Pausanias Analysis

Sentence-level words and phrases that predict skepticism vs. non-skepticism

Model Performance Metrics

The following metrics are from the logistic regression classifier's performance on the test set:

Class Precision Recall F1-Score Support
Non-skeptical 0.906 0.771 0.833 986
Skeptical 0.276 0.521 0.361 165
Overall Accuracy 0.735 1151

Sentence Predictors of Skeptical Content

Sort by:
Word/Phrase English Coefficient Skeptical Count Non-skeptical Count p-value q-value
εἴτε whether 2.6755 14 3 9.5e-10 3.17e-07
ὡσ as; like; how; that; when 2.6031 135 433 2.17e-09 5.42e-07
εἰκόσ likely; probable; reasonable 2.5570 15 16 9.14e-06 0.000653
ὑπό under; by (of agent) 2.5360 111 348 2.9e-08 4.83e-06
δῶρον gift 2.3926 10 13 0.000929 0.0258
οὐ not 2.3349 180 618 2.24e-10 1.12e-07
κομίζω I bring, carry, convey 2.2623 23 52 0.000448 0.0149
εἰ if 2.1911 34 65 9.84e-07 0.000141
δόξα opinion 2.1573 12 23 0.00396 0.0747
οὗτοσ this (man) 2.1367 285 1089 4.66e-12 4.66e-09
λόγοσ word; speech; account; reason; argument 2.1045 56 152 3.81e-06 0.000381
μεγαρεύσ a Megarian 1.9148 19 31 5.27e-05 0.0026
δέ ἄν but/and; ἄν is a modal particle indicating potentiality (“would/might”) 1.9111 14 12 3.31e-06 0.000381
γίγνομαι I become; am born; happen 1.8442 111 402 1.26e-05 0.000841
πρῶτοσ first 1.8248 50 141 3.1e-05 0.00172
ἅιδησ Hades 1.7956 10 7 2.84e-05 0.00167
γίγνομαι καί I become, and 1.7916 12 17 0.000512 0.0165
τίθημι to put, place, set; establish; appoint 1.6811 31 63 8.14e-06 0.000653
οὐδέν nothing 1.6512 21 51 0.00171 0.0407
χάρισ grace 1.6358 7 12 0.0177 0.166
ἄιδω I sing 1.6230 8 15 0.017 0.163
ὁμολογέω to agree, admit, or confess 1.6230 15 18 2.48e-05 0.00155
ὀλυμπικόσ Olympic; of Olympia 1.6185 7 8 0.00331 0.0662
ἀμφισβητέω to dispute, contest, or question 1.6100 5 8 0.0366 0.253
γυνή woman; wife 1.6099 48 177 0.00721 0.109
κατασκευάζω to prepare, construct, equip 1.6070 6 8 0.0114 0.13
οὐ μήν not, however 1.5761 13 10 3.46e-06 0.000381
ἱδρύω to establish, found; to set up, seat 1.5565 8 15 0.017 0.163
παῖσ child 1.5558 84 314 0.000437 0.0149
δέ οὐ but not 1.5499 36 99 0.000293 0.0109

Sentence Predictors of Non-skeptical Content

Sort by:
Word/Phrase English Coefficient Skeptical Count Non-skeptical Count p-value q-value
βωμόσ altar -2.1863 5 98 0.00113 0.0305
ἕκαστοσ each -1.8971 1 71 0.000295 0.0109
μοῖρα fate, destiny; share, portion -1.8574 1 44 0.0105 0.125
δηλόω to make clear; to show; to reveal; to indicate -1.8463 5 67 0.0386 0.253
μέλλω be about to, intend (to) -1.7801 3 66 0.00977 0.125
γραφή writing; (in Athenian law) public indictment -1.6778 1 54 0.0033 0.0662
γίγνομαι δέ and I become -1.6431 4 48 0.172 0.548
ἀποστέλλω I send out -1.4930 1 48 0.00722 0.109
δύο two -1.4784 5 54 0.141 0.514
καταλαμβάνω to seize, overtake, catch; grasp, understand -1.4013 0 35 0.00679 0.106
ἐναντίοσ opposite; contrary; hostile -1.3951 1 35 0.0347 0.251
ἄξιοσ worthy; deserving -1.3945 2 72 0.00137 0.035
ἑαυτοῦ of himself/itself; his/its own -1.3859 9 85 0.13 0.488
δημήτριοσ Demetrius -1.3259 1 36 0.0346 0.251
μάλιστα especially; very much; certainly -1.3251 23 202 0.0395 0.253
μάχομαι to fight -1.3070 3 50 0.0768 0.371
τε and -1.2701 154 1101 0.00391 0.0747
αἰγινήτησ an Aeginetan (man from Aegina) -1.2701 0 24 0.0394 0.253
ὑπό αὐτόσ under him -1.2688 0 19 0.0978 0.422
φέρω I carry; I bring; I bear -1.2616 6 71 0.0596 0.335
ἄγω I lead; I bring -1.2590 14 149 0.0156 0.159
παυσανίασ Pausanias -1.2565 1 28 0.112 0.444
ἄκροσ topmost -1.2445 0 33 0.0109 0.127
βασιλεύσ king -1.2417 15 117 0.247 0.655
καί παρά and beside/at/from/to/along/contrary to -1.2386 1 37 0.0355 0.253
ἔχω I have -1.2239 78 495 0.402 0.795
τρέπω to turn -1.2232 1 29 0.115 0.454
ἔτι still; yet -1.2213 27 239 0.0224 0.198
ἐπί θάλασσα on the sea -1.2189 1 46 0.0112 0.128
τρίπουσ tripod -1.2150 1 24 0.162 0.53

Simplified Checklist Version

This reduced model keeps only the words or phrases with q-value below 0.1, then turns them into a simple checklist.

Start at -0.82 points. If one of the items below appears at least once, add its points once. If the final score ends above 0, classify the text as Skeptical. That is the same as saying the listed word-points must add up past +0.82.

Full logistic model: 73.5% | Simplified checklist: 74.6% | Always guess Non-skeptical: 85.7%

This shorter model uses 62 statistically strong vocabulary items.

These confusion matrices show which texts each approach gets right and where it makes false alarms or misses.

Full Logistic Model

Predicted
Non-skeptical Skeptical
Actual Non-skeptical 760 226
Skeptical 79 86

Simplified Checklist

Predicted
Non-skeptical Skeptical
Actual Non-skeptical 764 222
Skeptical 70 95

Always Guess Non-skeptical

Predicted
Non-skeptical Skeptical
Actual Non-skeptical 986 0
Skeptical 165 0
Word/Phrase English Points If Seen Pushes Toward q-value
γραφή writing; (in Athenian law) public indictment -4.94 Non-skeptical 0.0662
οὐ μήν not, however +4.13 Skeptical 0.000381
εἴτε whether +3.09 Skeptical 3.17e-07
μήν month; indeed, surely -2.19 Non-skeptical 0.0109
ἕκαστοσ each -1.97 Non-skeptical 0.0109
δῶρον gift +1.93 Skeptical 0.0258
ἅιδησ Hades +1.88 Skeptical 0.00167
ὡσ καί just as +1.76 Skeptical 0.0907
εἰκόσ likely; probable; reasonable +1.74 Skeptical 0.000653
κρήτη Crete +1.72 Skeptical 0.0321
ὀλυμπικόσ Olympic; of Olympia +1.68 Skeptical 0.0662
χείρ hand -1.58 Non-skeptical 0.0662
γίγνομαι καί I become, and +1.52 Skeptical 0.0165
ἄξιοσ worthy; deserving -1.49 Non-skeptical 0.035
δέ ἄν but/and; ἄν is a modal particle indicating potentiality (“would/might”) +1.49 Skeptical 0.000381
δόξα opinion +1.47 Skeptical 0.0747
πέλοψ Pelops +1.43 Skeptical 0.0258
σαφήσ clear +1.41 Skeptical 0.0381
ὁμολογέω to agree, admit, or confess +1.30 Skeptical 0.00155
δράκων serpent; dragon +1.28 Skeptical 0.0777
μεγαρεύσ a Megarian +1.25 Skeptical 0.0026
κομίζω I bring, carry, convey +1.22 Skeptical 0.0149
βωμόσ altar -1.06 Non-skeptical 0.0305
ποίησισ poetry, making, creation +0.93 Skeptical 0.0907
εἰκάζω to liken; to conjecture, infer, guess +0.93 Skeptical 0.0907
λόγοσ word; speech; account; reason; argument +0.84 Skeptical 0.000381
οὐδέν nothing +0.81 Skeptical 0.0407
καί ὡσ and as +0.74 Skeptical 0.021
τίθημι to put, place, set; establish; appoint +0.74 Skeptical 0.000653
νεκρόσ dead; corpse +0.71 Skeptical 0.00238
εἰ if +0.71 Skeptical 0.000141
πρῶτοσ first +0.70 Skeptical 0.00172
δέ ὄνομα but a name +0.64 Skeptical 0.0149
ἔτοσ year -0.64 Non-skeptical 0.0981
ὑπό under; by (of agent) +0.62 Skeptical 4.83e-06
οὐδείσ no one +0.60 Skeptical 0.0552
φαίνω to bring to light; to show; to reveal +0.60 Skeptical 0.0777
μήτηρ mother +0.58 Skeptical 0.0747
ὅστισ whoever +0.57 Skeptical 0.0662
ὀνομάζω to name; to call; to mention +0.57 Skeptical 0.0109
εἰ δέ but if +0.56 Skeptical 0.0026
δέ οὐ but not +0.51 Skeptical 0.0109
ὄνομα name +0.50 Skeptical 4.33e-06
μετά with (when followed by the genitive); after (when followed by the accusative) -0.46 Non-skeptical 0.0981
εἴην I would be; may I be +0.46 Skeptical 0.0109
παῖσ child +0.44 Skeptical 0.0149
καί οὗτοσ and this man +0.44 Skeptical 0.000653
οὐ not +0.43 Skeptical 1.12e-07
γῆ earth, land +0.41 Skeptical 0.0777
τε and -0.40 Non-skeptical 0.0747
θυγάτηρ daughter +0.38 Skeptical 0.0173
οὗτοσ this (man) +0.38 Skeptical 4.66e-09
αὐτόσ self; he/she/it; the same (with the article) +0.34 Skeptical 0.00676
ἐπεί when, after, since +0.34 Skeptical 0.0799
ὡσ as; like; how; that; when +0.27 Skeptical 5.42e-07
ἀνήρ man +0.26 Skeptical 0.0507
ἄν would; might; could; -ever (as in whoever/whenever) +0.26 Skeptical 0.000653
μέν οὐ indeed not +0.23 Skeptical 0.0223
γίγνομαι I become; am born; happen +0.20 Skeptical 0.000841
γε at least +0.10 Skeptical 0.0662
ἀπό from, away from +0.07 Skeptical 0.0662
τισ someone, anyone; a certain (one) +0.03 Skeptical 0.0376