Pausanias Analysis

Passage 7.7.1 Class: Historical

Ἑλλήνων δὲ οὐ τασσομένων τηνικαῦτα ἔτι ἐν κοινῷ, ἰδίᾳ δὲ ἑκάστων κατὰ σφᾶς συνισταμένων, οἱ Ἀχαιοὶ μάλιστα ἴσχυον· τυράννων τε γὰρ πλὴν Πελλήνης αἱ ἄλλαι πόλεις τὸν χρόνον ἅπαντα ἀπείρως ἐσχήκεσαν αἵ τε ἐκ πολέμων καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς νόσου συμφοραὶ τῆς λοιμώδους οὐκ ἐς τοσοῦτο Ἀχαιοῖς ἐφʼ ὅσον τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐγένοντο Ἕλλησι. συνέδριόν τε οὖν Ἀχαϊκὸν καλούμενον καὶ ἀπὸ κοινοῦ λόγου βουλεύματά τε ἦν Ἀχαιοῖς καὶ τὰ ἔργα.

Proper Nouns:

Πελλήνη Ἀχαιοὶ Ἀχαιοὶ Ἀχαϊκόν Ἕλληνες Ἕλληνες

At that time, the Greeks no longer formed alliances as a unified whole, but each people consolidated independently for their own interests, and among these groups, the Achaeans were especially strong. Apart from Pellene, the rest of their cities had remained entirely free from tyrants. Furthermore, the misfortunes caused by wars and the devastating plague affected the Achaeans far less severely than other Greeks. Thus, the Achaeans had an assembly called the Achaean League, through which they made decisions collectively, and both their resolutions and actions were determined by common consent.

Passage 7.7.2 Class: Historical

ἀθροίζεσθαι δὲ ἐς Αἴγιόν σφισιν ἔδοξεν· αὕτη γὰρ μετὰ Ἑλίκην ἐπικλυσθεῖσαν πόλεων ἐν Ἀχαΐᾳ τῶν ἄλλων δόξῃ προεῖχεν ἐκ παλαιοῦ καὶ ἴσχυεν ἐν τῷ τότε. Ἑλλήνων δὲ τῶν λοιπῶν Σικυώνιοι συνεδρίου πρῶτοι τοῦ Ἀχαιῶν μετέσχον, μετὰ δὲ Σικυωνίους ἐσῄεσαν ἤδη καὶ τῶν ἄλλων Πελοποννησίων οἱ μὲν αὐτίκα, οἱ δὲ χρόνον τινὰ ἐπισχόντες· τοὺς δὲ καὶ ἐκτὸς οἰκοῦντας τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ συντελεῖν ἐς Ἀχαιοὺς ἔπειθεν, ὅτι ἐς πλέον ἰσχύος προϊὸν ἑώρων ἀεὶ τὸ Ἀχαϊκόν.

Proper Nouns:

Αἴγιον Πελοποννήσιοι Σικυώνιοι Σικυώνιοι Ἀχαΐα Ἀχαιοί Ἀχαιοί Ἀχαϊκόν Ἑλίκη Ἰσθμός

They decided to gather at Aigion, for among the cities of Achaia this city had, from ancient times, held precedence in reputation above all the others after the flooding of Helike and retained its strength even then. Of the remaining Greeks, the Sikyonians were the first to take part in the Achaean assembly. After the Sikyonians, others among the Peloponnesians also joined, some immediately and others after some hesitation. Even inhabitants beyond the Isthmus were persuaded to join the Achaians, since they saw clearly that the Achaian league was continually increasing in power.

Passage 7.7.3 Class: Historical

Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ Ἑλλήνων μόνοι διάφοροί τε Ἀχαιοῖς τὰ μάλιστα ἦσαν καὶ ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ πόλεμόν σφισιν ἐπῆγον. Πελλήνην μέν γε Ἀχαιῶν πόλιν Ἆγις εἷλεν ὁ Εὐδαμίδου βασιλεύων ἐν τῇ Σπάρτῃ, καὶ ἐξέπεσεν αὐτίκα ἐκ Πελλήνης ὑπὸ Ἀράτου καὶ Σικυωνίων· Κλεομένης δὲ ὁ Λεωνίδου τοῦ Κλεωνύμου, βασιλεὺς οἰκίας τῆς ἑτέρας, ἀντικαθημένους Ἄρατον καὶ Ἀχαιοὺς πρὸς Δύμῃ παρὰ πολύ τε ἐκράτησεν ἐλθόντας ἐς χεῖρας καὶ ὕστερον Ἀχαιοῖς καὶ Ἀντιγόνῳ συνέθετο εἰρήνην.

Proper Nouns:

Δύμη Εὐδαμίδης Κλεομένης Κλεώνυμος Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λεωνίδας Πελλήνη Πελλήνη Σικυώνιοι Σπάρτη Ἀντίγονος Ἀχαιοί Ἀχαιοί Ἀχαιοί Ἄρατος Ἄρατος Ἆγις Ἕλληνες

The Lacedaemonians alone of the Greeks were especially hostile to the Achaeans and openly made war upon them. Indeed, Agis, the son of Eudamidas, who was king in Sparta, captured Pellene, a city belonging to the Achaeans; however, he was soon expelled from Pellene by Aratus and the Sicyonians. Later, Cleomenes, son of Leonidas, the son of Cleonymus, king from the other royal house, completely defeated near Dyme Aratus and the Achaeans who confronted him in battle, and subsequently concluded peace with the Achaeans and Antigonus.

Passage 7.7.4 Class: Historical

Ἀντίγονος δὲ οὗτος τηνικαῦτα ἀρχὴν τὴν Μακεδόνων εἶχεν, ἐπιτροπεύων Φίλιππον τὸν Δημητρίου παῖδα ἔτι ἡλικίαν ὄντα· ἦν δὲ καὶ ἀνεψιὸς τῷ Φιλίππῳ καὶ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ συνῴκει. πρὸς τοῦτον οὖν τὸν Ἀντίγονον καὶ Ἀχαιοὺς ποιησάμενος ὁ Κλεομένης σπονδὰς καὶ αὐτίκα παραβὰς ὅσα ὤμοσεν ἠνδραποδίσατο Ἀρκάδων Μεγάλην πόλιν· Λακεδαιμονίοις τε τὸ ἐν Σελλασίᾳ πταῖσμα πρὸς Ἀχαιοὺς καὶ Ἀντίγονον Κλεομένους ἕνεκα καὶ ἐπιορκίας τῆς ἐκείνου συνέβη. Κλεομένους μὲν δὴ καὶ αὖθις ἐν λόγοις τοῖς Ἀρκαδικοῖς ἀφιξόμεθα ἐς μνήμην·

Proper Nouns:

Δημήτριος Κλεομένης Κλεομένης Λακεδαιμόνιοι Μακεδόνες Μεγάλη πόλις Σελλασία Φίλιππος Φίλιππος Ἀντίγονος Ἀντίγονος Ἀρκάδες Ἀρκαδικοί Ἀχαιοί

At that time this Antigonus held the rule of the Macedonians, acting as guardian for Philip, the son of Demetrius, who was still a boy. He was also Philip's cousin and lived with his mother. Now Cleomenes made a treaty with this Antigonus and the Achaeans, but at once breaking all his sworn oaths, he enslaved Megalopolis in Arcadia. Because of Cleomenes and his perjury, the Lacedaemonians suffered their defeat at Sellasia by the Achaeans and Antigonus. Cleomenes, however, we shall mention again later in the Arcadian account.

Passage 7.7.5 Class: Historical

Φίλιππος δὲ ὁ Δημητρίου τὴν Μακεδόνων ἀρχήν, ὡς ἀφίκετο ἐς ἄνδρας, παρὰ ἑκόντος Ἀντιγόνου λαβὼν φόβον τοῖς πᾶσιν Ἕλλησιν ἐνεποίησε, τὰ Φιλίππου τοῦ Ἀμύντου, προγόνου μὲν οὐκ ὄντος αὐτῷ, τῷ δὲ ἀληθεῖ λόγῳ δεσπότου, τά τε ἄλλα αὐτοῦ μιμούμενος καὶ τὰ ἐς θεραπείαν ὅσοις πατρίδας ἀρεστὰ ἦν ἐπʼ οἰκείοις προδιδόναι κέρδεσι. προπίνειν δὲ παρὰ τὰ συμπόσια ἐπὶ δεξιότητι καὶ φιλίᾳ κύλικας οὐκ οἴνου, φαρμάκων δὲ ἐς ὄλεθρον ἀνθρώποις, ἃ δὴ ὁ μὲν τοῦ Ἀμύντου Φίλιππος οὐδʼ ἐπενόησεν ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν ἀρχήν, Φιλίππῳ δὲ τῷ Δημητρίου τὰ φάρμακα τόλμημα ἦν ἐλαφρότατον.

Proper Nouns:

Δημήτριος Μακεδόνες Φίλιππος Φίλιππος Ἀμύντας Ἀντίγονος Ἕλληνες

Philip, the son of Demetrius, having taken the kingdom of Macedon from Antigonus with his consent when he arrived at manhood, inspired fear among all the Greeks; he imitated Philip, son of Amyntas—who was, in truth, not his ancestor but rather his master—in all things, including his policy of rewarding those who willingly betrayed their native cities for personal gain. However, in banquets, he offered as tokens of skill and friendship not cups of wine but cups of poison, intended for men's destruction. Such deeds, as it seems to me, Philip son of Amyntas never even conceived, but to Philip son of Demetrius, the use of poisons was the smallest of daring exploits.

Passage 7.7.6 Class: Historical

κατεῖχε δὲ καὶ τρεῖς πόλεις φρουραῖς ὁρμητήρια εἶναί οἱ κατὰ τῆς Ἑλλάδος, καὶ ὠνόμαζε δὲ ὑπὸ τῆς ὕβρεως καὶ τῆς ἐς τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν ὑπεροψίας κλεῖς τῆς Ἑλλάδος τὰς πόλεις ταύτας· ἐπὶ μέν γε Πελοποννήσῳ Κόρινθος καὶ ἡ Κορινθίων ἀκρόπολις ἐτετείχιστο, ἐπὶ δὲ Εὐβοίᾳ καὶ Βοιωτοῖς τε καὶ Φωκεῦσι Χαλκὶς ἡ πρὸς τῷ Εὐρίπῳ, κατὰ δὲ Θεσσαλῶν τε αὐτῶν καὶ τοῦ Αἰτωλῶν ἔθνους Μαγνησίαν τὴν ὑπὸ τὸ Πήλιον κατεῖχεν ὁ Φίλιππος. μάλιστα δὲ Ἀθηναίους καὶ τὸ Αἰτωλικὸν ἐπιστρατείαις τε συνεχέσιν ἐπίεζε καὶ λῃστῶν καταδρομαῖς·

Proper Nouns:

Αἰτωλικόν Αἰτωλοί Βοιωτοί Εὔβοια Εὔριπος Θεσσαλοί Κορίνθιος Κόρινθος Μαγνησία Πήλιον Πελοπόννησος Φίλιππος Φωκεύς Χαλκίς Ἀθηναῖοι Ἑλλάς Ἑλληνικόν

He also held three cities under guard as his strategic bases for attacking Greece, arrogantly and contemptuously naming these cities the "Keys of Greece." In the Peloponnese, Corinth and the citadel of the Corinthians had been fortified; against Euboea, the Boeotians, and the Phocians he held Chalcis by the Euripus; and in Thessaly itself, as well as against the nation of the Aetolians, Philip had occupied Magnesia beneath Mount Pelion. Most especially he pressed upon the Athenians and the Aetolian league with continuous campaigns and raids of brigands.

Passage 7.7.7 Class: Historical

ἐμνημόνευσε δέ μοι καὶ πρότερον ὁ λόγος ἐν τῇ Ἀτθίδι συγγραφῇ, ὅσοι τε Ἑλλήνων ἢ βαρβάρων ἐναντία Φιλίππου συνήραντο Ἀθηναίοις καὶ ὡς ὑπὸ ἀσθενείας τῶν συμμάχων ἐπὶ Ῥωμαίους καὶ ἐπικουρίαν τὴν ἐκεῖθεν κατέφευγον οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι. Ῥωμαῖοι δὲ ἐπεπόμφεσαν καὶ οὐ πολλῷ τινι ἔμπροσθεν λόγῳ μὲν ἐπικουρήσοντας Αἰτωλοῖς ἐναντία Φιλίππου, τῷ δὲ ἔργῳ μᾶλλόν τι ἐπὶ κατασκοπῇ τῶν ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ πραγμάτων·

Proper Nouns:

Αἰτωλοί Μακεδονία Φίλιππος Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀτθίς Ἕλληνες Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥωμαῖοι

Moreover, the narrative in my earlier account of Attic history recalled how many Greeks and barbarians alike allied themselves with Athens in opposition to Philip, and how, weakened by the inadequacy of their allies, the Athenians appealed to the Romans for assistance. Indeed, the Romans had previously dispatched envoys—not long before—ostensibly to assist the Aetolians against Philip, but in reality more for the purpose of observing Macedonian affairs.

Passage 7.7.8 Class: Historical

τότε δὲ ἀποστέλλουσιν Ἀθηναίοις στρατιάν τε καὶ ἡγεμόνα Ὀτίλιον· τοῦτο γάρ οἱ τῶν ὀνομάτων ἦν τὸ ἐκδηλότατον, ἐπεὶ καλοῦνταί γε οὐ πατρόθεν οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι κατὰ ταὐτὰ Ἕλλησιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τρία ὁπότε ὀλίγιστα καὶ ἔτι πλέονα ὀνόματα ἑκάστῳ τίθενται. τῷ δὲ Ὀτιλίῳ προσετέτακτο ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων ἀπείργειν ἀπὸ Ἀθηναίων καὶ τοῦ Αἰτωλικοῦ τὸν Φιλίππου πόλεμον.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰτωλικός Φίλιππος Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀθηναῖοι Ἕλληνες Ὀτίλιος Ὀτίλιος Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥωμαῖοι

At that time, they sent to the Athenians both an army and a commander named Otilius; for this was the most prominent of his names, since the Romans do not use patronymics in the same way as the Greeks, but they commonly assign even three or sometimes more names to each individual. Otilius had been instructed by the Romans to keep Philip's war away from Athens and from Aetolian territory.

Passage 7.7.9 Class: Historical

Ὀτίλιος δὲ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα τοῖς πράγμασι κατὰ τὰ ἐπιτεταγμένα ἐχρῆτο, τάδε δὲ οὐ κατὰ γνώμην οἱ τὴν Ῥωμαίων ἐστὶν εἰργασμένα· Εὐβοέων γὰρ Ἑστίαιαν πόλιν καὶ Ἀντίκυραν τὴν ἐν τῇ Φωκίδι ἑλών, ὑπηκόους κατʼ ἀνάγκην οὔσας Φιλίππου, ἐποίησεν ἀναστάτους. καὶ τοῦδε ἕνεκα ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, ἐπεὶ ἐπύθετο ἡ βουλή, ἀποστέλλουσιν Ὀτιλίῳ διάδοχον τῆς ἀρχῆς Φλαμίνιον.

Proper Nouns:

Εὐβοείς Φίλιππος Φλαμίνιος Φωκίς Ἀντίκυρα Ἑστίαία Ὀτίλιος Ὀτίλιος Ῥωμαῖοι

But Otilius, while he otherwise conducted affairs according to his instructions, in the following matter committed deeds contrary to the intentions of the Romans: having taken the Euboean city Hestiaea and Anticyra in Phocis—cities that were subject to Philip by force—he utterly destroyed them. And it seems to me that, on account of these actions, when the Roman Senate learned of them, they sent Flamininus as successor to Otilius in the command.

Legend:

Chapter 7.7