Grammar parses for passage 5.17.6
Open translation for this passage
τῶν δὲ ἐπὶ τῇ λάρνακι ἐπιγράμματα ἔπεστι τοῖς πλείοσι, γράμμασι τοῖς ἀρχαίοις γεγραμμένα· καὶ τὰ μὲν ἐς εὐθὺ αὐτῶν ἔχει, σχήματα δὲ ἄλλα τῶν γραμμάτων βουστροφηδὸν καλοῦσιν Ἕλληνες.
The sentence has two coordinated clauses: ἔπεστι governs ἐπιγράμματα, with γράμμασι ... γεγραμμένα as a predicative/agreeing participial phrase; καλοῦσιν governs βουστροφηδὸν as an adverbial complement and Ἕλληνες as subject. The antecedent of the elliptical ἔχει in the second clause is τὰ ... σχήματα, with εὐθύ and αὐτῶν interpreted adverbially/genitival; some attachment is uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T--GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ἐπιγράμματα | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 7 ἔπεστι | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R------ | _ | 5 λάρνακι | case | high | |
| 4 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T--DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 λάρνακι | det | high | |
| 5 | λάρνακι | λάρναξ | NOUN | N--DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 ἐπιγράμματα | nmod | high | |
| 6 | ἐπιγράμματα | ἐπίγραμμα | NOUN | N--NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 7 ἔπεστι | nsubj | high | |
| 7 | ἔπεστι | ἔπειμι | VERB | V3SPIA--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Impersonal/lexical ἔπειμι ‘be upon/present’; plural neuter subject permits singular verb. |
| 8 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T--DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 πλείοσι | det | high | |
| 9 | πλείοσι | πλείων | ADJ | A--DPM | Case=Dat|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ἔπεστι | obl | medium | Substantival dative, ‘most of them’; the referent is context-dependent. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | -------- | _ | 7 ἔπεστι | punct | high | |
| 11 | γράμμασι | γράμμα | NOUN | N--DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 14 γεγραμμένα | obl | medium | Dative of means or respect with γεγραμμένα. |
| 12 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T--DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 13 ἀρχαίοις | det | high | |
| 13 | ἀρχαίοις | ἀρχαῖος | ADJ | A--DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 γράμμασι | amod | high | |
| 14 | γεγραμμένα | γράφω | VERB | V-RPP-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 6 ἐπιγράμματα | acl | medium | Perfect passive participle, agreeing with ἐπιγράμματα; γράμμασι is associated dative. |
| 15 | · | · | PUNCT | -------- | _ | 7 ἔπεστι | punct | high | |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 22 ἔχει | cc | high | |
| 17 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T--NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 24 σχήματα | det | high | |
| 18 | μὲν | μέν | PART | -------- | _ | 22 ἔχει | discourse | high | Correlative μέν; corresponding δέ is token 25. |
| 19 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R------ | _ | 20 εὐθὺ | advmod | medium | Adverbial/prepositional phrase ‘straight’; εὐθύ is substantivized/adverbial. |
| 20 | εὐθὺ | εὐθύς | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Pos | 22 ἔχει | advmod | medium | Adverbial expression ἐς εὐθύ. |
| 21 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | P---GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 20 εὐθὺ | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent on the adverbial expression, ‘of them’; gender follows contextual referents. |
| 22 | ἔχει | ἔχω | VERB | V3SPIA--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 7 ἔπεστι | conj | medium | Elliptical/impersonal construction; exact subject or object relation of τὰ ... is uncertain. |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | -------- | _ | 22 ἔχει | punct | high | |
| 24 | σχήματα | σχῆμα | NOUN | N--NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 22 ἔχει | nsubj | medium | Likely subject of the elliptical ἔχει; alternative discourse attachment is possible. |
| 25 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 30 καλοῦσιν | cc | high | |
| 26 | ἄλλα | ἄλλος | ADJ | A--NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 24 σχήματα | amod | high | |
| 27 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T--GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 28 γραμμάτων | det | high | |
| 28 | γραμμάτων | γράμμα | NOUN | N--GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 26 ἄλλα | nmod | high | Partitive or dependent genitive with ἄλλα. |
| 29 | βουστροφηδὸν | βουστροφηδόν | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Pos | 30 καλοῦσιν | advmod | high | |
| 30 | καλοῦσιν | καλέω | VERB | V3PPIA--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 22 ἔχει | parataxis | medium | Second coordinated clause; subject follows. |
| 31 | Ἕλληνες | Ἕλλην | PROPN | N--NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 30 καλοῦσιν | nsubj | high | |
| 32 | . | . | PUNCT | -------- | _ | 30 καλοῦσιν | punct | high |
τὸ δέ ἐστι τοιόνδε· ἀπὸ τοῦ πέρατος τοῦ ἔπους ἐπιστρέφει τῶν ἐπῶν τὸ δεύτερον ὥσπερ ἐν διαύλου δρόμῳ.
Copular clause: τὸ δέ is a neuter demonstrative subject, τοιόνδε a predicate adjective. In the explanatory clause, τῶν ἐπῶν τὸ δεύτερον is the object of ἐπιστρέφει, with τὸ δεύτερον substantivized and τῶν ἐπῶν dependent genitive; ἀπὸ τοῦ πέρατος marks the point of return, and ὥσπερ ἐν διαύλου δρόμῳ is a comparative phrase.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 3 ἐστι | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | δέ | δέ | CCONJ | C------- | _ | 3 ἐστι | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἐστι | εἰμί | AUX | V3SPAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 4 | τοιόνδε | τοῖος | ADJ | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 3 ἐστι | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective with deictic -δε. |
| 5 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἐστι | punct | high | |
| 6 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 8 πέρατος | case | high | |
| 7 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 πέρατος | det | high | |
| 8 | πέρατος | πέρας | NOUN | N-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 ἐπιστρέφει | obl | high | Object of ἀπό. |
| 9 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 ἔπους | det | high | |
| 10 | ἔπους | ἔπος | NOUN | N-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 πέρατος | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on πέρατος. |
| 11 | ἐπιστρέφει | ἐπιστρέφω | VERB | V3SPAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 3 ἐστι | parataxis | high | Explanatory clause after the colon. |
| 12 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 13 ἐπῶν | det | high | |
| 13 | ἐπῶν | ἔπος | NOUN | N-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 15 δεύτερον | nmod | high | Genitive plural dependent on the substantivized ordinal. |
| 14 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 15 δεύτερον | det | high | |
| 15 | δεύτερον | δεύτερος | ADJ | A-ASN | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|NumType=Ord|Number=Sing | 11 ἐπιστρέφει | obj | high | Substantivized ordinal: 'the second [of the verses]'. |
| 16 | ὥσπερ | ὥσπερ | SCONJ | C-------- | _ | 19 δρόμῳ | mark | high | Introduces the comparative phrase. |
| 17 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 19 δρόμῳ | case | high | |
| 18 | διαύλου | δίαυλος | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 δρόμῳ | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on δρόμῳ. |
| 19 | δρόμῳ | δρόμος | NOUN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἐπιστρέφει | obl | medium | Comparative locative phrase, 'as in a race of the diaulos'; syntactically attached to ἐπιστρέφει. |
| 20 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἐστι | punct | high |
γέγραπται δὲ ἐπὶ τῇ λάρνακι καὶ ἄλλως τὰ ἐπιγράμματα ἑλιγμοῖς συμβαλέσθαι χαλεποῖς.
The final infinitival construction is syntactically compressed; ἐπιγράμματα is treated as its neuter plural subject, with ἑλιγμοῖς χαλεποῖς as an instrumental/manner phrase.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | γέγραπται | γράφω | VERB | V--X-S-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Perfect|Voice=Middle | 0 ROOT | root | high | Perfect middle/passive indicative; impersonal/passive sense 'it is written'. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 1 γέγραπται | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 5 λάρνακι | case | high | Takes dative here, indicating the surface on which something is written. |
| 4 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | L----DSF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Singular | 5 λάρνακι | det | high | |
| 5 | λάρνακι | λάρναξ | NOUN | N----DSF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Singular | 1 γέγραπται | obl | high | |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 9 ἐπιγράμματα | cc | high | Coordinates the object phrase with the following adverbial expression. |
| 7 | ἄλλως | ἄλλως | ADV | D-------- | _ | 11 συμβαλέσθαι | advmod | medium | Adverb modifying the infinitival phrase; sense is approximately 'in another way/besides'. |
| 8 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | L----NPN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plural | 9 ἐπιγράμματα | det | high | |
| 9 | ἐπιγράμματα | ἐπίγραμμα | NOUN | N----NPN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plural | 11 συμβαλέσθαι | nsubj | medium | Neuter plural subject of the infinitive; the construction is syntactically compressed after γέγραπται. |
| 10 | ἑλιγμοῖς | ἑλιγμός | NOUN | N----DPM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural | 11 συμβαλέσθαι | obl | medium | Dative instrumental/manner complement of συμβαλέσθαι. |
| 11 | συμβαλέσθαι | συμβάλλω | VERB | V--M-N- | Mood=Infinitive|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Middle | 1 γέγραπται | xcomp | medium | Aorist middle infinitive, coordinated or otherwise dependent on the predication 'it is written'; lexical construction is compressed. |
| 12 | χαλεποῖς | χαλεπός | ADJ | A----DPM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural | 10 ἑλιγμοῖς | amod | high | Agrees with ἑλιγμοῖς. |
| 13 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 γέγραπται | punct | high |
ἀρξαμένῳ δὲ ἀνασκοπεῖσθαι κάτωθεν τοσάδε ἐπὶ τῆς λάρνακος ἡ πρώτη παρέχεται χώρα.
The dative participial construction ἀρξαμένῳ ... ἀνασκοπεῖσθαι is analyzed as an antecedent circumstantial clause, with the infinitive dependent on παρέχεται; τοσάδε is substantival and its relation to χώρα is syntactically uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀρξαμένῳ | ἄρχω | VERB | V--PMP-D | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 3 ἀνασκοπεῖσθαι | advcl | high | Dative aorist middle participle, with an understood masculine singular referent. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 ἀρξαμένῳ | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἀνασκοπεῖσθαι | ἀνασκοπέω | VERB | V--P背N | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 11 παρέχεται | xcomp | medium | Present middle infinitive; exact parser-style xpos is uncertain. |
| 4 | κάτωθεν | κάτωθεν | ADV | ADV | _ | 3 ἀνασκοπεῖσθαι | advmod | high | |
| 5 | τοσάδε | τοσόσδε | PRON | PD----N-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 12 χώρα | nsubj | medium | Neuter plural demonstrative used substantivally; agreement with χώρα is semantically unusual, so analysis is tentative. |
| 6 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 8 λάρνακος | case | high | |
| 7 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | DAFS gen | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 λάρνακος | det | high | |
| 8 | λάρνακος | λάρναξ | NOUN | N----GFS- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 χώρα | obl | high | Genitive governed by ἐπί in the spatial sense. |
| 9 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | DAFS nom | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 πρώτη | det | high | |
| 10 | πρώτη | πρῶτος | ADJ | A--SNNFS- | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 χώρα | amod | high | Substantival/attributive adjective modifying χώρα. |
| 11 | παρέχεται | παρέχω | VERB | V3SPMI | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 12 | χώρα | χώρα | NOUN | N--SNNFS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 παρέχεται | nsubj | high | |
| 13 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 παρέχεται | punct | high |