Pausanias Analysis

Passage 8.51.1 Class: Historical

Φιλοποίμην δὲ ὑπὸ τὸν καιρὸν ἐσπεσὼν τοῦτον ἐς τὴν Σπάρτην ἠνάγκασεν ἐς τὸ Ἀχαϊκὸν Λακεδαιμονίους συντελέσαι. μετὰ δὲ οὐ πολὺν χρόνον Τίτος μὲν Ῥωμαίων τῶν περὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἡγεμὼν καὶ Διοφάνης ὁ Διαίου Μεγαλοπολίτης, ἄρχειν ἐν τῷ τότε ᾑρημένος τῶν Ἀχαιῶν, ἤλαυνον ἐπὶ τὴν Λακεδαίμονα, ἐπενεγκόντες αἰτίαν Λακεδαιμονίοις βουλεύειν σφᾶς νεώτερα ἐς Ῥωμαίους· Φιλοποίμην δέ, καίπερ ἐν τῷ παρόντι ἰδιώτης ὤν, ἀπέκλεισαν ὅμως ἐπιοῦσιν αὐτοῖς τὰς πύλας.

Proper Nouns:

Διαίος Διοφάνης Λακεδαίμων Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λακεδαιμόνιοι Μεγαλοπολίτης Σπάρτη Τίτος Φιλοποίμην Ἀχαιοί Ἀχαϊκόν Ἑλλάς Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥωμαῖοι

At that time Philopoemen made a sudden incursion into Sparta and compelled the Lacedaemonians to join the Achaean League. Not long afterwards, Titus, the commander of the Romans in Greece, and Diophanes son of Diaeus, of Megalopolis, who had been chosen at that time to lead the Achaeans, marched against Sparta, making the accusation that the Lacedaemonians were plotting fresh troubles against Rome. But Philopoemen, although at that moment he was a private citizen, nonetheless shut the gates against their advancing forces.

Passage 8.51.2 Class: Historical

Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ τούτων τε ἕνεκα καὶ ὧν ἐς ἀμφοτέρους τοὺς τυράννους ἐτόλμησεν, ἐδίδοσαν οἶκον αὐτῷ τὸν Νάβιδος ἐς πλέον ἢ τάλαντα ἑκατόν· ὁ δὲ ὑπερεφρόνησέ τε τῶν χρημάτων καὶ ἐκέλευε τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους θεραπεύειν δόσεσιν ἀνθʼ αὑτοῦ τοὺς ἐν τῷ συλλόγῳ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν πιθανοὺς τῷ πλήθει, ταῦτα δὲ ἐς Τιμόλαον αὐτῷ λέγουσιν ὑποσημαίνεσθαι. ἀπεδείχθη δὲ καὶ αὖθις Ἀχαιῶν στρατηγῆσαι.

Proper Nouns:

Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λακεδαιμόνιοι Νάβις Τιμόλαος Ἀχαιοί

The Lacedaemonians, both on account of these deeds and because of the boldness he had shown against both tyrants, offered him the house of Nabis, valued at more than a hundred talents. But he scorned the money and advised the Lacedaemonians instead of him to secure by gifts the men who possessed persuasive influence with the multitude within the council of the Achaeans. It is said that by these words he implied especially Timolaus. Again afterwards he was appointed general of the Achaeans.

Passage 8.51.3 Class: Historical

Λακεδαιμονίων δὲ τηνικαῦτα ἐς ἔμφυλον προηγμένων στάσιν, τριακοσίους μὲν τῆς στάσεως μάλιστα αἰτίους ἐξέβαλεν ἐκ Πελοποννήσου καὶ τῶν εἱλώτων τε ἀπέδοτο ὅσον τρισχιλίους, τείχη δὲ περιεῖλε τῆς Σπάρτης καὶ τοῖς ἐφήβοις προεῖπε μὴ τὰ ἐκ τῶν νόμων τῶν Λυκούργου μελετᾶν, ἐφήβοις δὲ τοῖς Ἀχαιῶν κατὰ ταὐτὰ ἀσκεῖσθαι. καὶ τοῖς μὲν ὕστερον ἀποδώσειν ἔμελλον Ῥωμαῖοι παιδείαν τὴν ἐπιχώριον·

Proper Nouns:

Λακεδαιμόνιος Λυκούργος Πελοπόννησος Σπάρτη Ἀχαιός Ῥωμαῖος

At that time, as the Lacedaemonians had advanced towards civil strife amongst themselves, he expelled from the Peloponnese the three hundred men most responsible for the sedition and sold off about three thousand of the helots. He destroyed the walls of Sparta and commanded the Spartan youths to cease practicing the customs established by Lycurgus, prescribing instead that they adopt the training methods of the Achaean youths. However, later the Romans were to restore the traditional education to them.

Passage 8.51.4 Class: Historical

Ἀντίοχον δὲ ἀπόγονον Σελεύκου τοῦ ὀνομασθέντος Νικάτορος καὶ Σύρων τὴν σὺν αὐτῷ στρατιὰν Μανίου καὶ Ῥωμαίων ἐν Θερμοπύλαις νικησάντων καὶ Ἀρισταίνου τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς τοῦ Μεγαλοπολίτου παραινοῦντος ἐπαινεῖν τὰ Ῥωμαίοις ἀρέσκοντα ἐπὶ παντὶ μηδὲ ἀνθίστασθαί σφισιν ὑπὲρ μηδενός, ὁ Φιλοποίμην ἀπεῖδεν ἐς τὸν Ἀρίσταινον σὺν ὀργῇ καὶ αὐτὸν τῇ Ἑλλάδι ἔφη τὴν πεπρωμένην ἐπιταχύνειν· Λακεδαιμονίων δὲ τοὺς φεύγοντας Μανίου καταδέξασθαι θέλοντος τῷ μὲν ἀντέπραξεν ἐς τὸ βούλευμα, ἐκείνου δὲ ἀπελθόντος τότε ἤδη κατελθεῖν τοὺς φυγάδας ἐφίησιν ἐς Σπάρτην.

Proper Nouns:

Θερμοπύλαι Λακεδαιμόνιοι Μάνιος Μεγαλοπολίτης Νικάτωρ Σέλευκος Σπάρτη Σύρος Φιλοποίμην Ἀντίοχος Ἀρίσταινος Ἀρίσταινος Ἀχαιοὶ Ἑλλάς Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥωμαῖοι

When Manius and the Romans defeated Antiochus, descendant of Seleucus surnamed Nicator, and the Syrian army with him at Thermopylae, and when Aristaenus of Megalopolis urged the Achaeans to approve whatever pleased the Romans, and never to oppose them on any matter, Philopoemen looked angrily at Aristaenus and declared him to be hastening the fate appointed for Greece. Later, when Manius wished the Spartans to receive back their exiles, Philopoemen opposed his proposal; but after Manius departed, Philopoemen himself permitted the exiles to return to Sparta.

Passage 8.51.5 Class: Historical

ἔμελλε δʼ ἄρα ὑπεροψίας δίκη περιήξειν καὶ Φιλοποίμενα. ὡς γὰρ δὴ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ὄγδοον ἀπεδείχθη τότε ἡγεμών, ἀνδρὶ οὐ τῶν ἀδόξων ὠνείδισεν ἁλῶναι ζῶντα ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων αὐτόν· καὶ---ἦν γὰρ τηνικαῦτα ἐς Μεσσηνίους Ἀχαιοῖς ἔγκλημα---Λυκόρταν σὺν τῇ στρατιᾷ ὁ Φιλοποίμην ἀποστέλλει δῃώσοντα τῶν Μεσσηνίων τὴν χώραν, αὐτὸς δὲ τρίτῃ μάλιστα ὕστερον ἡμέρᾳ, πυρετῷ τε ἐχόμενος πολλῷ καὶ πρόσω βεβιωκὼς ἑβδομήκοντα ἐτῶν, ὅμως ἠπείγετο μετασχεῖν Λυκόρτᾳ τοῦ ἔργου· ἱππέας δὲ καὶ πελταστὰς ἦγεν ὅσον ἑξήκοντα.

Proper Nouns:

Λυκόρτας Λυκόρτας Μεσσήνιοι Μεσσήνιοι Φιλοποίμην Φιλοποίμην Ἀχαιοί Ἀχαιοί

Yet it seemed justice for his arrogance was destined also to overtake Philopoemen. When he was then appointed commander of the Achaeans for the eighth time, he openly reproached a certain distinguished man for having been captured alive by the enemy. And since at that time the Achaeans were at odds with the Messenians, Philopoemen sent Lycortas with an army to ravage the Messenian countryside. Although Philopoemen himself was suffering severely from fever and was already over seventy years old, he nonetheless hurried to join Lycortas in the expedition three days later, accompanied by about sixty horsemen and light infantry.

Passage 8.51.6 Class: Historical

Λυκόρτας μὲν δὴ καὶ ὁ σὺν αὐτῷ στρατὸς ἀνέστρεφον ἤδη τηνικαῦτα ἐς τὴν οἰκείαν, οὔτε ἐργασάμενοι μέγα Μεσσηνίους οὐδὲν οὔτε αὐτοὶ παθόντες· Φιλοποίμενα δὲ---ἐβλήθη γὰρ ἐν τῇ μάχῃ τὴν κεφαλὴν καὶ ἀπέπεσεν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἵππου---ζῶντα ἐς Μεσσήνην ἄγουσιν αὐτόν. συνελθόντων δὲ αὐτίκα ἐς ἐκκλησίαν, διάφοροι παρὰ πολὺ καὶ οὐ πάντων κατὰ ταὐτὰ ἐγίνοντο αἱ γνῶμαι·

Proper Nouns:

Λυκόρτας Μεσσήνη Μεσσήνιος Φιλοποίμην

At this moment, Lycortas and the troops with him had already returned to their homeland, neither having inflicted any great harm upon the Messenians nor suffering any themselves. Philopoemen, however—since he had been struck upon the head during the battle and had fallen from his horse—was led still living into Messene. When the assembly immediately came together, opinions differed widely, and not all were of the same mind regarding him.

Passage 8.51.7 Class: Historical

Δεινοκράτης μὲν καὶ ὅσοι τῶν Μεσσηνίων ἦσαν δυνατοὶ χρήμασι, παρεκελεύοντο ἀποκτεῖναι Φιλοποίμενα· οἱ δὲ τοῦ δήμου περιποιῆσαι τὰ μάλιστα εἶχον σπουδήν, πλέον τι ἢ παντὸς τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ πατέρα ὀνομάζοντες. Δεινοκράτης δὲ καὶ ἀκόντων Μεσσηνίων ἔμελλεν τε ἄρα Φιλοποίμενα ἀναιρήσειν ἐσπέμψας φάρμακον.

Proper Nouns:

Δεινοκράτης Μεσσήνιοι Φιλοποίμην Ἑλληνικόν

Deinokrates and those Messenians who were influential through wealth urged the killing of Philopoemen, but the common people made every effort to save him, calling him a father to them even more than to all the Greeks. However, Deinokrates intended to eliminate Philopoemen, even against the will of the Messenians, by sending him poison.

Passage 8.51.8 Class: Historical

Λυκόρτας δὲ μετʼ οὐ πολὺ ἀθροίσας ἔκ τε Ἀρκαδίας καὶ παρʼ Ἀχαιῶν δύναμιν ἐστράτευσεν ἐπὶ Μεσσήνην· καὶ ὁ δῆμος αὐτίκα ὁ τῶν Μεσσηνίων προσεχώρησε τοῖς Ἀρκάσι, καὶ οἱ Φιλοποίμενι αἰτίαν θανάτου παρασχόντες ἁλόντες πλὴν Δεινοκράτους ὑπέσχον τιμωρίαν οἱ ἄλλοι, Δεινοκράτης δὲ ἀφίησιν αὐτοχειρίᾳ τὴν ψυχήν. κατάγουσι δὲ καὶ ἐς Μεγάλην πόλιν τοῦ Φιλοποίμενος τὰ ὀστᾶ οἱ Ἀρκάδες.

Proper Nouns:

Δεινοκράτης Δεινοκράτης Λυκόρτας Μεγάλη πόλις Μεσσήνη Μεσσήνιοι Φιλοποίμην Φιλοποίμην Ἀρκάδες Ἀρκάδες Ἀρκαδία Ἀχαιοὶ

Not long after, Lycortas gathered a force from Arcadia as well as from among the Achaeans and marched against Messene. Immediately, the people of Messene sided with the Arcadians; and those responsible for bringing about the death of Philopoemen were captured, and with the exception of Deinocrates, the rest suffered punishment. Deinocrates, however, took his own life. Moreover, the Arcadians brought back the bones of Philopoemen to Megalopolis.

Legend:

Chapter 8.51