V-API-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 12 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 ὄνομα | det | high | |
| 13 | ὄνομα | ὄνομα | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 μετεβλήθη | obj | high | Accusative object of μετεβλήθη. |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 μετεβλήθη | punct | high | |
| 15 | Ἀστακῷ | Ἀστακός | PROPN | N-DS M | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 καλουμένῃ | obl | medium | Dative reference/comparison: 'called Astacus'; exact syntactic relation is somewhat elliptical. |
| 16 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 19 καλουμένῃ | advmod | medium | Substantivized neuter plural, 'the things/name formerly...'; exact attachment is elliptical. |
| 17 | πρὸ | πρό | ADP | PREP | Case=Gen | 18 τούτου | case | high | |
| 18 | τούτου | οὗτος | PRON | PDGSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 τὰ | obl | high | Genitive complement of πρό. |
| 19 | καλουμένῃ | καλέω | VERB | V-PPM/D-SF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 11 μετεβλήθη | advcl | medium | Dative feminine participle, agreeing elliptically with the city/name; construed with Ἀστακῷ. |
| 20 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 μετεβλήθη | punct | high |
τὰ δὲ ἐξ ἀρχῆς αὐτῇ Ζυποίτης ἐγένετο οἰκιστής, Θρᾷξ γένος εἰκάζοντί γε ἀπὸ τοῦ ὀνόματος.
The dative participle εἰκάζοντι is best read as a circumstantial dative ('for one inferring'), with Θρᾷξ as its predicative noun and γένος as an accusative of respect; τὰ is substantivized and refers to the settlement's circumstances or history.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 7 ἐγένετο | obj | high | Neuter plural article substantivized with omitted or understood noun; object of ἐγένετο in the sense 'the matters/things'. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 7 ἐγένετο | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἐξ | ἐκ | ADP | PREP | _ | 4 ἀρχῆς | case | high | Preposition governing ἀρχῆς. |
| 4 | ἀρχῆς | ἀρχή | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ἐγένετο | obl | high | Genitive of temporal/origin circumstance with ἐξ. |
| 5 | αὐτῇ | αὐτός | PRON | P-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 8 οἰκιστής | iobj | high | Dative recipient/possessor referring to the city or settlement understood from context. |
| 6 | Ζυποίτης | Ζυποίτης | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 οἰκιστής | nsubj | high | Personal name, subject of οἰκιστής understood through the copular/nominal predicate. |
| 7 | ἐγένετο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-2ADI3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Aorist middle of γίγνομαι, 'became/was'. |
| 8 | οἰκιστής | οἰκιστής | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἐγένετο | xcomp | high | Predicative nominative, 'founder/colonizer'. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐγένετο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 10 | Θρᾷξ | Θρᾷξ | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 εἰκάζοντί | nsubj | high | Predicate/appositional noun with understood subject Ζυποίτης in the participial clause. |
| 11 | γένος | γένος | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 Θρᾷξ | advmod | medium | Accusative of respect, 'Thracian by race'; syntactically dependent on Θρᾷξ. |
| 12 | εἰκάζοντί | εἰκάζω | VERB | V-PAP-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 7 ἐγένετο | advcl | high | Dative present active participle agreeing with an understood observer/interlocutor: 'for one judging/inferring'. |
| 13 | γε | γε | PART | PRT | _ | 12 εἰκάζοντί | advmod | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 14 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 16 ὀνόματος | case | high | Preposition governing ὀνόματος. |
| 15 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 16 ὀνόματος | det | high | Article agreeing with ὀνόματος. |
| 16 | ὀνόματος | ὄνομα | NOUN | N-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 12 εἰκάζοντί | obl | high | Object of ἀπό within the participial phrase, 'from the name'. |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐγένετο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
τὸ δὲ ἤλεκτρον τοῦτο οὗ τῷ Αὐγούστῳ πεποίηνται τὴν εἰκόνα, ὅσον μὲν αὐτόματον ἐν τοῦ Ἠριδανοῦ ταῖς ψάμμοις εὑρίσκεται, σπανίζεται τὰ μάλιστα καὶ ἀνθρώπῳ τίμιον πολλῶν ἐστιν ἕνεκα· τὸ δὲ ἄλλο ἤλεκτρον ἀναμεμιγμένος ἐστὶν ἀργύρῳ χρυσός.
Relative οὗ is genitive of material/association with εἰκόνα; πεποίηνται is a third-person plural perfect middle/passive form with an impersonal or plural-subject reading, while the final clause has a predicate-noun construction: χρυσός ἐστὶν ἀναμεμιγμένος ἀργύρῳ. The antecedent and exact voice interpretation of πεποίηνται are somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T----NSA- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 ἤλεκτρον | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 3 ἤλεκτρον | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἤλεκτρον | ἤλεκτρον | NOUN | N----NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 22 σπανίζεται | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | PRON | P----NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 ἤλεκτρον | appos | high | |
| 5 | οὗ | ὅς | PRON | P----GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 εἰκόνα | nmod | medium | Genitive relative pronoun, probably dependent on εἰκόνα as material/association. |
| 6 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T----DSM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 Αὐγούστῳ | det | high | |
| 7 | Αὐγούστῳ | Αὔγουστος | PROPN | N----DSM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 πεποίηνται | iobj | high | |
| 8 | πεποίηνται | ποιέω | VERB | V-RM-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Mid | 10 εἰκόνα | acl:relcl | low | Form is perfect middle/passive 3pl; subject and exact construction are uncertain. |
| 9 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T----ASA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 εἰκόνα | det | high | |
| 10 | εἰκόνα | εἰκών | NOUN | N----ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 εὑρίσκεται | obj | medium | Object of πεποίηνται; relative clause attachment is syntactically compressed. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 εὑρίσκεται | punct | high | |
| 12 | ὅσον | ὅσος | PRON | P----ASN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 14 αὐτόματον | advmod | medium | Extent/quantity accusative, introducing the μὲν constituent. |
| 13 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 20 εὑρίσκεται | advmod | high | |
| 14 | αὐτόματον | αὐτόματος | ADJ | A----NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 20 εὑρίσκεται | xcomp | medium | Predicate adjective with εὑρίσκεται, agreeing with the understood subject ἤλεκτρον. |
| 15 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | P | _ | 19 ψάμμοις | case | high | |
| 16 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T----GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 Ἠριδανοῦ | det | high | |
| 17 | Ἠριδανοῦ | Ἠριδανός | PROPN | N----GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 ψάμμοις | nmod | high | |
| 18 | ταῖς | ὁ | DET | T----DPF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 19 ψάμμοις | det | high | |
| 19 | ψάμμοις | ψάμμος | NOUN | N----DPF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 20 εὑρίσκεται | obl | high | |
| 20 | εὑρίσκεται | εὑρίσκω | VERB | V-PP-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 22 σπανίζεται | parataxis | high | |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 εὑρίσκεται | punct | high | |
| 22 | σπανίζεται | σπανίζω | VERB | V-PP-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 23 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T----APN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 24 μάλιστα | det | high | |
| 24 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | D | _ | 22 σπανίζεται | advmod | high | |
| 25 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 27 τίμιον | cc | high | |
| 26 | ἀνθρώπῳ | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | N----DSM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 27 τίμιον | iobj | high | |
| 27 | τίμιον | τίμιος | ADJ | A----NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 29 ἐστιν | xcomp | medium | Predicate adjective with ἐστιν; understood subject is ἤλεκτρον. |
| 28 | πολλῶν | πολύς | ADJ | A----GPN- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 30 ἕνεκα | nmod | medium | Partitive/causal genitive with ἕνεκα. |
| 29 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 22 σπανίζεται | conj | high | |
| 30 | ἕνεκα | ἕνεκα | ADP | P | _ | 29 ἐστιν | obl | medium | Postposition governing πολλῶν. |
| 31 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 22 σπανίζεται | punct | high | |
| 32 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T----NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 35 ἤλεκτρον | det | high | |
| 33 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 35 ἤλεκτρον | cc | high | |
| 34 | ἄλλο | ἄλλος | ADJ | A----NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 35 ἤλεκτρον | amod | high | |
| 35 | ἤλεκτρον | ἤλεκτρον | NOUN | N----NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 39 χρυσός | nsubj | high | |
| 36 | ἀναμεμιγμένος | ἀναμείγνυμι | ADJ | A-RPNMS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|Voice=Pass | 39 χρυσός | xcomp | low | Form is masculine singular, mismatching neuter ἤλεκτρον; likely textual or agreement difficulty. |
| 37 | ἐστὶν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 39 χρυσός | cop | high | |
| 38 | ἀργύρῳ | ἄργυρος | NOUN | N----DSM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 36 ἀναμεμιγμένος | obl | high | Dative of material/mixture with ἀναμεμιγμένος. |
| 39 | χρυσός | χρυσός | NOUN | N----NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 0 ROOT | root | low | Predicate noun; the sentence contains a punctuation-separated second clause, so a second root is unavoidable in a single-tree approximation. |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 39 χρυσός | punct | high |