Pausanias Analysis

Words and Phrases that Predict Skeptical vs. Non-skeptical Content

Model Performance Metrics

The following metrics are from the logistic regression classifier's performance on the test set:

Class Precision Recall F1-Score Support
Non-skeptical 0.867 0.792 0.828 461
Skeptical 0.549 0.676 0.606 173
Overall Accuracy 0.760 634

Predictors of Skeptical Content

These words and phrases are most strongly associated with skeptical content in Pausanias.

Sort by:
Word/Phrase English Coefficient Skeptical Count Non-skeptical Count p-value q-value
οὐ not 3.7800 496 859 8.61e-21 4.3e-18
λόγοσ word; speech; account; reason; argument 3.2087 213 228 7.99e-23 7.99e-20
γε at least 2.7104 139 127 1.98e-18 6.61e-16
εἰ if 2.2598 101 97 1.38e-12 2.3e-10
ἔποσ a word 1.9520 86 57 1.78e-16 4.46e-14
εἰ δέ but if 1.9387 38 14 9.82e-12 1.09e-09
ὅστισ whoever 1.9280 99 115 3.41e-09 2.43e-07
ὅτι that; because 1.9209 118 138 1.06e-10 1.06e-08
ὁμολογέω to agree, admit, or confess 1.8984 35 18 6.22e-09 4.15e-07
εἴτε whether 1.8766 16 4 1.83e-06 9.17e-05
ἀρχαῖοσ ancient 1.8352 119 183 6.07e-06 0.000253
εἰκόσ likely; probable; reasonable 1.7890 40 19 1.39e-10 1.27e-08
ὅμηροσ Homer 1.7880 85 68 1.96e-13 3.91e-11
τισ someone, anyone; a certain (one) 1.7377 197 277 3.98e-12 4.97e-10
οὐδέν nothing 1.6543 59 80 0.00018 0.00383
ὄνομα name 1.5327 150 234 4.87e-07 3.05e-05
οὖν therefore 1.5223 114 191 0.000169 0.00368
μήτηρ mother 1.4902 43 65 0.00688 0.0619
ποιέω to make; to do 1.4869 332 693 0.000132 0.00306
γάρ for 1.4811 278 548 2.66e-05 0.000888
ξύλον wood 1.4766 15 27 0.271 0.555
τάφοσ tomb 1.4699 61 87 0.000382 0.00735
εἰκάζω to liken; to conjecture, infer, guess 1.4549 45 41 1.4e-06 7.35e-05
οὐ μήν not, however 1.4324 35 17 2.79e-09 2.15e-07
καί ὡσ and as 1.3707 52 84 0.008 0.0673
ὡσ as; like; how; that; when 1.3404 290 638 0.00812 0.0677
θησεύσ Theseus 1.3304 37 44 0.000583 0.0102
οἷοσ of what sort; what kind (of) 1.3267 50 59 5.08e-05 0.00149
ἄν would; might; could; -ever (as in whoever/whenever) 1.3265 125 139 2.4e-12 3.43e-10
προέρχομαι to go forward, advance; to proceed; to come forth; to originate (from) 1.3251 33 71 0.388 0.665

Predictors of Non-skeptical Content

These words and phrases are most strongly associated with non-skeptical content in Pausanias.

Sort by:
Word/Phrase English Coefficient Skeptical Count Non-skeptical Count p-value q-value
ἕκαστοσ each -1.4879 21 124 8.23e-05 0.00216
ἐκεῖνοσ that (one) -1.3511 41 155 0.0199 0.127
καί and -1.2765 864 2235 0.568 0.79
οὐ πολύσ not much -1.2752 24 99 0.0276 0.157
πρόσωπον face; mask -1.2566 3 32 0.00753 0.0649
ἅτε since, because, seeing that -1.2535 27 122 0.0043 0.0439
μετά with (when followed by the genitive); after (when followed by the accusative) -1.2250 82 299 0.00229 0.0279
ἀχαιόσ Achaean -1.2179 25 144 3.19e-05 0.000977
φρουρά garrison; guard, watch -1.2132 2 39 0.000319 0.00625
μέγασ great -1.1611 62 222 0.0138 0.0982
εἶμι I go; I will go -1.1601 13 76 0.00245 0.0291
φιλοποίμην Philopoemen -1.1414 0 30 0.000103 0.00245
ἀγορά marketplace; assembly -1.1157 19 76 0.07 0.258
δεύτεροσ second -1.1125 18 94 0.00262 0.0307
τεγέα Tegea -1.1077 1 34 0.000209 0.00436
λακεδαιμόνιοσ Lacedaemonian; Spartan -1.1076 83 351 5.2e-06 0.000226
νικάω to conquer; win -1.1035 31 138 0.0029 0.033
μέλλω be about to, intend (to) -1.0990 31 114 0.064 0.246
θυμόσ spirit; heart; courage; anger -1.0951 5 38 0.00898 0.0725
παρέχω I provide -1.0897 31 117 0.0455 0.212
πόλισμα town -1.0875 5 34 0.0223 0.134
ὑπέρ over, above; for, on behalf of; beyond, more than -1.0810 51 173 0.0676 0.251
ὅσ τε who also -1.0778 9 51 0.0165 0.11
ἡγεμών leader -1.0649 9 59 0.0033 0.0363
μάλιστα especially; very much; certainly -1.0633 97 322 0.0169 0.112
πρόσ toward, to; against; with respect to -1.0502 164 509 0.0184 0.12
ἥκω I have come -1.0446 19 73 0.103 0.325
παρά by, beside, near; from (with gen.); at/with (with dat.); to/along/contrary to (with acc.) -1.0189 178 489 0.412 0.686
ἀνατίθημι to dedicate; to set up (as an offering); to attribute -1.0057 53 157 0.36 0.651
καί ἄγαλμα and a statue -0.9913 24 112 0.00422 0.0438

Simplified Checklist Version

This reduced model keeps only the words or phrases with q-value below 0.1, then turns them into a simple checklist.

Start at -1.08 points. If one of the items below appears at least once, add its points once. If the final score ends above 0, classify the text as Skeptical. That is the same as saying the listed word-points must add up past +1.08.

Full logistic model: 76.0% | Simplified checklist: 74.9% | Always guess Non-skeptical: 72.7%

This shorter model uses 143 statistically strong vocabulary items.

These confusion matrices show which texts each approach gets right and where it makes false alarms or misses.

Full Logistic Model

Predicted
Non-skeptical Skeptical
Actual Non-skeptical 365 96
Skeptical 56 117

Simplified Checklist

Predicted
Non-skeptical Skeptical
Actual Non-skeptical 342 119
Skeptical 40 133

Always Guess Non-skeptical

Predicted
Non-skeptical Skeptical
Actual Non-skeptical 461 0
Skeptical 173 0
Word/Phrase English Points If Seen Pushes Toward q-value
φιλοποίμην Philopoemen -4.75 Non-skeptical 0.00245
ἀντίοχοσ Antiochus -2.69 Non-skeptical 0.0724
οὐ μήν not, however +2.62 Skeptical 2.15e-07
ἄστυ city; town -2.28 Non-skeptical 0.00216
πρόσωπον face; mask -2.23 Non-skeptical 0.0649
εἴτε whether +2.20 Skeptical 9.17e-05
εἰ δέ but if +2.10 Skeptical 1.09e-09
φοῖνιξ phoenix (mythical bird); date-palm; a Phoenician +1.84 Skeptical 0.0858
ἰθώμη Ithome -1.74 Non-skeptical 0.0827
φρουρά garrison; guard, watch -1.73 Non-skeptical 0.00625
εἰκόσ likely; probable; reasonable +1.60 Skeptical 1.27e-08
καταφεύγω I take refuge -1.58 Non-skeptical 0.0448
ὀρφεύσ Orpheus +1.46 Skeptical 0.0275
τεγέα Tegea -1.43 Non-skeptical 0.00436
τυνδάρεωσ of Tyndareus +1.43 Skeptical 0.0048
θυμόσ spirit; heart; courage; anger -1.40 Non-skeptical 0.0725
ὁμολογέω to agree, admit, or confess +1.36 Skeptical 4.15e-07
ἑκατόν one hundred -1.32 Non-skeptical 0.0207
ἄν τισ if someone +1.24 Skeptical 4.29e-08
δέ γίγνομαι but I become -1.23 Non-skeptical 0.0994
δέ ὑπέρ but on behalf of -1.22 Non-skeptical 0.0657
ὅδε μέν this one, on the one hand +1.15 Skeptical 0.0363
ἐν ἔποσ in a word -1.12 Non-skeptical 0.0218
εἴρω to string together; to tell, relate, say +1.12 Skeptical 0.0167
δημήτριοσ Demetrius -1.12 Non-skeptical 0.0882
ἔποσ a word +1.10 Skeptical 4.46e-14
μήν month; indeed, surely -1.05 Non-skeptical 0.000132
τισ καί someone too +1.05 Skeptical 0.0638
καί ὅτι and that +1.03 Skeptical 0.000977
ποιέω εἰσ I make into +1.01 Skeptical 0.0141
ὀδυσσεύσ Odysseus +1.01 Skeptical 4.18e-05
πείθομαι I obey +1.00 Skeptical 0.00165
ὅστισ δή whoever it may be +0.94 Skeptical 0.0617
τότε δέ and then -0.92 Non-skeptical 0.00243
ἕκαστοσ each -0.90 Non-skeptical 0.00216
ἡγεμών leader -0.90 Non-skeptical 0.0363
λακεδαιμόνιοσ καί Spartan and -0.89 Non-skeptical 0.0443
δεύτεροσ second -0.88 Non-skeptical 0.0307
καί ἄγαλμα and a statue -0.88 Non-skeptical 0.0438
λόγοσ word; speech; account; reason; argument +0.85 Skeptical 7.99e-20
μήτηρ mother +0.83 Skeptical 0.0619
γαλάτησ a Gaul; a Galatian -0.82 Non-skeptical 0.0125
γε at least +0.78 Skeptical 6.61e-16
νικάω to conquer; win -0.77 Non-skeptical 0.033
θαῦμα wonder; marvel +0.76 Skeptical 0.00343
καί ὡσ and as +0.75 Skeptical 0.0673
ἀριστερόσ left, left-hand -0.75 Non-skeptical 0.0119
εἰκάζω to liken; to conjecture, infer, guess +0.73 Skeptical 7.35e-05
οὐδέν nothing +0.72 Skeptical 0.00383
καταλαμβάνω to seize, overtake, catch; grasp, understand -0.71 Non-skeptical 0.0125
ἅτε since, because, seeing that -0.71 Non-skeptical 0.0439
οὐ not +0.71 Skeptical 4.3e-18
ἀρχαῖοσ ancient +0.71 Skeptical 0.000253
θησεύσ Theseus +0.71 Skeptical 0.0102
σύμμαχοσ ally -0.71 Non-skeptical 0.052
ἐπί θάλασσα on the sea -0.70 Non-skeptical 0.00987
ἀποφαίνω to reveal, display, declare +0.70 Skeptical 0.0448
λακεδαίμων Lacedaemon (Sparta) -0.69 Non-skeptical 0.0936
εἶμι I go; I will go -0.68 Non-skeptical 0.0291
μέν οὐ indeed not +0.67 Skeptical 0.000623
δόξα opinion +0.66 Skeptical 0.000977
ἐπίσταμαι I know +0.65 Skeptical 0.0287
τάφοσ tomb +0.65 Skeptical 0.00735
μέγασ great -0.61 Non-skeptical 0.0982
ὅστισ δέ but whoever +0.60 Skeptical 0.000576
δύναμισ power -0.60 Non-skeptical 0.0249
αἱρέω to take; seize; (middle) choose -0.59 Non-skeptical 0.0772
διάφοροσ different, at variance, hostile +0.58 Skeptical 0.00169
αἴξ goat -0.57 Non-skeptical 0.0863
εἰ if +0.56 Skeptical 2.3e-10
οἷοσ of what sort; what kind (of) +0.54 Skeptical 0.00149
εἴην I would be; may I be +0.54 Skeptical 0.00236
ἐπεί when, after, since +0.52 Skeptical 0.000623
εἰ δή if indeed +0.50 Skeptical 0.0263
οὐδείσ no one +0.49 Skeptical 7.35e-05
στρατηγόσ general -0.49 Non-skeptical 0.0657
ἕπομαι to follow +0.49 Skeptical 0.053
ὅτι that; because +0.49 Skeptical 1.06e-08
ἐν ἀριστερόσ on the left +0.48 Skeptical 0.0414
εὑρίσκω I find, discover +0.47 Skeptical 0.0185
στρατιά army -0.47 Non-skeptical 0.00223
ὅμηροσ Homer +0.47 Skeptical 3.91e-11
μνῆμα memorial, monument (especially a tomb) +0.46 Skeptical 0.0157
ἅμα at the same time; together (with) -0.45 Non-skeptical 0.0858
κατά αὐτόσ according to him +0.45 Skeptical 0.0397
αὖθισ again -0.44 Non-skeptical 0.0882
ἀπέχω to be distant; to keep away; to abstain (from) -0.44 Non-skeptical 0.0936
καί ἐκ and from -0.44 Non-skeptical 0.047
ὁδόσ road; way -0.44 Non-skeptical 0.0631
ἄλλωσ otherwise +0.42 Skeptical 0.0141
θυγάτηρ daughter +0.41 Skeptical 0.00863
δύο two -0.40 Non-skeptical 0.0936
οὔτε neither; nor; and not +0.40 Skeptical 0.0993
μετά δέ and afterwards -0.39 Non-skeptical 0.0307
οὖν therefore +0.39 Skeptical 0.00368
τελευτή end; completion; death +0.38 Skeptical 0.0427
μετά with (when followed by the genitive); after (when followed by the accusative) -0.35 Non-skeptical 0.0279
ἰλιάσ Iliad -0.35 Non-skeptical 0.0497
ἀχαιόσ Achaean -0.33 Non-skeptical 0.000977
ὅστισ whoever +0.32 Skeptical 2.43e-07
αὐτόσ λόγοσ the word itself +0.31 Skeptical 0.0307
ὄνομα name +0.31 Skeptical 3.05e-05
ἱερόσ sacred; holy -0.28 Non-skeptical 0.0725
γυνή woman; wife +0.27 Skeptical 0.0121
δή καί and indeed +0.27 Skeptical 0.0497
τότε then; at that time -0.27 Non-skeptical 0.0449
γάρ for +0.26 Skeptical 0.000888
ἄνθρωποσ human being +0.25 Skeptical 0.000373
τίθημι to put, place, set; establish; appoint +0.25 Skeptical 0.0218
λακεδαιμόνιοσ Lacedaemonian; Spartan -0.23 Non-skeptical 0.000226
ἄν would; might; could; -ever (as in whoever/whenever) +0.22 Skeptical 3.43e-10
τε and -0.21 Non-skeptical 0.0121
τισ someone, anyone; a certain (one) +0.20 Skeptical 4.97e-10
ἀποστέλλω I send out -0.19 Non-skeptical 0.0636
ποιέω ἐν I do in -0.18 Non-skeptical 0.0904
δηλόω to make clear; to show; to reveal; to indicate +0.17 Skeptical 0.0951
ὅδε this +0.17 Skeptical 0.00332
συνοικέω to live together; cohabit; be married (to) -0.15 Non-skeptical 0.085
δέ ἄν but/and; ἄν is a modal particle indicating potentiality (“would/might”) -0.14 Non-skeptical 0.0209
οὐδέ nor; and not; not even -0.14 Non-skeptical 0.00543
αἰτωλόσ Aetolian +0.14 Skeptical 0.0443
φαίνω to bring to light; to show; to reveal +0.13 Skeptical 0.0113
ῥωμαῖοσ Roman -0.12 Non-skeptical 0.0125
ὡσ as; like; how; that; when +0.12 Skeptical 0.0677
καί οὐ and not -0.11 Non-skeptical 0.000124
γράφω I write +0.11 Skeptical 0.000426
ἅιδησ Hades +0.10 Skeptical 0.0438
καί ὅμηροσ and Homer +0.10 Skeptical 0.0119
ἡμέρα day -0.09 Non-skeptical 0.0397
δέ οὐ but not -0.08 Non-skeptical 0.00863
εἶδοσ form; kind; appearance +0.08 Skeptical 0.0263
γάρ δή for indeed +0.08 Skeptical 0.0179
κρατέω to be strong, prevail; to rule (over), be master of; to hold fast -0.08 Non-skeptical 0.064
θηρίον wild animal +0.08 Skeptical 0.0993
μάχη battle; fight -0.07 Non-skeptical 0.0725
πόλεμοσ war +0.06 Skeptical 0.0915
ὡσ δέ and when -0.06 Non-skeptical 0.0355
ἡσίοδοσ Hesiod +0.06 Skeptical 0.0275
οὗτοσ this (man) +0.05 Skeptical 0.0772
δή indeed +0.04 Skeptical 0.00937
ποιέω to make; to do +0.02 Skeptical 0.00306
ἀλλά but -0.00 Non-skeptical 0.0252
ὁράω to see -0.00 Non-skeptical 0.0492