Pausanias Analysis

Words and Phrases that Predict Skeptical vs. Non-skeptical Content

Model Performance Metrics

The following metrics are from the logistic regression classifier's performance on the test set:

Class Precision Recall F1-Score Support
Non-skeptical 0.839 0.748 0.791 445
Skeptical 0.527 0.661 0.587 189
Overall Accuracy 0.722 634

Predictors of Skeptical Content

These words and phrases are most strongly associated with skeptical content in Pausanias.

Sort by:
Word/Phrase English Coefficient Skeptical Count Non-skeptical Count p-value q-value
γε at least 2.8321 136 125 6.96e-18 6.96e-15
ὅτι that; because 2.4808 117 138 1.87e-10 3.11e-08
οὐκ not 2.4285 243 331 1.88e-16 9.41e-14
γενέσθαι to become 2.1120 123 188 3.22e-06 0.00017
εἰ if 2.0801 93 78 7.52e-14 2.51e-11
εἴτε whether 2.0539 16 3 4.95e-07 3.09e-05
λόγον word 1.9816 54 30 2.13e-12 4.39e-10
τισ someone, anyone; a certain (one) 1.9251 64 62 3.27e-08 2.98e-06
ἔπη words 1.9133 48 23 2.19e-12 4.39e-10
εἰ δὲ but if 1.7754 33 13 5.39e-10 7.71e-08
οὐχ not 1.7238 67 85 1.33e-05 0.000494
ὡσ as; like; how; that; when 1.6887 283 629 0.0146 0.117
ὅμηροσ Homer 1.5802 45 39 5.65e-07 3.32e-05
οὐδέν nothing 1.5779 39 46 0.000364 0.00809
οὐ not 1.4693 278 539 9.12e-06 0.00038
λόγοσ word; speech; account; reason; argument 1.4523 57 54 1.19e-07 8.53e-06
τὸν δὲ but him 1.4264 57 73 7.66e-05 0.00232
ἄν would; might; could; -ever (as in whoever/whenever) 1.4045 33 18 3.75e-08 3.13e-06
δὴ indeed 1.3979 280 578 0.000391 0.00849
ὄνομα name 1.3956 128 187 3.11e-07 2.07e-05
μνῆμα memorial, monument (especially a tomb) 1.3918 50 70 0.00101 0.0169
ἔχειν to have 1.3801 32 34 0.000359 0.00809
παῖδα child 1.3771 81 123 0.00018 0.00451
οὐδὲν nothing 1.3259 59 80 0.00018 0.00451
οὔ not 1.2676 22 13 1.55e-05 0.000536
τὸ ὄνομα the name 1.2667 69 86 6.33e-06 0.000301
γυναῖκα woman; wife 1.2510 43 42 7.99e-06 0.000347
οἱ the (masculine plural) 1.2175 414 997 0.118 0.379
ἐστὶν is 1.2130 137 286 0.0309 0.189
εἴη may it be; let it be 1.1855 36 36 6.41e-05 0.002

Predictors of Non-skeptical Content

These words and phrases are most strongly associated with non-skeptical content in Pausanias.

Sort by:
Word/Phrase English Coefficient Skeptical Count Non-skeptical Count p-value q-value
ἅτε since, because, seeing that -1.4785 27 122 0.0043 0.0504
δύο two -1.4600 27 120 0.00577 0.0589
τὸ δὲ but the -1.3422 77 246 0.078 0.301
σφισι to them -1.3023 34 125 0.0521 0.244
ἐπὶ τὴν to the -1.2988 12 58 0.0325 0.191
τότε δὲ and then -1.2982 5 58 6.02e-05 0.00194
κεῖται lies; is situated -1.2635 7 62 0.000247 0.00602
λακεδαιμονίων of the Spartans -1.2198 29 143 0.000471 0.00968
μετὰ with, among (with genitive); after (with accusative) -1.1793 69 259 0.0025 0.0336
θαλάσσηι to/for the sea -1.1533 10 65 0.00217 0.0297
καὶ and -1.1520 861 2230 0.464 0.733
ἐκ τῶν from the -1.1486 13 63 0.0252 0.168
ὡσ δὲ and when -1.1222 20 96 0.00607 0.0613
ἀνέθηκεν he/she dedicated -1.1183 4 30 0.0343 0.196
ὅπλα weapons -1.1144 3 32 0.00753 0.071
μεσσηνίουσ Messenians -1.0965 11 48 0.0942 0.339
τὴν μὲν the ... on the one hand -1.0919 6 36 0.0339 0.196
χώραν land -1.0400 20 82 0.0482 0.244
καὶ ἄγαλμα and a statue -1.0182 12 70 0.00375 0.0462
τούτωι to this -1.0178 44 129 0.444 0.712
ἐπὶ θαλάσσηι on the sea -1.0153 3 39 0.00147 0.0222
ἐκ out of; from -0.9973 199 641 0.00118 0.0187
τῶν of the -0.9881 431 1165 0.233 0.533
αὖθισ again -0.9860 36 142 0.0148 0.117
τούτωι τῶι to this -0.9824 6 29 0.133 0.399
βασιλεὺσ king -0.9800 7 54 0.00162 0.0238
ἀχαιῶν of the Achaeans -0.9705 15 99 0.000118 0.00336
τοῖσ δὲ but to them -0.9619 7 54 0.00162 0.0238
ἀρχήν at first -0.9578 11 45 0.148 0.426
ἐπεὶ δὲ but when -0.9192 5 28 0.0802 0.306

Simplified Checklist Version

This reduced model keeps only the words or phrases with q-value below 0.1, then turns them into a simple checklist.

Start at -0.99 points. If one of the items below appears at least once, add its points once. If the final score ends above 0, classify the text as Skeptical. That is the same as saying the listed word-points must add up past +0.99.

Full logistic model: 72.2% | Simplified checklist: 74.9% | Always guess Non-skeptical: 70.2%

This shorter model uses 119 statistically strong vocabulary items.

These confusion matrices show which texts each approach gets right and where it makes false alarms or misses.

Full Logistic Model

Predicted
Non-skeptical Skeptical
Actual Non-skeptical 333 112
Skeptical 64 125

Simplified Checklist

Predicted
Non-skeptical Skeptical
Actual Non-skeptical 335 110
Skeptical 49 140

Always Guess Non-skeptical

Predicted
Non-skeptical Skeptical
Actual Non-skeptical 445 0
Skeptical 189 0
Word/Phrase English Points If Seen Pushes Toward q-value
εἴτε whether +2.82 Skeptical 3.09e-05
μὴν indeed; surely +1.73 Skeptical 1.1e-06
εἰ δὲ but if +1.71 Skeptical 7.71e-08
ἀριστερᾶι with the left hand -1.69 Non-skeptical 0.0253
ἐπὶ θαλάσσηι on the sea -1.67 Non-skeptical 0.0222
οὔ not +1.63 Skeptical 0.000536
ἔπη words +1.52 Skeptical 4.39e-10
ἐν ἀριστερᾶι on the left hand +1.46 Skeptical 0.0474
κεῖται lies; is situated -1.40 Non-skeptical 0.00602
τότε δὲ and then -1.38 Non-skeptical 0.00194
εἰρημένον said +1.36 Skeptical 0.011
ὅπλα weapons -1.30 Non-skeptical 0.071
νῖκαι victories -1.23 Non-skeptical 0.0716
ἑκατόν one hundred -1.10 Non-skeptical 0.0667
θησέα Theseus +1.09 Skeptical 0.00796
γίνεται it happens -1.06 Non-skeptical 0.0983
τελευτὴν death +1.06 Skeptical 0.0141
καὶ ἐκ and from -1.05 Non-skeptical 0.0177
καὶ ἄγαλμα and a statue -1.01 Non-skeptical 0.0462
τοῖσ δὲ but to them -1.01 Non-skeptical 0.0238
πρῶτα first -1.01 Non-skeptical 0.0974
λόγον word +0.99 Skeptical 4.39e-10
ἔφη he/she said +0.99 Skeptical 0.00731
ποιῆσαι to make; to do +0.98 Skeptical 0.0664
τοῦ ἐν of the one in +0.97 Skeptical 0.0546
οὐ μὴν however -0.95 Non-skeptical 8.78e-07
γε at least +0.94 Skeptical 6.96e-15
οὐδέν nothing +0.85 Skeptical 0.00809
φησὶν he/she says +0.85 Skeptical 0.000705
τισ someone, anyone; a certain (one) +0.84 Skeptical 2.98e-06
ἅτε since, because, seeing that -0.83 Non-skeptical 0.0504
βασιλεὺσ king -0.81 Non-skeptical 0.0238
ὁδὸσ road; way -0.80 Non-skeptical 0.0983
αὑτοῦ of himself +0.79 Skeptical 0.0699
μακεδόνων of the Macedonians -0.79 Non-skeptical 0.0546
ἔπεσιν with words +0.78 Skeptical 0.00339
μνῆμα memorial, monument (especially a tomb) +0.77 Skeptical 0.0169
δὲ πρὸσ but toward -0.77 Non-skeptical 0.0974
ὅτι that; because +0.76 Skeptical 3.11e-08
ἴσμεν we know +0.70 Skeptical 0.00986
δύο two -0.68 Non-skeptical 0.0589
ἀχαιοῖσ for the Achaeans -0.67 Non-skeptical 0.056
ἔχειν to have +0.65 Skeptical 0.00809
οὐχ not +0.64 Skeptical 0.000494
ἀφʼ from +0.63 Skeptical 0.0887
γυναῖκα woman; wife +0.61 Skeptical 0.000347
λόγοσ word; speech; account; reason; argument +0.59 Skeptical 8.53e-06
ἄν would; might; could; -ever (as in whoever/whenever) +0.58 Skeptical 3.13e-06
ἐγένοντο they happened -0.58 Non-skeptical 0.0546
οὐκ not +0.55 Skeptical 9.41e-14
εἰρημένα what has been said +0.55 Skeptical 0.00968
εἴη may it be; let it be +0.55 Skeptical 0.002
τὸν δὲ but him +0.54 Skeptical 0.00232
οὐδένα no one +0.52 Skeptical 0.0364
ἀναθεῖναι to dedicate +0.50 Skeptical 0.0852
ὅμηροσ Homer +0.50 Skeptical 3.32e-05
οὐδὲν nothing +0.49 Skeptical 0.00451
αἱ the -0.48 Non-skeptical 0.0576
ἄλλο another +0.47 Skeptical 0.0855
θαλάσσηι to/for the sea -0.47 Non-skeptical 0.0297
γενέσθαι to become +0.47 Skeptical 0.00017
λακεδαιμονίων of the Spartans -0.46 Non-skeptical 0.00968
ὡσ δὲ and when -0.46 Non-skeptical 0.0613
πόλεων of cities -0.46 Non-skeptical 0.0714
ἄν τισ if someone +0.45 Skeptical 6.29e-06
εἰ if +0.45 Skeptical 2.51e-11
παῖδα child +0.45 Skeptical 0.00451
ἀρχαῖον ancient +0.44 Skeptical 0.0336
λακεδαιμονίοισ to the Lacedaemonians -0.43 Non-skeptical 0.0532
ἄλλωσ otherwise +0.41 Skeptical 0.0161
ἄνδρα man +0.40 Skeptical 0.0187
δὴ indeed +0.38 Skeptical 0.00849
μάχηι in battle -0.37 Non-skeptical 0.0983
θυγατέρα daughter +0.36 Skeptical 0.00893
ὁμήρου of Homer +0.35 Skeptical 0.000346
μὲν τοῦ on the one hand, of the +0.34 Skeptical 0.0729
ὄνομα name +0.34 Skeptical 2.07e-05
τὰ ἐσ the matters concerning +0.33 Skeptical 0.00301
ἐποίησεν he made +0.33 Skeptical 0.0664
μετὰ δὲ and after -0.32 Non-skeptical 0.0405
ὅτωι to whomever +0.32 Skeptical 0.0297
ἀνθρώποισ to/for people +0.30 Skeptical 0.056
καὶ οὐχ and not +0.30 Skeptical 0.0397
ἱερὸν temple; sanctuary -0.29 Non-skeptical 0.0504
καὶ ὡσ and as +0.29 Skeptical 0.0855
τὰ ἔπη the verses -0.27 Non-skeptical 4.59e-05
τὸ ὄνομα the name +0.27 Skeptical 0.000301
ἐν τοῖσ in the +0.26 Skeptical 0.0457
ἐπεὶ since +0.25 Skeptical 0.00378
αὐτὸν him +0.25 Skeptical 0.0222
ἀχαιῶν of the Achaeans -0.24 Non-skeptical 0.00336
τινα someone; anyone; a certain person; or (neuter plural) some things; as a question: whom? / what things? +0.21 Skeptical 0.0795
δὲ ἐκ but from -0.21 Non-skeptical 0.0206
γὰρ δὴ for indeed +0.21 Skeptical 0.0164
ὄντα being; things that are (beings) +0.20 Skeptical 0.000388
δʼ but; and +0.20 Skeptical 0.000219
ἐκ out of; from -0.19 Non-skeptical 0.0187
οἱ λακεδαιμόνιοι the Lacedaemonians -0.19 Non-skeptical 0.0504
καὶ οὐ and not +0.18 Skeptical 0.0109
τὸ ἀρχαῖον in ancient times +0.18 Skeptical 0.0709
τότε then; at that time -0.18 Non-skeptical 0.0488
οὖν therefore +0.17 Skeptical 0.00378
ἀλλʼ but -0.17 Non-skeptical 0.0625
ὅστισ whoever +0.15 Skeptical 0.0116
οὐ not +0.14 Skeptical 0.00038
μετὰ with, among (with genitive); after (with accusative) -0.13 Non-skeptical 0.0336
γὰρ for +0.12 Skeptical 0.00968
τι something +0.10 Skeptical 0.0282
μέν on the one hand +0.10 Skeptical 0.0546
hom same; common +0.09 Skeptical 0.000504
τε and -0.09 Non-skeptical 0.00993
τὸν the +0.07 Skeptical 0.0279
οὐκ ἔστιν there is not -0.04 Non-skeptical 0.0424
φησιν he/she says +0.03 Skeptical 0.0546
οὐδὲ nor +0.02 Skeptical 0.000445
λακεδαιμόνιοι Lacedaemonians -0.02 Non-skeptical 0.0109
ἂν a modal particle indicating potentiality, often rendered "would" or "might"; with relatives/temporals it adds "-ever" (e.g., "whoever," "whenever") +0.02 Skeptical 1.93e-06
ἰόντι to/for the one going -0.01 Non-skeptical 0.0504
δὲ οὐκ but not -0.00 Non-skeptical 0.0494