Grammar parses for passage 9.21.6
Open translation for this passage
οὐ γὰρ δὴ ἄνθρωπος μόνον ὁμοῦ τῷ ἀέρι καὶ τῇ γῇ διαφόροις οὖσι διάφορον κτᾶται καὶ τὸ εἶδος, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τὸ αὐτὸ ἂν πάσχοι τοῦτο,
The sentence has a main clause with κτᾶται and a coordinated potential/result clause with ἂν + optative πάσχοι; the dative phrase with οὖσι is syntactically compressed and somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | _ | _ | 15 κτᾶται | advmod | high | Negative particle modifying the main verb. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | _ | _ | 15 κτᾶται | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | _ | _ | 15 κτᾶται | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 4 | ἄνθρωπος | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | _ | Case=NOM|Gender=MASC|Number=SG | 15 κτᾶται | nsubj | high | Subject of κτᾶται. |
| 5 | μόνον | μόνον | ADV | _ | _ | 15 κτᾶται | advmod | high | Restrictive adverb, modifying the predicate. |
| 6 | ὁμοῦ | ὁμοῦ | ADV | _ | _ | 15 κτᾶται | advmod | high | Adverbial modifier of the participial phrase. |
| 7 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=DAT|Gender=NEUT|Number=SG|PronType=Art | 8 ἀέρι | det | medium | Article with ἀέρι; gender is unexpected in the transmitted form/context. |
| 8 | ἀέρι | ἀήρ | NOUN | _ | Case=DAT|Gender=MASC|Number=SG | 15 κτᾶται | obl | high | Dative complement in the comparative/coordinate phrase. |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 8 ἀέρι | cc | high | Coordinates the two dative nouns. |
| 10 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=DAT|Gender=FEM|Number=SG|PronType=Art | 11 γῇ | det | high | Article with γῇ. |
| 11 | γῇ | γῆ | NOUN | _ | Case=DAT|Gender=FEM|Number=SG | 8 ἀέρι | conj | high | Second conjunct of the dative pair. |
| 12 | διαφόροις | διάφορος | ADJ | _ | Case=DAT|Gender=NEUT|Number=PL | 13 οὖσι | amod | high | Adjective modifying οὖσι. |
| 13 | οὖσι | εἰμί | AUX | PAP-DPN | Case=DAT|Gender=NEUT|Number=PL|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 8 ἀέρι | acl | medium | Participial modifier of the dative phrase; agreement is formal/transmitted and somewhat irregular. |
| 14 | διάφορον | διάφορος | ADJ | _ | Case=ACC|Gender=NEUT|Number=SG | 18 εἶδος | amod | high | Adnominal modifier of εἶδος. |
| 15 | κτᾶται | κτάομαι | VERB | PRES-MID-IND-3SG | Mood=Ind|Number=SG|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 20 ἀλλὰ | cc | high | Coordinates the apodosis/next clause. |
| 17 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=ACC|Gender=NEUT|Number=SG|PronType=Art | 18 εἶδος | det | high | Article with εἶδος. |
| 18 | εἶδος | εἶδος | NOUN | _ | Case=ACC|Gender=NEUT|Number=SG | 15 κτᾶται | obj | high | Object of κτᾶται. |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 κτᾶται | punct | high | Comma punctuation. |
| 20 | ἀλλὰ | ἀλλά | CCONJ | _ | _ | 27 πάσχοι | cc | high | Adversative conjunction introducing the second clause. |
| 21 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 27 πάσχοι | advmod | medium | Scalar/additive particle before the coordinated subject phrase. |
| 22 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=ACC|Gender=NEUT|Number=PL|PronType=Art | 23 λοιπὰ | det | high | Article with λοιπά. |
| 23 | λοιπὰ | λοιπός | ADJ | _ | Case=ACC|Gender=NEUT|Number=PL | 27 πάσχοι | nsubj | high | Neuter plural subject of πάσχοι. |
| 24 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=ACC|Gender=NEUT|Number=SG|PronType=Art | 25 αὐτὸ | det | high | Article with αὐτό. |
| 25 | αὐτὸ | αὐτός | ADJ | _ | Case=ACC|Gender=NEUT|Number=SG | 27 πάσχοι | obj | high | Accusative complement; likely predicative/object with τοῦτο. |
| 26 | ἂν | ἄν | PART | _ | _ | 27 πάσχοι | advmod | high | Modal particle with the optative verb. |
| 27 | πάσχοι | πάσχω | VERB | PRES-ACT-OPT-3SG | Mood=Opt|Number=SG|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 15 κτᾶται | conj | high | Coordinated verb in the second clause. |
| 28 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | PRON | _ | Case=ACC|Gender=NEUT|Number=SG|PronType=Dem | 27 πάσχοι | obj | high | Demonstrative object of πάσχοι. |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 κτᾶται | punct | high | Comma punctuation. |
ἐπεὶ καὶ τὰ θηρία αἱ ἀσπίδες τοῦτο μὲν ἔχουσιν αἱ Λίβυσσαι παρὰ τὰς Αἰγυπτίας τὴν χρόαν, τοῦτο δὲ ἐν Αἰθιοπίᾳ μελαίνας τὰς ἀσπίδας οὐ μεῖον ἢ καὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἡ γῆ τρέφει.
The sentence has two coordinated main clauses with μέν...δὲ; both clauses use correlative τοῦτο, and the second contains a comparative construction with οὐ μεῖον ἢ καὶ.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐπεὶ | ἐπεί | SCONJ | _ | _ | 9 ἔχουσιν | mark | high | Subordinating conjunction introducing causal clause. |
| 2 | καὶ | καί | PART | _ | _ | 4 θηρία | advmod | high | Focus/additive particle with noun phrase. |
| 3 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 4 θηρία | det | high | Article modifying θηρία. |
| 4 | θηρία | θηρίον | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 9 ἔχουσιν | obj | high | Direct object of ἔχουσιν. |
| 5 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 ἀσπίδες | det | high | Article modifying ἀσπίδες. |
| 6 | ἀσπίδες | ἀσπίς | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 9 ἔχουσιν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἔχουσιν. |
| 7 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | PRON | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 9 ἔχουσιν | obj | high | Correlative object of ἔχουσιν. |
| 8 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 9 ἔχουσιν | discourse | high | Metrical/discourse particle. |
| 9 | ἔχουσιν | ἔχω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of first coordinated clause. |
| 10 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 11 Λίβυσσαι | det | high | Article modifying Λίβυσσαι. |
| 11 | Λίβυσσαι | Λίβυσσα | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 9 ἔχουσιν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἔχουσιν; apposed/explanatory to ἀσπίδες. |
| 12 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | _ | _ | 16 χρόαν | case | high | Preposition governing comparison/standard phrase. |
| 13 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 14 Αἰγυπτίας | det | high | Article modifying Αἰγυπτίας. |
| 14 | Αἰγυπτίας | Αἰγύπτια | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 16 χρόαν | amod | high | Adjectival modifier used substantivally: 'Egyptian women'/'Egyptians' depending context. |
| 15 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 16 χρόαν | det | high | Article modifying χρόαν. |
| 16 | χρόαν | χρόα | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 ἔχουσιν | obl | high | Object of comparison with παρὰ. |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἔχουσιν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 18 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | PRON | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 33 τρέφει | obj | high | Correlative object in second clause. |
| 19 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 33 τρέφει | discourse | high | Discourse/contrast particle. |
| 20 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | _ | _ | 21 Αἰθιοπίᾳ | case | high | Preposition governing Αἰθιοπίᾳ. |
| 21 | Αἰθιοπίᾳ | Αἰθιοπία | PROPN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 33 τρέφει | obl | high | Locative oblique phrase. |
| 22 | μελαίνας | μέλας | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 24 ἀσπίδας | amod | high | Adjective modifying ἀσπίδας. |
| 23 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 24 ἀσπίδας | det | high | Article modifying ἀσπίδας. |
| 24 | ἀσπίδας | ἀσπίς | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 33 τρέφει | obj | high | Object of τρέφει. |
| 25 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | _ | _ | 26 μεῖον | advmod | high | Negation modifying comparative adjective/adverb. |
| 26 | μεῖον | μείων | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 33 τρέφει | advmod | medium | Comparative adverbial use; neuter singular form. |
| 27 | ἢ | ἤ | PART | _ | _ | 26 μεῖον | cc | high | Second term of comparison marker. |
| 28 | καὶ | καί | PART | _ | _ | 29 τοὺς | advmod | high | Additive particle modifying the second standard phrase. |
| 29 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 30 ἀνθρώπους | det | high | Article modifying ἀνθρώπους. |
| 30 | ἀνθρώπους | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 33 τρέφει | obj | high | Second object in comparison, governed by ἢ καὶ. |
| 31 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 32 γῆ | det | high | Article modifying γῆ. |
| 32 | γῆ | γῆ | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 33 τρέφει | nsubj | high | Subject of τρέφει. |
| 33 | τρέφει | τρέφω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of second coordinated clause. |
| 34 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 33 τρέφει | punct | high | Punctuation. |
οὕτω χρὴ πάντα τινὰ μήτε ἐπίδρομον τὴν γνώμην μήτε ἀπίστως ἔχειν ἐς τὰ σπανιώτερα,
The clause is governed by impersonal χρὴ with an infinitival complement; μήτε...μήτε coordinates two infinitival/medial complements, though the first phrase ἐπίδρομον τὴν γνώμην is syntactically compact and slightly ambiguous.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὕτω | οὕτω | ADV | D-------- | _ | 2 χρὴ | advmod | high | Modifies the impersonal verb χρὴ. |
| 2 | χρὴ | χρή | AUX | V-3spia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Impersonal predicate, treated as root. |
| 3 | πάντα | πᾶς | ADJ | A-APN--- | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 2 χρὴ | obj | medium | Likely substantive modifier of τινὰ within the infinitival complement. |
| 4 | τινὰ | τις | PRON | P-APM--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 11 ἔχειν | nsubj | high | Subject of the infinitive ἔχειν. |
| 5 | μήτε | μήτε | CCONJ | G-------- | _ | 11 ἔχειν | cc | high | Correlative negative conjunction. |
| 6 | ἐπίδρομον | ἐπίδρομος | ADJ | A-ASM--- | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἔχειν | xcomp | medium | Predicative/adjectival complement with τὴν γνώμην; exact attachment is somewhat uncertain. |
| 7 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | RA-ASF--- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 γνώμην | det | high | Article modifying γνώμην. |
| 8 | γνώμην | γνώμη | NOUN | N-SAF--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 ἐπίδρομον | obj | high | Object of the adjective ἐπίδρομον in a small predicative phrase. |
| 9 | μήτε | μήτε | CCONJ | G-------- | _ | 11 ἔχειν | cc | high | Correlative negative conjunction. |
| 10 | ἀπίστως | ἀπίστως | ADV | D-------- | _ | 11 ἔχειν | advmod | high | Adverb modifying ἔχειν. |
| 11 | ἔχειν | ἔχω | VERB | V--PAN--- | Aspect=Imp|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 2 χρὴ | xcomp | high | Infinitival complement of χρὴ. |
| 12 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 11 ἔχειν | case | high | Preposition governing τὰ σπανιώτερα. |
| 13 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | RA-APN--- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 14 σπανιώτερα | det | high | Article modifying σπανιώτερα. |
| 14 | σπανιώτερα | σπάνιος | ADJ | A-APN--- | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 ἔχειν | obl | high | Prepositional object of ἐς. |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 2 χρὴ | punct | high | Punctuation. |
ἐπεί τοι καὶ ἐγὼ πτερωτοὺς ὄφεις οὐ θεασάμενος πείθομαι· πείθομαι δὲ ὅτι ἀνὴρ Φρὺξ ἤγαγεν ἐς Ἰωνίαν σκορπίον ταῖς ἀκρίσιν ὁμοιότατα πτερὰ ἔχοντα.
Two coordinated finite clauses with ἐπεί clause first and a ὅτι content clause second; the final participial phrase is syntactically awkward and may be appositional or adjectival modifying σκορπίον.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐπεί | ἐπεί | SCONJ | _ | _ | 9 πείθομαι | mark | high | Introductory causal/concessive conjunction. |
| 2 | τοι | τοι | PART | _ | _ | 9 πείθομαι | discourse | high | Enclitic particle. |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | PART | _ | _ | 4 ἐγὼ | advmod | medium | Likely focusing particle 'also/even' with pronoun. |
| 4 | ἐγὼ | ἐγώ | PRON | Pp1s | Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 9 πείθομαι | nsubj | high | Subject of πείθομαι. |
| 5 | πτερωτοὺς | πτερωτός | ADJ | A---A- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ὄφεις | amod | high | Attributive adjective modifying ὄφεις. |
| 6 | ὄφεις | ὄφις | NOUN | N---MP- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 θεασάμενος | obj | high | Object of θεασάμενος. |
| 7 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | _ | _ | 8 θεασάμενος | advmod | high | Negation with participle. |
| 8 | θεασάμενος | θεάομαι | VERB | V--AMPNS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 9 πείθομαι | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle modifying ἐγώ. |
| 9 | πείθομαι | πείθω | VERB | V-PII-1S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of first clause. |
| 10 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 πείθομαι | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
| 11 | πείθομαι | πείθω | VERB | V-PII-1S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of second clause. |
| 12 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 11 πείθομαι | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 13 | ὅτι | ὅτι | SCONJ | _ | _ | 11 πείθομαι | mark | high | Introduces subordinate content clause. |
| 14 | ἀνὴρ | ἀνήρ | NOUN | N---MS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἤγαγεν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἤγαγεν. |
| 15 | Φρὺξ | Φρύξ | ADJ | A---MS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 ἀνὴρ | amod | high | Ethnic adjective modifying ἀνήρ. |
| 16 | ἤγαγεν | ἄγω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 11 πείθομαι | ccomp | high | Verb of the ὅτι-clause. |
| 17 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 18 Ἰωνίαν | case | high | Preposition governing Ἰωνίαν. |
| 18 | Ἰωνίαν | Ἰωνία | PROPN | N--ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 ἤγαγεν | obl | high | Goal/endpoint of motion. |
| 19 | σκορπίον | σκορπίος | NOUN | N---ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἤγαγεν | obj | high | Object of ἤγαγεν. |
| 20 | ταῖς | ὁ | DET | L-p---fd- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 21 ἀκρίσιν | det | high | Article with ἀκρίσιν. |
| 21 | ἀκρίσιν | ἀκρίς | NOUN | N---FD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 23 πτερὰ | obl | medium | Dative of comparison; syntax slightly uncertain. |
| 22 | ὁμοιότατα | ὁμοιότατα | ADV | D-------- | _ | 24 ἔχοντα | advmod | high | Superlative adverb modifying ἔχοντα. |
| 23 | πτερὰ | πτερόν | NOUN | N---NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 24 ἔχοντα | obj | high | Object of ἔχοντα. |
| 24 | ἔχοντα | ἔχω | VERB | V-PAP-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 19 σκορπίον | amod | medium | Participial modifier of σκορπίον; agreement is irregular in context. |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 πείθομαι | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |