Pausanias Analysis

Passage 1.3.1 Class: Mythic

τὸ δὲ χωρίον ὁ Κεραμεικὸς τὸ μὲν ὄνομα ἔχει ἀπὸ ἥρωος Κεράμου, Διονύσου τε εἶναι καὶ Ἀριάδνης καὶ τούτου λεγομένου· πρώτη δέ ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ καλουμένη στοὰ βασίλειος, ἔνθα καθίζει βασιλεὺς ἐνιαυσίαν ἄρχων ἀρχὴν καλουμένην βασιλείαν. ταύτης ἔπεστι τῷ κεράμῳ τῆς στοᾶς ἀγάλματα ὀπτῆς γῆς, ἀφιεὶς Θησεὺς ἐς θάλασσαν Σκίρωνα καὶ φέρουσα Ἡμέρα Κέφαλον, ὃν κάλλιστον γενόμενόν φασιν ὑπὸ Ἡμέρας ἐρασθείσης ἁρπασθῆναι· καί οἱ παῖδα γενέσθαι Φαέθοντα, ὃν ὕστερον ἡ Ἀφροδίτη ἥρπασε καὶ φύλακα ἐποίησε τοῦ ναοῦ. ταῦτα ἄλλοι τε καὶ Ἡσίοδος εἴρηκεν ἐν ἔπεσι τοῖς ἐς τὰς γυναῖκας.

Proper Nouns:

Διόνυσος Θησεύς Κέραμος Κέφαλος Κεραμεικός Σκίρων Φαέθων στοὰ βασίλειος Ἀριάδνη Ἀφροδίτη Ἡμέρα Ἡσίοδος

The place called Cerameicus obtains its name from the hero Ceramus, who is said to be the son of Dionysus and Ariadne. Upon entering, the first structure on the right is a stoa known as the Royal Portico, in which sits the king who holds the yearly office termed the monarchy. On the terracotta roof of this portico are statues made of baked clay, depicting Theseus casting Sciron into the sea, and Day carrying off Cephalus, who was said to be exceptionally handsome, and whom Day, becoming enamored of him, carried away. They say he was the father of Phaethon, who afterwards Aphrodite herself seized and appointed guardian of her temple. This account is also narrated by Hesiod and by others in the poems dedicated to women.

Passage 1.3.2 Class: Historical

πλησίον δὲ τῆς στοᾶς Κόνων ἕστηκε καὶ Τιμόθεος υἱὸς Κόνωνος καὶ βασιλεὺς Κυπρίων Εὐαγόρας, ὃς καὶ τὰς τριήρεις τὰς Φοινίσσας ἔπραξε παρὰ βασιλέως Ἀρταξέρξου δοθῆναι Κόνωνι· ἔπραξε δὲ ὡς Ἀθηναῖος καὶ τὸ ἀνέκαθεν ἐκ Σαλαμῖνος, ἐπεὶ καὶ γενεαλογῶν ἐς προγόνους ἀνέβαινε Τεῦκρον καὶ Κινύρου θυγατέρα. ἐνταῦθα ἕστηκε Ζεὺς ὀνομαζόμενος Ἐλευθέριος καὶ βασιλεὺς Ἀδριανός, ἐς ἄλλους τε ὧν ἦρχεν εὐεργεσίας καὶ ἐς τὴν πόλιν μάλιστα ἀποδειξάμενος τὴν Ἀθηναίων.

Proper Nouns:

Εὐαγόρας Ζεύς Κινύρας Κόνων Κόνων Κόνων Σαλαμίς Τεῦκρος Τιμόθεος Φοινίκη βασιλεὺς Κυπρίων Ἀδριανός Ἀθηναῖος Ἀθῆναι Ἀρταξέρξης Ἐλευθέριος

Near the portico stand statues of Conon, his son Timotheus, and Evagoras, the king of Cyprus. Evagoras was responsible for urging King Artaxerxes to grant Phoenician triremes to Conon; he acted thus as an Athenian, descended from the ancient line of Salamis, tracing his ancestry back on one side to Teucer and on the other to a daughter of Cinyras. Here also stand statues of Zeus surnamed Eleutherios ("the Liberator") and Emperor Hadrian, who bestowed exceptional kindness upon the peoples he governed and, above all, upon the city of Athens itself.

Passage 1.3.3 Class: Mythic

στοὰ δὲ ὄπισθεν ᾠκοδόμηται γραφὰς ἔχουσα θεοὺς τοὺς δώδεκα καλουμένους· ἐπὶ δὲ τῷ τοίχῳ τῷ πέραν Θησεύς ἐστι γεγραμμένος καὶ Δημοκρατία τε καὶ Δῆμος. δηλοῖ δὲ ἡ γραφὴ Θησέα εἶναι τὸν καταστήσαντα Ἀθηναίοις ἐξ ἴσου πολιτεύεσθαι· κεχώρηκε δὲ φήμη καὶ ἄλλως ἐς τοὺς πολλούς, ὡς Θησεὺς παραδοίη τὰ πράγματα τῷ δήμῳ καὶ ὡς ἐξ ἐκείνου δημοκρατούμενοι διαμείναιεν, πρὶν ἢ Πεισίστρατος ἐτυράννησεν ἐπαναστάς. λέγεται μὲν δὴ καὶ ἄλλα οὐκ ἀληθῆ παρὰ τοῖς πολλοῖς οἷα ἱστορίας ἀνηκόοις οὖσι καὶ ὁπόσα ἤκουον εὐθὺς ἐκ παίδων ἔν τε χοροῖς καὶ τραγῳδίαις πιστὰ ἡγουμένοις, λέγεται δὲ καὶ ἐς τὸν Θησέα, ὃς αὐτός τε ἐβασίλευσε καὶ ὕστερον Μενεσθέως τελευτήσαντος καὶ ἐς τετάρτην οἱ Θησεῖδαι γενεὰν διέμειναν ἄρχοντες. εἰ δέ μοι γενεαλογεῖν ἤρεσκε, καὶ τοὺς ἀπὸ Μελάνθου βασιλεύσαντας ἐς Κλείδικον τὸν Αἰσιμίδου καὶ τούτους ἂν ἀπηριθμησάμην.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰσίμιδης Δημοκρατία Δῆμος Θησεύς Θησεῖδαι Κλείδικος Μέλανθος Μενέσθευς Πεισίστρατος θεός Ἀθηναῖοι

Behind is built a colonnade containing paintings of the gods called the Twelve. Upon the opposite wall there are painted figures of Theseus, Democracy, and the People (Dēmos). The painting indicates that Theseus was the one who established equal governance among the Athenians. A common tradition has spread extensively among many people that Theseus handed over authority to the people, and from that time onward they governed democratically until Peisistratos rose up and established his tyranny. Indeed, many other stories told by the mass of people are also untrue, since they are unfamiliar with history, and they regard as reliable all they have heard from childhood in choruses and dramatic performances. Such is also the case concerning Theseus, who himself ruled as king, and whose descendants after Menestheus remained rulers until the fourth generation. And if it were pleasing to me to pursue genealogies, I could have enumerated those rulers descending from Melanthos down to Cleidicus, the son of Aisimidos.

Passage 1.3.4 Class: Historical

ἐνταῦθά ἐστι γεγραμμένον καὶ τὸ περὶ Μαντίνειαν Ἀθηναίων ἔργον, οἳ βοηθήσοντες Λακεδαιμονίοις ἐπέμφθησαν. συνέγραψαν δὲ ἄλλοι τε καὶ Ξενοφῶν τὸν πάντα πόλεμον, κατάληψίν τε τῆς Καδμείας καὶ τὸ πταῖσμα Λακεδαιμονίων τὸ ἐν Λεύκτροις καὶ ὡς ἐς Πελοπόννησον ἐσέβαλον Βοιωτοὶ καὶ τὴν συμμαχίαν Λακεδαιμονίοις τὴν παρʼ Ἀθηναίων ἐλθοῦσαν· ἐν δὲ τῇ γραφῇ τῶν ἱππέων ἐστὶ μάχη, ἐν ᾗ γνωριμώτατοι Γρύλος τε ὁ Ξενοφῶντος ἐν τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἵππον τὴν Βοιωτίαν Ἐπαμινώνδας ὁ Θηβαῖος. ταύτας τὰς γραφὰς Εὐφράνωρ ἔγραψεν Ἀθηναίοις καὶ πλησίον ἐποίησεν ἐν τῷ ναῷ τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα Πατρῷον ἐπίκλησιν· πρὸ δὲ τοῦ νεὼ τὸν μὲν Λεωχάρης , ὃν δὲ καλοῦσιν Ἀλεξίκακον Κάλαμις ἐποίησε. τὸ δὲ ὄνομα τῷ θεῷ γενέσθαι λέγουσιν, ὅτι τὴν λοιμώδη σφίσι νόσον ὁμοῦ τῷ Πελοποννησίων πολέμῳ πιέζουσαν κατὰ μάντευμα ἔπαυσε ν ἐκ Δελφῶν.

Proper Nouns:

Βοιωτία Βοιωτοί Γρύλος Δελφοί Εὐφράνωρ Θηβαῖος Κάλαμις Καδμεία Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λεωχάρης Λεῦκτρα Μαντίνεια Ξενοφῶν Ξενοφῶν Πατρῷος Πελοποννήσιοι Πελοπόννησος Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀλεξίκακος Ἀπόλλων Ἐπαμινώνδας

Here also is depicted the action of the Athenians near Mantineia, who were sent to aid the Lacedaemonians. Various historians, including Xenophon, have described this entire war—the capture of the Cadmeia, the defeat of the Spartans at Leuctra, the Boeotian invasion of the Peloponnese, and the alliance the Athenians entered into on behalf of the Lacedaemonians. In this picture is a cavalry engagement, where the prominent figures are Grylus, the son of Xenophon, among the Athenians, and Epaminondas the Theban among the Boeotians. These paintings Euphranor executed for the Athenians, and near to them he placed in the temple a statue of Apollo surnamed "Patroos" (Paternal). Of the statues before the temple, the one is by Leochares, and the other, called Alexikakos ("Averter of Evil"), is by Calamis. They say the god received this epithet because, upon the advice of the Delphic oracle, he brought an end to the plague that afflicted them along with the Peloponnesian War.

Passage 1.3.5 Class: Historical

ᾠκοδόμηται δὲ καὶ Μητρὸς θεῶν ἱερόν, ἣν Φειδίας εἰργάσατο, καὶ πλησίον τῶν πεντακοσίων καλουμένων βουλευτήριον, οἳ βουλεύουσιν ἐνιαυτὸν Ἀθηναίοις· Βουλαίου δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ κεῖται ξόανον Διὸς καὶ Ἀπόλλων τέχνη Πεισίου καὶ Δῆμος ἔργον Λύσωνος . τοὺς δὲ θεσμοθέτας ἔγραψε Πρωτογένης Καύνιος, Ὀλβιάδης δὲ Κάλλιππον, ὃς Ἀθηναίους ἐς Θερμοπύλας ἤγαγε φυλάξοντας τὴν ἐς τὴν Ἑλλάδα Γαλατῶν ἐσβολήν.

Proper Nouns:

Βουλαῖος Γαλάται Δῆμος Ζεύς Θερμοπύλαι Κάλλιππος Λύσων Μήτηρ θεῶν Πείσιος Πρωτογένης Καύνιος Φειδίας Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀπόλλων Ἑλλάς Ὀλβιάδης

There is also a sanctuary built to the Mother of the Gods, a work created by Pheidias, and near it is the Council Chamber of those called the Five Hundred, who advise the Athenians for a year. Within this chamber stands a wooden image of Zeus Boulaios, as well as an Apollo crafted by Peisias and a representation of the People by Lyson. Protogenes of Caunus painted the Thesmothetai, and Olbiades painted Callippos, who led the Athenians to Thermopylae to repel the invasion of Greece by the Gauls.

Legend:

Chapter 1.3