Pausanias Analysis

Current sentence-level mythic, historical, and other tags

Chapter 7.17

PassageSentenceBucketConfidenceGreekEnglishRationale
7.17.1 1 mythic high ἐς ἅπαν δὲ ἀσθενείας τότε μάλιστα κατῆλθεν ἡ Ἑλλάς, λυμανθεῖσα κατὰ μέρη καὶ διαπορθηθεῖσα ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὑπὸ τοῦ δαίμονος. Hellas then reached the utmost weakness, devastated region by region and thoroughly wasted from its earliest state by the divinity. Describes Hellas being devastated from earliest times by a divine power, an account of mythic causation affecting the landscape/history.
7.17.1 2 mythic high Ἄργος μέν, ἐς πλεῖστον ἀφικομένην δυνάμεως πόλιν ἐπὶ τῶν καλουμένων ἡρώων, ὁμοῦ τῇ μεταβολῇ τῇ ἐς Δωριέας ἐπέλιπε τὸ ἐκ τῆς τύχης εὐμενές· As for Argos, a city that had attained the greatest power in the age of the so-called heroes, at the same time of the change to the Dorians, its previous good fortune deserted it. Refers to Argos in the age of the heroes and its change to the Dorians, a mythic-era transformation affecting the city's fortune.
7.17.2 1 historical high τὸ δὲ ἔθνος τὸ Ἀττικόν, ἀπὸ τοῦ Πελοποννησίων πολέμου καὶ νόσου τῆς λοιμώδους ἀνενεγκόν τε καὶ αὖθις ἀνανηξάμενον, ἔτεσιν ἔμελλεν οὐ πολλοῖς ὕστερον ἡ Μακεδόνων ἀκμὴ καθαιρήσειν· The Attic people, having recovered from both the Peloponnesian War and the devastating plague and again regaining strength, were fated a few years later to be brought low by Macedonian power. Refers to the Peloponnesian War, plague, and Macedonian ascendancy, all historical events.
7.17.2 2 historical high κατέσκηψε δὲ ἐκ Μακεδονίας καὶ ἐς τὰς Βοιωτίας Θήβας τὸ Ἀλεξάνδρου μήνιμα. Out of Macedonia also came Alexander's wrath upon Thebes in Boeotia. Refers to Alexander’s destruction of Thebes, a post-500 BC historical event and its impact on the city.
7.17.2 3 historical high Λακεδαιμονίοις δὲ Ἐπαμινώνδας ὁ Θηβαῖος καὶ αὖθις ὁ Ἀχαιῶν πόλεμος ἐγένετο· As for the Lacedaemonians, they experienced first the attack of Epaminondas the Theban, and later the war against the Achaeans. Refers to Epaminondas and the war against the Achaeans, both post-500 BC historical events.
7.17.2 4 historical high ὅτε δὲ καὶ μόγις, ἅτε ἐκ δένδρου λελωβημένου καὶ αὔου τὰ πλείονα, ἀνεβλάστησεν ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος τὸ Ἀχαϊκόν, καὶ αὐτὸ ἡ κακία τῶν στρατηγησάντων ἐκόλουσεν ἔτι αὐξανόμενον. But when at length, like a tree that had been maimed and mostly withered, the Achaean nation sprouted anew from Hellas, its further growth was checked once again by the incompetence of its leaders. Refers to the Achaean nation’s later revival and setback, an ঘটন after the classical mythic era.
7.17.3 1 historical high χρόνῳ δὲ ὕστερον ἐς Νέρωνα ἡ βασιλεία περιῆλθεν ἡ Ῥωμαίων, καὶ ἐλεύθερον ὁ Νέρων ἀφίησιν ἁπάντων, ἀλλαγὴν πρὸς δῆμον ποιησάμενος τὸν Ῥωμαίων· At a later time, the imperial power of Rome passed to Nero, who gave Greece complete freedom, thus making an exchange favorable to the Roman people. Refers to Nero and Roman imperial policy, an event after 500 BC.
7.17.3 2 mythic high Σαρδὼ γὰρ τὴν νῆσον ἐς τὰ μάλιστα εὐδαίμονα ἀντὶ Ἑλλάδος σφίσιν ἀντέδωκεν. For in place of Greece, he granted them the island of Sardinia, one of the richest of all lands. Refers to a divine/mythic exchange of lands after a mythic event, explaining Sardinia as compensation in place of Greece.
7.17.3 3 historical high ἀπιδόντι οὖν ἐς τοῦτό μοι τοῦ Νέρωνος τὸ ἔργον ὀρθότατα εἰρηκέναι Πλάτων ἐφαίνετο ὁ Ἀρίστωνος, ὁπόσα ἀδικήματα μεγέθει καὶ τολμήματί ἐστιν ὑπερηρκότα, οὐ τῶν ἐπιτυχόντων εἶναι ταῦτα ἀνθρώπων, ψυχῆς δὲ γενναίας ὑπὸ ἀτόπου παιδείας διεφθαρμένης. Looking upon this act of Nero, it seemed to me that Plato, son of Ariston, was most correct in stating that certain transgressions are so excessively great and daring in nature that ordinary men could never commit them; rather, they arise from a noble soul corrupted by a perverse education. Refers to Nero’s act, a historical event and its moral interpretation.
7.17.4 1 mythic medium οὐ μὴν Ἕλλησί γε ἐξεγένετο ὄνασθαι τοῦ δώρου· However, it was not granted to the Greeks to benefit from this gift. Refers to the impact of a divine gift on the Greeks, which is tied to mythic action rather than later history.
7.17.4 2 historical high Οὐεσπασιανοῦ γὰρ μετὰ Νέρωνα ἄρξαντος ἐς ἐμφύλιον στάσιν προήχθησαν, καὶ σφᾶς ὑποτελεῖς τε αὖθις ὁ Οὐεσπασιανὸς εἶναι φόρων καὶ ἀκούειν ἐκέλευσεν ἡγεμόνος, ἀπομεμαθηκέναι φήσας τὴν ἐλευθερίαν τὸ Ἑλληνικόν. For after Nero, when Vespasian had become emperor, they fell once more into civil strife, and Vespasian ordered that they again become subjects, paying tribute and obeying a governor, declaring that the Greek people had forgotten how to use their freedom. Mentions Vespasian and Nero, a post-500 BC imperial/historical event affecting Greek political status.
7.17.5 1 other high τάδε μὲν οὕτω συμβάντα εὕρισκον· These events I found to have occurred as described above. Reports that events occurred as described; it is a narrative transition, not a mythic or historical event.
7.17.5 2 other high Ἀχαιοῖς δὲ ὅροι καὶ Ἠλείοις τῆς χώρας ποταμός τε Λάρισος καὶ Ἀθηνᾶς ἐπὶ τῷ ποταμῷ ναός ἐστι Λαρισαίας, Between the Eleians and the Achaeans the boundary of their territories is the river Larisos, and by this river is situated a temple of Athena Larisaea. A boundary river and temple location are geographical/descriptive details, not mythic or post-500 BC historical events.
7.17.5 3 other high καὶ Ἀχαιῶν πόλις Δύμη σταδίους ὅσον τε τριάκοντα ἀπέχει τοῦ Λαρίσου. The Achaian city of Dyme lies about thirty stadia from the Larisos. Purely geographical location and distance of a city from a river.
7.17.5 4 historical high ταύτην Φίλιππος ὁ Δημητρίου πολεμῶν μόνην τῶν Ἀχαϊκῶν ἔσχεν ὑπήκοον, καὶ ἐπὶ τῇ αἰτίᾳ ταύτῃ Σουλπίκιος, ἡγεμὼν καὶ οὗτος Ῥωμαίων, ἐπέτρεψε τῇ στρατιᾷ διαρπάσαι τὴν Δύμην· During his war against the Achaeans, Philip, son of Demetrius, made Dyme alone of all the Achaian cities subject to him; and for this reason Sulpicius, another general of the Romans, permitted his army to plunder Dyme. Refers to Philip son of Demetrius and Sulpicius, both historical figures, and to the plundering of Dyme in a historical war.
7.17.5 5 historical high Αὔγουστος δὲ ὕστερον καὶ προσένειμεν αὐτὴν Πατρεῦσιν. Later, Augustus bestowed this city upon the people of Patrae. Refers to Augustus's later administrative action, a post-500 BC historical event affecting the city.
7.17.6 1 historical medium ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ τὰ μὲν ἀρχαιότερα Πάλεια· ἐχόντων δὲ ἔτι Ἰώνων ὄνομά οἱ μετέθεντο τὸ ἐφʼ ἡμῶν, σαφῶς δὲ οὐκ οἶδα εἴτε ἀπὸ γυναικὸς ἐπιχωρίας Δύμης εἴτε ἀπὸ Δύμαντος τοῦ Αἰγιμίου. In earlier times, the city was called Paleia; but when the Ionians still inhabited it, they changed the name to that which it bears today. Describes an early city-name change associated with Ionian occupation, a later historical/antiquarian note rather than myth.
7.17.6 2 other high ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦ ἐλεγείου τοῦ Ὀλυμπίασιν ἐπὶ τῇ εἰκόνι τῇ Οἰβώτα οὐ προαχθείη ἄν τις ἐς ἀλογίαν. But I cannot clearly determine whether it was named after a local woman, Dyme, or after Dymas, the son of Aegimius. A naming speculation about a monument/image; antiquarian and explanatory, not an event.
7.17.6 3 historical medium Οἰβώτᾳ γὰρ ἀνδρὶ Δυμαίῳ, σταδίου μὲν ἀνελομένῳ νίκην Ὀλυμπιάδι ἕκτῃ, εἰκόνος δὲ ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ περὶ τὴν ὀγδοηκοστὴν Ὀλυμπιάδα κατὰ μάντευμα ἐκ Δελφῶν ἀξιωθέντι, ἐπίγραμμά ἐστιν ἐπʼ αὐτῷ λέγον· Moreover, considering the elegiac verses inscribed at Olympia upon the statue of Oebotas, no one could reasonably argue otherwise. Refers to Oebotas as a winner at the Olympic Games and to an inscribed statue at Olympia, which concerns a post-archaic historical monument and inscription.
7.17.7 1 historical high Οἰνία Οἰβώτας στάδιον νικῶν ὅδʼ Ἁχαιὸς πατρίδα Πάλειαν θῆκʼ ὀνομαστοτέραν. This Achaean, Oebotas of Oeneia, having won the foot-race, made his native city Paleia more distinguished. Describes a recorded athletic victor and his effect on his city’s fame, a historical/antiquarian notice rather than myth.
7.17.7 2 other high τοῦτο οὖν οὐκ ἄν τινι ἀλογίαν παραστήσειεν, εἰ Πάλειαν ἀλλὰ μὴ Δύμην τὸ ἐπίγραμμα καλεῖ τὴν πόλιν· Therefore, it should cause no perplexity if the epigram refers to the city as Paleia rather than Dyme. Explains a place-name variation in an epigram; this is antiquarian/descriptive rather than mythic or historical narrative.
7.17.7 3 other high τὰ γὰρ ἀρχαιότερα ὀνόματα ἐς ποίησιν ἐπάγεσθαι τῶν ὑστέρων καθεστηκός ἐστιν Ἕλλησι, καὶ Ἀμφιάραόν τε καὶ Ἄδραστον Φορωνείδας καὶ Ἐρεχθείδην ἐπονομάζουσι τὸν Θησέα. For among the Greeks it is customary in poetry to resort to older names rather than later ones; thus they call Amphiaraüs and Adrastus Phoroneidae, and Theseus an Erechtheid. A note on poetic naming and genealogy, not a mythic event or historical event.
7.17.8 1 mythic high ὀλίγον δὲ πρὸ τοῦ ἄστεώς ἐστι τοῦ Δυμαίων ἐν δεξιᾷ τῆς ὁδοῦ τάφος Σωστράτου· μειράκιον δὲ ἦν τῶν ἐπιχωρίων, γενέσθαι δὲ Ἡρακλέους ἐρώμενόν φασιν αὐτόν, καὶ---ἀποθανεῖν γὰρ τὸν Σώστρατον Ἡρακλέους ἔτι ὄντος μετὰ ἀνθρώπων---οὕτως οἱ τὸν Ἡρακλέα τό τε μνῆμα αὐτὸν εἶναι τὸν ποιήσαντα καὶ ἀπαρχὰς ἀπὸ τῶν ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ τριχῶν δοῦναι. A little before reaching the city of Dyme, there is on the right side of the road the tomb of Sostratos; this Sostratos was a youth among the local inhabitants, and they relate that he was beloved by Heracles, and—since Sostratos had died when Heracles was still in the company of humans—Heracles himself, they say, built his tomb and offered as first-fruits some locks of hair cut from his own head. Heracles building Sostratos’ tomb and giving first-fruits of hair are actions of a mythic hero, and the sentence concerns mythic interaction with the landscape.
7.17.8 2 mythic high ἐπίθημα δὲ καὶ ἐς ἐμὲ ἔτι στήλη τε ἦν ἐπὶ τοῦ χώματος καὶ Ἡρακλῆς ἐπειργασμένος· Even to my day a monument remained upon the tomb mound, bearing an image of Heracles. A monument on a tomb mound bearing Heracles' image reflects the lingering landscape impact of a mythic figure.
7.17.8 3 other high ἐλέγετο δὲ ὡς οἱ ἐπιχώριοι καὶ ἐναγίζουσι τῷ Σωστράτῳ. It was said by the people living in the region that they still offered sacrifices to Sostratos. Reports local cult practice toward Sostratos; this is antiquarian/descriptive rather than mythic or historical narrative.
7.17.9 1 other high Δυμαίοις δὲ ἔστι μὲν Ἀθηνᾶς ναὸς καὶ ἄγαλμα ἐς τὰ μάλιστα ἀρχαῖον, ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλο ἱερόν σφισι Δινδυμήνῃ μητρὶ καὶ Ἄττῃ πεποιημένον. The Dymaeans possess a temple of Athena and an extremely ancient statue. A temple and ancient statue are descriptive local antiquities, not a mythic event or post-500 BC historical event.
7.17.9 2 mythic high Ἄττης δὲ ὅστις ἦν, οὐδὲν οἷός τε ἦν ἀπόρρητον ἐς αὐτὸν ἐξευρεῖν, ἀλλὰ Ἑρμησιάνακτι μὲν τῷ τὰ ἐλεγεῖα γράψαντι πεποιημένα ἐστὶν ὡς υἱός τε ἦν Καλαοῦ Φρυγὸς καὶ ὡς οὐ τεκνοποιὸς ὑπὸ τῆς μητρὸς τεχθείη· They also have another sanctuary, dedicated to the Mother Dindymene and to Attis. Attis and the Mother Dindymene belong to mythic/religious tradition rather than historical narrative.
7.17.9 3 mythic high ἐπεὶ δὲ ηὔξητο, μετῴκησεν ἐς Λυδίαν τῷ Ἑρμησιάνακτος λόγῳ καὶ Λυδοῖς ὄργια ἐτέλει Μητρός, ἐς τοσοῦτο ἥκων παρʼ αὐτῇ τιμῆς ὡς Δία αὐτῇ νεμεσήσαντα ὗν ἐπὶ τὰ ἔργα ἐπιπέμψαι τῶν Λυδῶν. As for who this Attis was, I was unable to discover anything definite about him, since it is not permitted to speak openly concerning him. Attis, Metroa, and Zeus sending the boar belong to mythic cult narrative and etiological myth.
7.17.10 1 mythic high ἐνταῦθα ἄλλοι τε τῶν Λυδῶν καὶ αὐτὸς Ἄττης ἀπέθανεν ὑπὸ τοῦ ὑός· In this place, many others among the Lydians died, and Attis himself was slain by a boar. Attis is a mythic figure, and his death by a boar is part of mythic narrative affecting the place.
7.17.10 2 mythic high καί τι ἑπόμενον τούτοις Γαλατῶν δρῶσιν οἱ Πεσσινοῦντα ἔχοντες, ὑῶν οὐχ ἁπτόμενοι. Henceforth, the people dwelling in Pessinous, as a consequence of these events, observe a custom derived from this incident by refraining from touching swine. Explains a local custom as resulting from a legendary/ritual incident involving the Galatians and Pessinous; this is mythic etiological material.
7.17.10 3 mythic high νομίζουσί γε μὴν οὐχ οὕτω τὰ ἐς τὸν Ἄττην, ἀλλὰ ἐπιχώριός ἐστιν ἄλλος σφίσιν ἐς αὐτὸν λόγος, Δία ὑπνωμένον ἀφεῖναι σπέρμα ἐς γῆν, τὴν δὲ ἀνὰ χρόνον ἀνεῖναι δαίμονα διπλᾶ ἔχοντα αἰδοῖα, τὰ μὲν ἀνδρός, τὰ δὲ αὐτῶν γυναικός· However, their own tradition concerning Attis is quite different: they recount that Zeus once emitted seed upon the earth in his sleep, and after some time, the earth gave birth to a divine being possessing dual sexual organs—those both of a man and of a woman. Explains a divine origin story involving Zeus, earth, and a born deity; this is mythic.
7.17.10 4 mythic high ὄνομα δὲ Ἄγδιστιν αὐτῷ τίθενται. They name this divinity Agdistis. Agdistis is a divinity from mythic tradition, so naming the god belongs to mythic material.
7.17.10 5 mythic high θεοὶ δὲ Ἄγδιστιν δείσαντες τὰ αἰδοῖά οἱ τὰ ἀνδρὸς ἀποκόπτουσιν. But the gods, fearing Agdistis, severed from it the male organs. This is a mythic act by the gods involving Agdistis and the origin of a divine/mythic being.
7.17.11 1 mythic high ὡς δὲ ἀπʼ αὐτῶν ἀναφῦσα ἀμυγδαλῆ εἶχεν ὡραῖον τὸν καρπόν, θυγατέρα τοῦ Σαγγαρίου ποταμοῦ λαβεῖν φασι τοῦ καρποῦ· And when an almond tree sprang up from them bearing beautiful fruit, they say that the daughter of the river Sangarius picked from its fruit. The sentence describes a mythic origin story involving the river god Sangarius' daughter and an almond tree.
7.17.11 2 mythic high ἐσθεμένης δὲ ἐς τὸν κόλπον καρπὸς μὲν ἐκεῖνος ἦν αὐτίκα ἀφανής, αὐτὴ δὲ ἐκύει· After she placed the fruit into her bosom, it suddenly vanished, and she herself conceived. Conception caused by a miraculous or mythic fruit is a mythic event and its effect on the body/landscape belongs in the mythic bucket.
7.17.11 3 mythic high τεκούσης δὲ τράγος περιεῖπε τὸν παῖδα ἐκκείμενον. When she gave birth, a goat tended to the infant who had been exposed. A goat tending an exposed infant is a mythic marvel involving a miraculous animal caretaker.
7.17.11 4 mythic high ὡς δὲ αὐξανομένῳ κάλλους οἱ μετῆν πλέον ἢ κατὰ εἶδος ἀνθρώπου, ἐνταῦθα τοῦ παιδὸς ἔρως ἔσχεν Ἄγδιστιν. As the child grew, his beauty surpassed that belonging merely to human shape, and Agdistis fell in love with him. Agdistis falling in love with the child is a mythic event involving divine/mythic figures.
7.17.11 5 mythic high αὐξηθέντα δὲ Ἄττην ἀποστέλλουσιν ἐς Πεσσινοῦντα οἱ προσήκοντες συνοικήσοντα τοῦ βασιλέως θυγατρί· When Attis had grown to manhood, his relatives sent him to Pessinous to marry the daughter of the king. Attis is a mythic figure and his maturation and marriage arrangement belong to the myth narrative.
7.17.12 1 mythic high ὑμέναιος δὲ ᾔδετο καὶ Ἄγδιστις ἐφίσταται καὶ τὰ αἰδοῖα ἀπέκοψε μανεὶς ὁ Ἄττης, ἀπέκοψε δὲ καὶ ὁ τὴν θυγατέρα αὐτῷ διδούς· The marriage hymn was being sung, when Agdistis appeared, and Attis, driven mad, cut off his own genitals; likewise did the man who had given him his daughter. Attis, Agdistis, and the mutilation at the wedding are mythic events.
7.17.12 2 mythic high Ἄγδιστιν δὲ μετάνοια ἔσχεν οἷα Ἄττην ἔδρασε, καί οἱ παρὰ Διὸς εὕρετο μήτε σήπεσθαί τι Ἄττῃ τοῦ σώματος μήτε τήκεσθαι. Afterwards Agdistis felt remorse for what had befallen Attis, and received from Zeus the favor that Attis' body should neither decay nor waste away. Agdistis, Attis, and Zeus are figures in myth; the sentence describes a mythic event affecting Attis' body.
7.17.12 3 mythic high τάδε μὲν ἐς Ἄττην τὰ γνωριμώτατα· These are the best-known accounts concerning Attis. Attis is a mythic figure, and the sentence refers to accounts concerning him.
7.17.13 1 other high ἐν δὲ τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ Δυμαίᾳ καὶ τοῦ δρομέως Οἰβώτα τάφος ἐστί· In the territory of Dyme is also the tomb of the runner Oebotas. Purely topographical description of a tomb in Dyme; no mythic or historical event is narrated.
7.17.13 2 historical high τούτῳ τῷ Οἰβώτα νικήσαντι Ὀλύμπια Ἀχαιῶν πρώτῳ γέρας οὐδὲν ἐξαίρετον παρʼ αὐτῶν ἐγένετο εὕρασθαι· Although this Oebotas was the first among the Achaeans to win at Olympia, they devised no special honor for him. Refers to a historical athlete's Olympic victory and later civic treatment, not mythic narrative.
7.17.13 3 mythic high καὶ ἐπὶ τούτῳ κατάρας ὁ Οἰβώτας ἐποιήσατο μηδενὶ Ὀλυμπικὴν νίκην ἔτι Ἀχαιῶν γενέσθαι. Thus, Oebotas pronounced a curse upon them that no Achaean would henceforth achieve an Olympic victory. A curse by Oebotas is a mythic aetiological event affecting later victories.
7.17.13 4 historical medium καὶ---ἦν γάρ τις θεῶν ᾧ τοῦ Οἰβώτα τελεῖσθαι τὰς κατάρας οὐκ ἀμελὲς ἦν---διδάσκονταί ποτε οἱ Ἀχαιοὶ καθʼ ἥντινα αἰτίαν στεφάνου τοῦ Ὀλυμπίασιν ἡμάρτανον, διδάσκονται δὲ ἀποστείλαντες ἐς Δελφούς· Indeed, since a certain god was concerned that the curses of Oebotas should be fulfilled, at last the Achaeans were advised of the reason they were deprived of Olympic crowns; they discovered this by sending envoys to Delphi. Refers to the Achaeans learning from Delphi about their Olympic defeats tied to Oebotas' curse; this is a post-myth, cultic-historical explanation rather than a purely mythical event.
7.17.14 1 historical high οὕτω καὶ ἄλλα ἐς τιμήν σφισι τοῦ Οἰβώτα ποιήσασι καὶ τὴν εἰκόνα ἀναθεῖσιν ἐς Ὀλυμπίαν Σώστρατος Πελληνεὺς σταδίου νίκην ἔσχεν ἐν παισί. Thus, having paid him other honors and having dedicated his statue at Olympia, Sostratos of Pellene won the footrace for boys. Mentions Sostratos of Pellene winning at Olympia, a post-mythic athletic/historical event.
7.17.14 2 historical high διαμένει δὲ ἐς ἐμὲ ἔτι Ἀχαιῶν τοῖς ἀγωνίζεσθαι μέλλουσι τὰ Ὀλύμπια ἐναγίζειν τῷ Οἰβώτᾳ, καὶ ἢν κρατήσωσιν, ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ στεφανοῦν τοῦ Οἰβώτα τὴν εἰκόνα. It continues even to my time that the Achaeans who intend to compete at Olympia offer sacrifices to Oebotas, and if they gain the victory, they crown the statue of Oebotas at Olympia. Describes a cult practice that persisted into Pausanias' own time, tied to a historical dedicator/victor rather than a mythic event.