Pausanias Analysis

Chapter 4.21

• 4.21.1: Spartan assault on the acropolis of Eira
• 4.21.2: Aristomenes and allies lead a rescue against hidden enemies.
• 4.21.3: Aristomenes and the seer rally the Messenians before impending disaster.
• 4.21.4: Aristomenes' aborted night attack on the Messenians.
• 4.21.5: Aristomenes urging the Messenians, recalling the Smyrnaeans' brave expulsion of the Lydians.
• 4.21.6: Messenian resistance; women fight Lacedaemonians to avoid enslavement.
• 4.21.7: Thunder and lightning as a favorable omen for the Lacedaemonians.
• 4.21.8: Leader's troop-rotation tactic during disordered urban battle
• 4.21.9: Messenians exhausted after three days of constant fighting
• 4.21.10: Theoclus predicts Messene's fall and charges the Lacedaemonians
• 4.21.11: Aristomenes leads a Messenian withdrawal, leaving the bravest to continue fighting
• 4.21.12: Spartans permit Messenian withdrawal