Pausanias Analysis

Passage 8.3.1 Class: Mythic

τρίτῃ δὲ ὕστερον γενεᾷ μετὰ Πελασγὸν ἔς τε πόλεων καὶ ἐς ἀνθρώπων πλῆθος ἐπέδωκεν ἡ χώρα. Νύκτιμος μὲν γὰρ πρεσβύτατός τε ἦν καὶ εἶχε τὸ πᾶν κράτος· οἱ δὲ ἄλλοι παῖδες τοῦ Λυκάονος πόλεις ἐνταῦθα ἔκτιζον ἔνθα ἑκάστῳ μάλιστα ἦν κατὰ γνώμην. Πάλλας μὲν καὶ Ὀρεσθεὺς καὶ Φίγαλος Παλλάντιον, Ὀρεσθεὺς δὲ Ὀρεσθάσιον, Φιγαλίαν δὲ οἰκίζει Φίγαλος.

Proper Nouns:

Λυκάων Νύκτιμος Πάλλας Παλλάντιον Πελασγός Φίγαλος Φιγαλία Ὀρεσθάσιον Ὀρεσθεύς

In the third generation after Pelasgus, the country increased greatly, both in the number of cities and in population. Nyctimus was the eldest and held supreme power, while the other sons of Lycaon established cities, each according to his own inclination. Pallas, Orestheus, and Phigalus founded Pallantium; Orestheus established Oresthasium; and Phigalus founded Phigaleia.

Passage 8.3.2 Class: Mythic

Παλλαντίου μὲν δὴ καὶ Στησίχορος ὁ Ἱμεραῖος ἐν Γηρυονηίδι ἐποιήσατο μνήμην· Φιγαλία δὲ καὶ Ὀρεσθάσιον ἐν χρόνῳ μεταβάλλουσι τὰ ὀνόματα, Ὀρέστειόν τε ἀπὸ Ὀρέστου κληθεῖσα τοῦ Ἀγαμέμνονος καὶ Φιαλία ἀπὸ τοῦ Βουκολίωνος παιδὸς Φιάλου. Τραπεζεὺς δὲ καὶ Δασεάτας καὶ Μακαρεὺς καὶ Ἑλισσὼν καὶ Ἄκακός τε καὶ Θῶκνος Θωκνίαν πόλιν, ὁ δὲ Ἀκακήσιον ἔκτισεν· ἀπὸ τούτου δὲ τοῦ Ἀκάκου καὶ Ὅμηρος λόγῳ τῷ Ἀρκάδων ἐς Ἑρμῆν ἐποίησεν ἐπίκλησιν·

Proper Nouns:

Βουκολίων Γηρυονηίς Δασεάτας Θωκνία Θῶκνος Μακαρεὺς Παλλάντιον Στησίχορος Τραπεζεὺς Φίαλος Φιαλία Φιγαλία Ἀγαμέμνων Ἀκακήσιον Ἀρκάδες Ἄκακός Ἑλισσὼν Ἑρμῆς Ἱμεραῖος Ὀρέστειον Ὀρέστης Ὀρεσθάσιον Ὅμηρος

Indeed, even Stesichorus of Himera makes mention of Pallantium in his "Geryoneïs." Phigalia and Oresthasion, however, changed their names over time; the first called Oresteion after Orestes, son of Agamemnon, and Phialia after Phialus, son of Bucolion. Trapezeus, Daseatas, Macareus, Helisson, Akakos and Thoknos also founded cities: Thoknos founded Thoknia, and Akakos founded Akakesion. It is from this same Akakos that Homer, following the Arcadian tradition, derived an epithet for Hermes.

Passage 8.3.3 Class: Mythic

ἀπὸ δὲ Ἑλισσόντος ἥ τε πόλις καὶ ὁ ποταμὸς Ἑλισσὼν τὰ ὀνόματα ἐσχήκασιν, ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ Μακαρία τε καὶ Δασέα καὶ Τραπεζοῦς ἀπὸ τῶν Λυκάονος ἐκλήθησαν καὶ αὗται παίδων. Ὀρχομενὸς δὲ ἐγένετο οἰκιστὴς Μεθυδρίου τε καλουμένης καὶ Ὀρχομενίων, οὓς ἐν τοῖς ἔπεσι πολυμήλους ὠνόμασεν Ὅμηρος. ὑπὸ δὲ Ὑψοῦντος καὶ Μελαινεαί τε ἐκτίσθησαν καὶ Ὑψοῦς, ἔτι δὲ Θυραῖόν τε καὶ Αἱμονιαί· δόξῃ δὲ τῇ Ἀρκάδων καὶ ἡ Θυρέα ἡ ἐν τῇ Ἀργολίδι γῇ καὶ ὁ Θυρεάτης καλούμενος κόλπος ἀπὸ τοῦ Θυραίου τούτου τὰ ὀνόματα ἐσχήκασι.

Proper Nouns:

Αἱμονιαί Δασέα Θυρέα Θυραῖον Θυραῖος Θυρεάτης Λυκάων Μακαρία Μεθύδριον Μελαινεαί Τραπεζοῦς Ἀργολίς Ἀρκάδες Ἑλισσός Ἑλισσός Ὀρχομενός Ὀρχόμενοι Ὅμηρος Ὑψοῦς Ὑψοῦς

Both the city and the river Elisson have received their names from Elisson; similarly, Makaria, Dasea, and Trapezus were also named after the sons of Lycaon. Orchomenus was the founder of both Methydrium and the city called Orchomenus, whose inhabitants Homer in his verses referred to as "rich in sheep." By Hypsous were founded both Melaneae and Hypsous itself, as well as Thyraeum and Haemoniae. According to Arcadian tradition, Thyrea in Argolis and the so-called Thyreatic Gulf derived their names from this Thyraeum.

Passage 8.3.4 Class: Mythic

Μαντινεὺς δὲ καὶ Τεγεάτης καὶ Μαίναλος, ὁ μὲν τῶν ἐν Ἀρκαδίᾳ πόλεων ὀνομαστοτάτην τὸ ἀρχαῖον Μαίναλον, Τεγεάτης δὲ καὶ Μαντινεὺς Τεγέαν κτίζουσι καὶ Μαντίνειαν. ὠνομάσθησαν δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ Κρώμου Κρῶμοι, καὶ Χαρισία Χαρίσιον ἔχουσα οἰκιστήν, Τρικόλωνοι δὲ ἀπὸ Τρικολώνου, καὶ ἀπὸ μὲν Περαίθου Περαιθεῖς, Ἀσέα δὲ ἀπὸ Ἀσεάτα καὶ ἀπὸ Λυκέως Λυκόα καὶ Σουματία ἀπὸ Σουματέως· Ἀλίφηρος δὲ καὶ Ἡραιεὺς ἐπώνυμοι καὶ οὗτοι πόλεσίν εἰσιν ἀμφότεροι.

Proper Nouns:

Κρῶμοι Κρῶμος Λυκεύς Λυκόα Μαίναλον Μαίναλος Μαντίνεια Μαντινεύς Πειρίθους Περαιθεῖς Σουματία Σουματεύς Τεγέα Τεγεάτης Τρικολώνους Τρικόλωνοι Χάρισιος Χαρισία Ἀλίφηρος Ἀρκαδία Ἀσέα Ἀσεάτης Ἡραιεύς

Mantineus and Tegeates and Maenalus—Maenalus, in fact, established the city Maenalus, anciently the most renowned of the cities in Arcadia, while Tegeates and Mantineus founded Tegea and Mantinea respectively. They were also named Kromoi from Kromos, and Charisia after its founder Charisios; Trikolonoi after Trikolon; Peraithoi after Peraithos; Asea from Aseatas; Lykoa from Lykeus; and Soumatia from Soumateus. Alipheros and Heraieus are likewise eponymous founders, each giving their names to their respective cities, Alipheira and Heraia.

Passage 8.3.5 Class: Mythic

Οἴνωτρος δὲ ὁ τῶν παίδων νεώτατος Λυκάονι ἀρσένων Νύκτιμον τὸν ἀδελφὸν χρήματα καὶ ἄνδρας αἰτήσας ἐπεραιώθη ναυσὶν ἐς Ἰταλίαν, καὶ ἡ Οἰνωτρία χώρα τὸ ὄνομα ἔσχεν ἀπὸ Οἰνώτρου βασιλεύοντος. οὗτος ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἐς ἀποικίαν στόλος πρῶτος ἐστάλη· ἀναριθμουμένῳ δὲ ἐς τὸ ἀκριβέστατον οὐδὲ ἐκ τῶν βαρβάρων οὐδένες πρότερον ἢ Οἴνωτρος ἀφίκοντο ἐς τὴν ἀλλοδαπήν.

Proper Nouns:

Λυκάων Νύκτιμος Οἰνωτρία Οἴνωτρος Ἑλλάς Ἰταλία

Oenotrus, the youngest of the sons of Lycaon, requested money and men from his brother Nyctimus, and then sailed across by ships to Italy; from its king Oenotrus, the region of Oenotria received its name. This was the first colony dispatched from Greece. Indeed, according to the most careful reckoning, no foreigners either had come before Oenotrus into that foreign land.

Passage 8.3.6 Class: Mythic

ἐπὶ δὲ τῷ γένει παντὶ τῷ ἄρσενι θυγάτηρ Λυκάονι ἐγένετο Καλλιστώ. ταύτῃ τῇ Καλλιστοῖ---λέγω δὲ τὰ λεγόμενα ὑπὸ Ἑλλήνων---συνεγένετο ἐρασθεὶς Ζεύς· Ἥρα δὲ ὡς ἐφώρασεν, ἐποίησεν ἄρκτον τὴν Καλλιστώ, Ἄρτεμις δὲ ἐς χάριν τῆς Ἥρας κατετόξευσεν αὐτήν. καὶ ὁ Ζεὺς Ἑρμῆν πέμπει σῶσαι τὸν παῖδά οἱ προστάξας, ὃν ἐν τῇ γαστρὶ εἶχεν ἡ Καλλιστώ·

Proper Nouns:

Ζεύς Ζεύς Καλλιστώ Λυκάων Ἄρτεμις Ἑρμῆς Ἥρα

Within the entirety of Lykaon's male offspring, there was born to him a daughter named Kallisto. To this Kallisto—as I am repeating the story that the Greeks tell—Zeus became passionately attracted and lay with her. When Hera perceived this, she transformed Kallisto into a bear; Artemis, wishing to please Hera, shot her down with arrows. Zeus dispatched Hermes with orders to save the child whom Kallisto was carrying in her womb.

Passage 8.3.7 Class: Mythic

Καλλιστὼ δὲ αὐτὴν ἐποίησεν ἀστέρας καλουμένην ἄρκτον μεγάλην, ἧς καὶ Ὅμηρος ἐν Ὀδυσσέως ἀνάπλῳ παρὰ Καλυψοῦς μνήμην ἔσχε· Πληιάδας τʼ ἐσορῶντα καὶ ὀψὲ δύοντα Βοώτην ἄρκτον θʼ, ἣν καὶ ἅμαξαν ἐπίκλησιν καλέουσιν. Hom. Od. 5.272 ἔχοιεν δʼ ἂν καὶ ἄλλως τὸ ὄνομα οἱ ἀστέρες ἐπὶ τιμῇ τῇ Καλλιστοῦς, ἐπεὶ τάφον γε αὐτῆς ἀποφαίνουσιν οἱ Ἀρκάδες.

Proper Nouns:

Βοώτης Καλλιστώ Καλυψώ Πληιάδες Ἀρκάδες Ἄρκτος Ὀδυσσεύς Ὅμηρος

And he turned Callisto herself into the stars called the Great Bear, which Homer mentions in the voyage of Odysseus departing from Calypso: "Gazing upon the Pleiades and late-setting Boötes, And the Bear, which they also call by the name Wagon." (Homer, Odyssey 5.272) Indeed, the stars might otherwise have received their name in honor of Callisto, since the Arcadians point out her tomb.

Legend:

Chapter 8.3