Pausanias Analysis

Passage 3.12.1 Class: Mythic

ἰόντι δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἀγορᾶς κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν ἣν Ἀφεταΐδα ὀνομάζουσι, τὰ καλούμενα Βοώνητά ἐστι· καί με ὁ λόγος ἀπαιτεῖ πρότερα εἰπεῖν τὰ ἐς τὴν ἐπίκλησιν τῆς ὁδοῦ. τοῖς μνηστῆρσιν Ἰκάριον τῆς Πηνελόπης φασὶν ἀγῶνα προθεῖναι δρόμου· καὶ ὅτι μὲν Ὀδυσσεὺς ἐκράτει, δῆλά ἐστιν, ἀφεθῆναι δὲ αὐτοὺς λέγουσιν ἐς τὸν δρόμον διὰ τῆς ὁδοῦ τῆς Ἀφεταΐδος.

Proper Nouns:

Βοώνητα Πηνελόπη Ἀφεταΐς Ἀφεταΐς Ἰκάριος Ὀδυσσεύς

As one goes from the marketplace along the street called Aphetaïs, there is a place known as the Boöneta. Here my narrative requires me first to explain the origin of the name of this street. It is said that Icarius set up a footrace for the suitors of Penelope, and it is clear that Odysseus won this race. They also say that the runners were started along this very road, which for that reason is called Aphetaïs ("Starting-Place Road").

Passage 3.12.2 Class: Mythic

δοκεῖν δʼ ἐμοὶ δρόμου Ἰκάριος τὸ ἀγώνισμα ἐποίησε μιμούμενος Δαναόν. Δαναῷ γὰρ τοῦτο ἐπὶ ταῖς θυγατράσιν εὑρέθη, καὶ ὡς γυναῖκα οὐδεὶς ἤθελεν ἐξ αὐτῶν διὰ τὸ μίασμα ἀγαγέσθαι, διέπεμπε δὴ ὁ Δαναὸς ἕδνων ἄνευ δώσειν ᾗ ἂν ἕκαστος κατὰ κάλλος ἀρέσκηται· ἀφικομένοις δὲ ἀνδράσιν οὐ πολλοῖς ἀγῶνα δρόμου κατέστησε, καὶ πρώτῳ τε ἐλθόντι ἐγένετο ἑλέσθαι πρώτῳ τῶν ἄλλων καὶ μετʼ ἐκεῖνον τῷ δευτέρῳ καὶ ἤδη κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ ἄχρι τοῦ τελευταίου· τὰς δὲ ὑπολειφθείσας μένειν ἔφοδον ἄλλην μνηστήρων ἔδει καὶ ἀγῶνα ἄλλον δρόμου.

Proper Nouns:

Δαναός Δαναός Δαναός Ἰκάριος

It seems to me that Icarius established the footrace contest in imitation of Danaus. For this device was originally devised by Danaus concerning his daughters: when no one wished to marry any of them because of their pollution, Danaus made it known far and wide that he would give away without dowry whichever daughter each suitor approved of according to her beauty. When a small number of suitors arrived, he set a running contest for them. The man who finished first was the first allowed to choose among the maidens, and after him the second, and thereafter each similarly until the last competitor. Those daughters left unmarried had to wait for another company of suitors and another footrace competition.

Passage 3.12.3 Class: Historical

Λακεδαιμονίοις δὲ κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν ταύτην ἐστίν, ὡς ἤδη λέλεκταί μοι, τὰ ὀνομαζόμενα Βοώνητα, Πολυδώρου ποτὲ οἰκία τοῦ βασιλέως· ἀποθανόντος δὲ παρὰ τοῦ Πολυδώρου τῆς γυναικὸς ἐπρίαντο ἀντιδόντες βοῦς. ἀργύρου γὰρ οὐκ ἦν πω τότε οὐδὲ χρυσοῦ νόμισμα, κατὰ τρόπον δὲ ἔτι τὸν ἀρχαῖον ἀντεδίδοσαν βοῦς καὶ ἀνδράποδα καὶ ἀργὸν τὸν ἄργυρον καὶ χρυσόν·

Proper Nouns:

Βοώνητα Λακεδαιμόνιοι Πολύδωρος

Along this route the Lacedaemonians have, as I previously mentioned, a place called Boöneta, once the house of king Polydorus. After his death, they purchased it from Polydorus' wife, paying with oxen in exchange, for at that time there was as yet no currency in silver or gold, but according to the ancient custom, they exchanged oxen, slaves, and ingots of silver and gold.

Passage 3.12.4 Class: Mythic

οἱ δὲ ἐς τὴν Ἰνδικὴν ἐσπλέοντες φορτίων φασὶν Ἑλληνικῶν τοὺς Ἰνδοὺς ἀγώγιμα ἄλλα ἀνταλλάσσεσθαι, νόμισμα δὲ οὐκ ἐπίστασθαι, καὶ ταῦτα χρυσοῦ τε ἀφθόνου καὶ χαλκοῦ παρόντος σφίσι. τοῦ δὲ τῶν Βιδιαίων ἀρχείου πέραν ἐστὶν Ἀθηνᾶς ἱερόν· Ὀδυσσεὺς δὲ ἱδρύσασθαι τὸ ἄγαλμα λέγεται καὶ ὀνομάσαι Κελεύθειαν, τοὺς Πηνελόπης μνηστῆρας τῷ δρόμῳ νικήσας. ἱδρύσατο δὲ τῆς Κελευθείας ἱερὰ ἀριθμῷ τρία διεστηκότα ἀπʼ ἀλλήλων.

Proper Nouns:

Βιδιαῖοι Κελεύθεια Κελεύθεια Πηνελόπη Ἀθηνᾶ Ἕλληνες Ἰνδική Ἰνδοί Ὀδυσσεύς

Those who sail to India say that the Indians exchange their goods for Greek cargoes, but that they do not understand the use of coined money, although they possess abundant gold and bronze. Beyond the precinct of the Bidiaeans is a sanctuary of Athena; Odysseus, it is said, set up the statue and named it Keleuthea ("of the Road") after defeating the suitors of Penelope in a footrace. He established sanctuaries for Keleuthea, three in number, separated from one another.

Passage 3.12.5 Class: Mythic

προϊόντων δὲ κατὰ τὴν Ἀφεταΐδα ἡρῷά ἐστιν Ἴοπός τε κατὰ Λέλεγα ἢ Μύλητα γενέσθαι δοκοῦντος καὶ Ἀμφιαράου τοῦ Ὀικλέους· τοῦτο δὲ τοὺς Τυνδάρεω παῖδας νομίζουσιν ἅτε ἀνεψιῷ τῷ Ἀμφιαράῳ ποιῆσαι· καὶ αὐτοῦ Λέλεγός ἐστιν ἡρῷον, τούτων δὲ οὐ πόρρω τέμενος Ποσειδῶνος Ταιναρίου ---Ταινάριον δὲ ἐπονομάζουσιν---

Proper Nouns:

Λέλεγας Λέλεγας Μύλητας Οἰκλεύς Ποσειδῶν Ταίναρον Ταίναρον Τυνδάρεως Ἀμφιάραος Ἀμφιάραος Ἀφεταΐς Ἴοπός

As one advances along the Afetaïd region, there are hero-shrines to Iops, who is said to have been born from Lelex or Myles, and also to Amphiaraos, son of Oïkles. It is believed that the sons of Tyndareus established this shrine to Amphiaraos because he was their cousin. There is also a shrine there for Lelex himself. Not far from these stands a precinct sacred to Poseidon Tainarios, who is called Tainarion.

Passage 3.12.6 Class: Mythic

οὐ μακρὰν δὲ Ἀθηνᾶς ἄγαλμα, ὃ τοὺς ἐς Ἰταλίαν τε καὶ Τάραντα ἀποικισθέντας ἀναθεῖναι λέγουσι. τὸ δὲ χωρίον, ὃ καλοῦσιν Ἑλλήνιον, ἐστὶν εἰρημένον ὡς οἱ τῶν Ἑλλήνων Ξέρξην διαβαίνοντα ἐς τὴν Εὐρώπην παρεσκευάζοντο ἀμυνούμενοι, κατὰ τοῦτο τὸ χωρίον βουλευσάμενοι τρόπον ὅντινα ἀνθέξουσιν. ὁ δὲ ἕτερος τῶν λόγων τοὺς Μενελάου χάριτι στρατεύσαντας ἐπὶ Ἴλιον βουλεύσασθαί φησιν ἐνταῦθα ὅπως ἀναπλεῦσαί τε ἐς Τροίαν καὶ δίκας δυνήσονται παρὰ Ἀλεξάνδρου λαβεῖν τῆς Ἑλένης ἁρπαγῆς.

Proper Nouns:

Εὐρώπη Μενέλαος Ξέρξης Τάρας Τροία Ἀθηνᾶ Ἀλέξανδρος Ἑλένη Ἑλλήνιον Ἕλληνες Ἰταλία Ἴλιον

Not far from it is a statue of Athena, which they say was dedicated by those who colonized Italy and Tarentum. The place, called Hellenion, is said to have received its name because the Greeks assembled here when Xerxes was crossing into Europe, preparing to resist him, and deliberated in this very spot on how they would offer opposition. Another account reports that those who sailed with Menelaus to war against Ilium, gathered here to decide how they might sail to Troy and exact justice from Alexander for abducting Helen.

Passage 3.12.7 Class: Historical

τοῦ δὲ Ἑλληνίου πλησίον Ταλθυβίου μνῆμα ἀποφαίνουσι· δεικνύουσι δὲ καὶ Ἀχαιῶν Αἰγιεῖς ἐπὶ τῆς ἀγορᾶς, Ταλθυβίου καὶ οὗτοι φάμενοι μνῆμα εἶναι. Ταλθυβίου δὲ τούτου μήνιμα ἐπὶ τῷ φόνῳ τῶν κηρύκων, οἳ παρὰ βασιλέως Δαρείου γῆν τε καὶ ὕδωρ αἰτήσοντες ἐς τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἐπέμφθησαν, Λακεδαιμονίοις μὲν ἐπεσήμαινεν ἐς τὸ δημόσιον, ἐν Ἀθήναις δὲ ἰδίᾳ τε καὶ ἐς ἑνὸς οἶκον ἀνδρὸς κατέσκηψε Μιλτιάδου τοῦ Κίμωνος· ἐγεγόνει δὲ καὶ τῶν κηρύκων τοῖς ἐλθοῦσιν ἐς τὴν Ἀττικὴν ὁ Μιλτιάδης ἀποθανεῖν αἴτιος ὑπὸ Ἀθηναίων.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγειαῖοι Δαρεῖος Κίμων Λακεδαιμόνιοι Μιλτιάδης Ταλθύβιος Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀθῆναι Ἀττική Ἀχαιοί Ἑλλάς Ἑλλήνιον

Near the Hellēnion, they point out the tomb of Talthybius. The Achaeans of Aegium also show a monument in their agora, claiming it as that of Talthybius. The wrath of this Talthybius over the murder of the heralds who had been sent by King Darius into Greece to demand earth and water fell upon the state of the Lacedaemonians as a whole; but among the Athenians it descended privately, and upon the household of one man—Miltiades, son of Cimon. Miltiades had, indeed, been primarily responsible, in the eyes of the Athenians, for the killing of the heralds who had come to Attica.

Passage 3.12.8 Class: Mythic

Λακεδαιμονίοις δὲ ἔστι μὲν Ἀπόλλωνος Ἀκρίτα βωμός, ἔστι δʼ ἐπονομαζόμενον Γάσηπτον ἱερὸν Γῆς· Ἀπόλλων δὲ ὑπὲρ αὐτὸ ἵδρυται Μαλεάτης. ἐπὶ δὲ τῷ πέρατι τῆς Ἀφεταΐδος, ἐγγύτατα ἤδη τοῦ τείχους, Δικτύννης ἐστὶν ἱερὸν καὶ βασίλειοι τάφοι τῶν καλουμένων Εὐρυπωντιδῶν· παρὰ δὲ τὸ Ἑλλήνιον Ἀρσινόης ἱερόν, Λευκίππου τε θυγατρὸς καὶ γυναικῶν τῶν Πολυδεύκους καὶ Κάστορος ἀδελφῆς. πρὸς δὲ τοῖς Φρουρίοις καλουμένοις ναός ἐστιν Ἀρτέμιδος, καὶ προελθοῦσιν ὀλίγον πεποίηται μνῆμα τοῖς ἐξ Ἤλιδος μάντεσι, καλουμένοις δὲ Ἰαμίδαις.

Proper Nouns:

Γάσηπτον Γῆ Δίκτυννα Εὐρυπωντίδαι Κάστωρ Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λεύκιππος Μαλεάτης Πολυδεύκης Φρούρια Ἀκρίτας Ἀπόλλων Ἀπόλλων Ἀρσινόη Ἀφεταΐς Ἄρτεμις Ἑλλήνιον Ἦλις Ἰαμίδαι

The Lacedaemonians possess an altar of Apollo Acritas and a sanctuary sacred to Earth, called Gasepton; above it stands Apollo Maleatas. On the far end of Aphetaïs, very near the city wall, is a sanctuary dedicated to Dictynna and the royal tombs of those known as the Eurypontidae. By the Hellenium stands the sanctuary of Arsinoë, the daughter of Leucippus and sister of the wives of Polydeuces and Castor. Near the place called the Phrouroi (the Guards) is a temple of Artemis, and after advancing slightly further, there is a tomb erected in honor of the seers from Elis, who are called the Iamidae.

Passage 3.12.9 Class: Mythic

καὶ Μάρωνός ἐστιν ἱερὸν καὶ Ἀλφειοῦ· Λακεδαιμονίων δὲ τῶν ἐς Θερμοπύλας στρατευσαμένων λόγου μάλιστα ἀξίως μαχέσασθαι μετά γε αὐτὸν δοκοῦσι Λεωνίδαν. τοῦ δὲ Τροπαίου Διὸς τὸ ἱερὸν ἐποίησαν οἱ Δωριεῖς πολέμῳ τούς τε ἄλλους Ἀχαιούς, οἳ γῆν τὴν Λακωνικὴν τηνικαῦτα εἶχον, καὶ τοὺς Ἀμυκλαιεῖς κρατήσαντες. τὸ δὲ ἱερὸν τῆς Μεγάλης μητρὸς τιμᾶται περισσῶς δή τι. μετὰ δὲ αὐτὸ ἡρῷα Ἱππολύτου τέ ἐστι τοῦ Θησέως καὶ Αὐλῶνος Ἀρκάδος, υἱοῦ δὲ Τλησιμένους· Τλησιμένη ν δὲ Παρθενοπαίου τοῦ Μελανίωνος ἀδελφόν, οἱ δὲ παῖδα εἶναι λέγουσιν.

Proper Nouns:

Αὐλών Ἀρκάς Δωριεῖς Θερμοπύλαι Θησεύς Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λακωνική Λεωνίδας Μάρων Μεγάλη Μήτηρ Μελανίων Παρθενοπαῖος Τλησιμενής Τρόπαιος Ζεύς Ἀλφειός Ἀμυκλαιεῖς Ἀχαιοί Ἱππόλυτος

There is also a sanctuary of Maron and of Alpheius. Among the Lacedaemonians who marched out to Thermopylae, they seem, after Leonidas himself, to have fought most worthily of mention. The sanctuary of Zeus Tropaios (Zeus of the Trophy) was built by the Dorians when they conquered in war both the rest of the Achaeans, who at that time held the land of Laconia, and the Amyclaeans. Especially great honour is paid to the sanctuary of the Great Mother. Next to it are the hero shrines of Hippolytus, the son of Theseus, and of Aulon, an Arcadian, the son of Tlesimenes. Tlesimenes was the brother of Parthenopaeus, son of Melanion, although some say he was Parthenopaeus' own son.

Passage 3.12.10 Class: Historical

ἑτέρα δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἀγορᾶς ἐστιν ἔξοδος, καθʼ ἣν πεποίηταί σφισιν ἡ καλουμένη Σκιάς, ἔνθα καὶ νῦν ἔτι ἐκκλησιάζουσι. ταύτην τὴν Σκιάδα Θεοδώρου τοῦ Σαμίου φασὶν εἶναι ποίημα, ὃς πρῶτος διαχέαι σίδηρον εὗρε καὶ ἀγάλματα ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ πλάσαι. ἐνταῦθα ἐκρέμασαν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι τὴν Τιμοθέου τοῦ Μιλησίου κιθάραν, καταγνόντες ὅτι χορδαῖς ἑπτὰ ταῖς ἀρχαίαις ἐφεῦρεν ἐν τῇ κιθαρῳδίᾳ τέσσαρας χορδάς.

Proper Nouns:

Θεόδωρος Λακεδαιμόνιοι Μιλήσιος Σάμιος Σκιάς Σκιάς Τιμόθεος

There is another exit from the marketplace, along which stands the building known as the Skias ("Place of Shelter"), where even now the people hold their assemblies. They say this Skias was built by Theodorus of Samos, who first discovered the method of casting iron and of shaping images out of it. Here the Lacedaemonians hung up the lyre of Timotheus of Miletus, having condemned him because he had introduced into musical performance four additional strings beyond the original seven.

Passage 3.12.11 Class: Mythic

πρὸς δὲ τῇ Σκιάδι οἰκοδόμημά ἐστι περιφερές, ἐν δὲ αὐτῷ Διὸς καὶ Ἀφροδίτης ἀγάλματα ἐπίκλησιν Ὀλυμπίων· τοῦτο Ἐπιμενίδην κατασκευάσαι λέγουσιν, οὐχ ὁμολογοῦντες τὰ ἐς αὐτὸν Ἀργείοις, ὅπου μηδὲ πολεμῆσαί φασι πρὸς Κνωσσίους.

Proper Nouns:

Ζεύς Κνῶσσος Σκιάδιον Ἀργεῖοι Ἀφροδίτη Ἐπιμενίδης Ὀλύμπιοι

Near the Skiás there is a circular building, and within it are statues of Zeus and Aphrodite, surnamed Olympian. They say that Epimenides constructed this building, although they do not agree with the Argives concerning him, since the Argives deny even having fought against the Knossians.

Legend:

Chapter 3.12