Pausanias Analysis

Passage 5.23.1 Class: Historical

παρεξιόντι δὲ παρὰ τὴν ἐς τὸ βουλευτήριον ἔσοδον Ζεύς τε ἕστηκεν ἐπίγραμμα ἔχων οὐδὲν καὶ αὖθις ὡς πρὸς ἄρκτον ἐπιστρέψαντι ἄγαλμά ἐστι Διός· τοῦτο τέτραπται μὲν πρὸς ἀνίσχοντα ἥλιον, ἀνέθεσαν δὲ Ἑλλήνων ὅσοι Πλαταιᾶσιν ἐμαχέσαντο ἐναντία Μαρδονίου τε καὶ Μήδων. εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ ἐγγεγραμμέναι κατὰ τοῦ βάθρου τὰ δεξιὰ αἱ μετασχοῦσαι πόλεις τοῦ ἔργου, Λακεδαιμόνιοι μὲν πρῶτοι, μετὰ δὲ αὐτοὺς Ἀθηναῖοι, τρίτοι δὲ γεγραμμένοι καὶ τέταρτοι Κορίνθιοί τε καὶ Σικυώνιοι,

Proper Nouns:

Ζεύς Ζεύς Κορίνθιοι Λακεδαιμόνιοι Μαρδόνιος Μῆδοι Πλαταιαί Σικυώνιοι Ἀθηναῖοι Ἕλληνες

As you pass by the entrance to the Council-chamber, there stands a statue of Zeus, bearing no inscription. Turning further toward the north, there is another statue of Zeus; this one faces the rising sun, and was dedicated by those Greeks who fought at Plataea against Mardonius and the Medes. Upon the right side of its pedestal are inscribed the names of the cities that took part in the battle: first come the Lacedaemonians, next after them the Athenians; third and fourth listed are the Corinthians and the Sicyonians.

Passage 5.23.2 Class: Historical

πέμπτοι δὲ Αἰγινῆται, μετὰ δὲ Αἰγινήτας Μεγαρεῖς καὶ Ἐπιδαύριοι, Ἀρκάδων δὲ Τεγεᾶταί τε καὶ Ὀρχομένιοι, ἐπὶ δὲ αὐτοῖς ὅσοι Φλιοῦντα καὶ Τροίζηνα καὶ Ἑρμιόνα οἰκοῦσιν, ἐκ δὲ χώρας τῆς Ἀργείας Τιρύνθιοι, Πλαταιεῖς δὲ μόνοι Βοιωτῶν, καὶ Ἀργείων οἱ Μυκήνας ἔχοντες, νησιῶται δὲ Κεῖοι καὶ Μήλιοι, Ἀμβρακιῶται δὲ ἐξ ἠπείρου τῆς Θεσπρωτίδος, Τήνιοί τε καὶ Λεπρεᾶται, Λεπρεᾶται μὲν τῶν ἐκ τῆς Τριφυλίας μόνοι, ἐκ δὲ Αἰγαίου καὶ τῶν Κυκλάδων οὐ Τήνιοι μόνοι ἀλλὰ καὶ Νάξιοι καὶ Κύθνιοι, ἀπὸ δὲ Εὐβοίας Στυρεῖς, μετὰ δὲ τούτους Ἠλεῖοι καὶ Ποτιδαιᾶται καὶ Ἀνακτόριοι, τελευταῖοι δὲ Χαλκιδεῖς οἱ ἐπὶ τῷ Εὐρίπῳ.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγαῖον Αἰγινήτης Αἰγινήτης Βοιωτός Εὔβοια Εὔριπος Θεσπρωτίς Κεῖος Κύθνιος Κύκλαδες Λεπρεάτης Μήλιος Μεγαρεύς Μυκῆναι Νάξιος Πλαταιεύς Ποτιδαιάτης Στύρευς Τήνιος Τήνιος Τεγεάτης Τιρύνθιος Τριφυλία Τροιζήν Φλιοῦς Χαλκιδεύς Ἀμβρακιώτης Ἀνακτόριος Ἀργεία Ἀργεῖος Ἀρκάς Ἐπίδαυριος Ἑρμιόνη Ἠλείος Ὀρχομήνιος

Fifth were the Aeginetans, and after them came the Megarians and the Epidaurians; of the Arcadians were the Tegeans and the Orchomenians; following these were those who inhabited Phlius, Troezen, and Hermione; from Argive territory came the Tirynthians, and the Plataeans were the only Boeotians present. Also participating were the Argives holding Mycenae; islanders attending included the Ceans and the Melians, and from the mainland facing Thesprotia came the Ambraciots. There were also the Tenians and Lepreans—the Lepreans alone came from Triphylia; and from the Aegean and the Cyclades were represented not only the Tenians but also the Naxians and Cythnians. From Euboea came the Styrians; and following these, the Eleans, the Potidaeans, and the Anactorians participated. Lastly came the Chalcidians who dwell by the Euripus.

Passage 5.23.3 Class: Historical

τούτων τῶν πόλεων τοσαίδε ἦσαν ἐφʼ ἡμῶν ἔρημοι· Μυκηναῖοι μὲν καὶ Τιρύνθιοι ὑπὸ τῶν Μηδικῶν ὕστερον ἐγένοντο ὑπὸ Ἀργείων ἀνάστατοι· Ἀμβρακιώτας δὲ καὶ Ἀνακτορίους ἀποίκους Κορινθίων ὄντας ἐπηγάγετο ὁ Ῥωμαίων βασιλεὺς ἐς Νικοπόλεως συνοικισμὸν πρὸς τῷ Ἀκτίῳ· Ποτιδαιάτας δὲ δὶς μὲν ἐπέλαβεν ἀναστάτους ἐκ τῆς σφετέρας ὑπὸ Φιλίππου τε γενέσθαι τοῦ Ἀμύντου καὶ πρότερον ἔτι ὑπὸ Ἀθηναίων, χρόνῳ δὲ ὕστερον Κάσσανδρος κατήγαγε μὲν Ποτιδαιάτας ἐπὶ τὰ οἰκεῖα, ὄνομα δὲ οὐ τὸ ἀρχαῖον τῇ πόλει, Κασσάνδρεια δὲ ἐγένετο ἀπὸ τοῦ οἰκιστοῦ. τὸ δὲ ἄγαλμα ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ τὸ ἀνατεθὲν ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐποίησεν Ἀναξαγόρας Αἰγινήτης· τοῦτον οἱ συγγράψαντες τὰ ἐς Πλαταιὰς παριᾶσιν ἐν τοῖς λόγοις.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγινήτης Κάσσανδρος Κασσάνδρεια Κορίνθιοι Μυκηναῖοι Μῆδοι Νικόπολις Πλαταιαί Ποτιδαιᾶται Τιρύνθιοι Φίλιππος Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀμβρακιῶται Ἀμύντας Ἀνακτόριοι Ἀναξαγόρας Ἀργεῖοι Ἄκτιον Ἕλληνες Ὀλυμπία Ῥωμαῖοι

Of these cities, the following were deserted in my own time: Mycenae and Tiryns were first reduced in strength by the Persian wars and later utterly destroyed by the Argives; the people of Ambracia and Anactorium, colonies originally founded by the Corinthians, were removed by the emperor of the Romans and gathered together in the settlement of Nicopolis near Actium. As for Potidaea, it twice suffered depopulation: once when captured by Philip the son of Amyntas, after having previously been taken by the Athenians. Later Cassander restored the inhabitants to their homes, though no longer under the city's original name; instead, it was called Cassandreia after its founder. The statue at Olympia, dedicated by the Greeks, was made by Anaxagoras of Aegina; yet the historians who have written accounts of Plataea omit him from their narratives.

Passage 5.23.4 Class: Historical

ἔστι δὲ πρὸ τοῦ Διὸς τούτου στήλη χαλκῆ, Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ Ἀθηναίων συνθήκας ἔχουσα εἰρήνης ἐς τριάκοντα ἐτῶν ἀριθμόν. ταύτας ἐποιήσαντο Ἀθηναῖοι παραστησάμενοι τὸ δεύτερον Εὔβοιαν, ἔτει τρίτῳ τῆς τρίτης πρὸς τὰς ὀγδοήκοντα Ὀλυμπιάδος, ἣν Κρίσων Ἱμεραῖος ἐνίκα στάδιον. ἔστι δὲ ἐν ταῖς συνθήκαις καὶ τόδε εἰρημένον, εἰρήνης μὲν τῆς Ἀθηναίων καὶ Λακεδαιμονίων τῇ Ἀργείων μὴ μετεῖναι πόλει, ἰδίᾳ δὲ Ἀθηναίους καὶ Ἀργείους, ἢν ἐθέλωσιν, ἐπιτηδείως ἔχειν πρὸς ἀλλήλους. αὗται μὲν λέγουσι τοιαῦτα αἱ συνθῆκαι, Διὸς δὲ ἄλλο ἄγαλμα παρὰ τὸ ἅρμα

Proper Nouns:

Εὔβοια Ζεύς Κρίσων Λακεδαιμόνιοι Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀργεῖοι Ἀργεῖοι Ἱμεραῖος Ὀλυμπιάς

Before this statue of Zeus there is a bronze pillar bearing the treaty of peace between the Lacedaemonians and Athenians, concluded for a period of thirty years. The Athenians made this treaty after they had subdued Euboea for the second time, in the third year of the eighty-third Olympiad, during which Crison of Himera won the stadion race. It is stated in this treaty, moreover, that the Argive city should have no part in the peace between Athens and Lacedaemon, but that the Athenians and Argives could, if they desired, maintain friendly relations independently. Such are the provisions recorded in the treaty. There is another statue of Zeus beside the chariot.

Passage 5.23.5 Class: Historical

ἀνάκειται τὸ Κλεοσθένους· τούτου μὲν δὴ ἡμῖν καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἔπειτα ἔσται μνήμη, τὸ δὲ ἄγαλμα τοῦ Διὸς Μεγαρέων μέν ἐστιν ἀνάθημα, ἀδελφοὶ δὲ αὐτὸ Ψύλακός τε καὶ Ὄναιθος καὶ οἱ παῖδες οἱ τούτων εἰργάσαντο· ἡλικίαν δὲ αὐτῶν ἢ πατρίδα ἢ παρʼ ᾧ τινι ἐδιδάχθησαν, οὐκ ἔχω δηλῶσαι.

Proper Nouns:

Ζεύς Κλεοσθένης Μεγαρεῖς Ψύλακος Ὄναιθος

There is also dedicated a statue of Cleosthenes; I shall have occasion to mention this Cleosthenes again later on. The statue of Zeus is an offering of the Megarians, and it was made by the brothers Psylacus and Onaethus, together with their sons. However, I cannot specify their period, their city of origin, nor from whom they learned their craft.

Passage 5.23.6 Class: Historical

πρὸς δὲ τῷ ἅρματι τῷ Γέλωνος Ζεὺς ἕστηκεν ἀρχαῖος ἔχων σκῆπτρον, Ὑβλαίων δέ φασιν εἶναι ἀνάθημα· αἱ δὲ ἦσαν ἐν Σικελίᾳ πόλεις αἱ Ὕβλαι, ἡ μὲν Γερεᾶτις ἐπίκλησιν, τὴν δὲ---ὥσπερ γε καὶ ἦν ---ἐκάλουν Μείζονα. ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ κατʼ ἐμὲ ἔτι τὰ ὀνόματα, ἐν τῇ Καταναίᾳ δὲ ἡ μὲν ἔρημος ἐς ἅπαν, ἡ δὲ κώμη τε Καταναίων ἡ Γερεᾶτις καὶ ἱερόν σφισιν Ὑβλαίας ἐστὶ θεοῦ, παρὰ Σικελιωτῶν ἔχον τιμάς. παρὰ τούτων δὲ κομισθῆναι τὸ ἄγαλμα ἐς Ὀλυμπίαν ἡγοῦμαι· τεράτων γὰρ σφᾶς καὶ ἐνυπνίων Φίλιστος ὁ Ἀρχομενίδου φησὶν ἐξηγητὰς εἶναι καὶ μάλιστα εὐσεβείᾳ τῶν ἐν Σικελίᾳ βαρβάρων προσκεῖσθαι.

Proper Nouns:

Γέλων Γερεᾶτις Ζεύς Καταναία Καταναῖοι Μείζων Σικελία Σικελιώται Φίλιστος Ἀρχομενίδης Ὀλυμπία Ὑβλαῖος Ὕβλαι Ὕβλαι

Beside Gelon's chariot stands an ancient statue of Zeus, holding a scepter. They say it was an offering from the Hyblaeans. Now there were regions in Sicily called Hybla, one surnamed Gereatis, while the other was called the Greater—as indeed it was. Even in my day they still retained these names. In Catanaean territory, one Hybla is utterly deserted, while the Gereatis Hybla is now a village of the Catanaeans and has a sanctuary of the goddess Hyblaea, honored by the Sicilians. I believe the statue was brought from these people to Olympia, for according to Philistus, the son of Archomenides, they were interpreters of omens and dreams, and among the barbarians of Sicily, they excelled most of all in reverence toward the gods.

Passage 5.23.7 Class: Historical

πλησίον δὲ τοῦ Ὑβλαίων ἀναθήματος βάθρον τε πεποίηται χαλκοῦν καὶ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ Ζεύς· τοῦτον ὀκτὼ μάλιστα εἶναι ποδῶν καὶ δέκα εἰκάζομεν. οἵτινες δὲ αὐτὸν ἔδοσαν τῷ θεῷ καὶ ὧντινών ἐστιν ἔργον, ἐλεγεῖον γεγραμμένον σημαίνει· Κλειτόριοι τόδʼ ἄγαλμα θεῷ δεκάταν ἀνέθηκαν, πολλᾶν ἐκ πολίων χερσὶ βιασσάμενοι. † καιμετρειτ Ἀρίστων ἠδὲ Τελέστας αὐτοκασίγνητοι καλὰ Λάκωνες ἔθεν. τούτους οὐκ ἐς ἅπαν τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν ἐπιφανεῖς νομίζω γενέσθαι· εἶχον γὰρ ἄν τι καὶ Ἠλεῖοι περὶ αὐτῶν λέγειν, καὶ πλέονα ἔτι Λακεδαιμόνιοι πολιτῶν γε ὄντων.

Proper Nouns:

Ζεύς Κλείτοριοι Λάκων Λακεδαιμόνιοι Τελέστας Ἀρίστων Ἑλληνικόν Ἠλεῖοι Ὕβλαι

Near the dedication by the Hyblaeans stands a pedestal made of bronze, and upon it Zeus; this figure we estimate to be about eighteen feet high. Who gave the image to the god and whose craft fashioned it is indicated by an inscribed elegiac couplet: "This statue as a tithe to the god the Cleitorians dedicated, Having conquered many cities by force of arms. Ariston and Telestas, brothers born, noble Laconians, Skilfully wrought it." I do not think these craftsmen achieved fame throughout Greece; otherwise the Eleans would have much to say about them, and even more surely would the Lacedaemonians, since they were citizens.

Legend:

Chapter 5.23