Greek passages split into sentences with English translation
| Passage | Sentence | Greek | English | Era | Skepticism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10.21.1 | 1 | προελθὼν οὖν ἀπὸ τῆς Ἡρακλείας---ἐπυνθάνετο γὰρ παρὰ αὐτομόλων τοὺς συνειλεγμένους ἐς Πύλας ἀπὸ ἑκάστης πόλεως--- ὑπερεφρόνει τε τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ καὶ ἦρχεν ἐς τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν μάχης ἅμα ἀνίσχοντι τῷ ἡλίῳ. | After advancing from Heracleia—for he had been informed by deserters about the contingents gathered at Thermopylae from each city—he treated the Greek force with contempt and began preparations for battle at sunrise the next day. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 10.21.1 | 2 | οὔτε Ἕλληνα ἔχων μάντιν οὔτε ἱεροῖς ἐπιχωρίοις χρώμενος, εἰ δὴ ἔστι γε μαντεία Κελτική. | He had neither a Greek diviner nor did he conduct rites according to local custom, if indeed a Celtic divination exists at all. | Historical | Skeptical |
| 10.21.1 | 3 | ἐνταῦθα οἱ Ἕλληνες ἐν σιγῇ τε ἐπῄεσαν καὶ ἐν κόσμῳ· | Here the Greeks advanced silently and in good order. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 10.21.1 | 4 | καὶ ὡς ἀφίκοντο ἐς χεῖρας, οὔτε σφίσιν οἱ πεζοὶ τοσοῦτο ἀπὸ τῆς τάξεως ἐξέθεον ὥστε τὴν φάλαγγα ἐπιταράσσειν τὴν οἰκείαν καὶ οἱ ψιλοὶ μένοντες κατὰ χώραν τά τε ἀκόντια ἔπεμπον καὶ ὅσα ἀπὸ τῶν τόξων ἢ σφενδονῶν. | Once they engaged, their infantry did not rush forward from the line far enough to disrupt their own phalanx, and the light-armed troops kept their positions, sending forth javelins and whatever missiles they had from their bows or slings. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 10.21.2 | 1 | τὰ δὲ ἱππικὰ ἀμφοτέροις ἀχρεῖα ἐγένετο ἅτε οὐ στενοῦ μόνον χωρίου τοῦ μετὰ τὰς Πύλας ὄντος ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑπὸ αὐτοφυοῦς πέτρας λείου καὶ διὰ τῶν ῥευμάτων τὸ συνεχὲς τὰ πλείονα καὶ ὀλισθηροῦ. | The cavalry of both sides proved useless, not merely because the terrain beyond the Gates was narrow, but also because it consisted largely of smooth, exposed rock, naturally polished and slippery from the streams that continually flowed across it. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 10.21.2 | 2 | τοῖς δὲ Γαλάταις τὰ μὲν τῆς σκευῆς ἀσθενέστερα ἦν---θυρεοὺς γὰρ τοὺς ἐπιχωρίους εἶχον, καὶ ἄλλο σφίσιν οὐκ ἦν ὅπλον σκέπη σώματος---, πλέον δὲ ἔτι ἐμπειρίᾳ τῇ ἐς τὰ πολεμικὰ ἀπέδεον. | The Galatians, moreover, had inferior protective equipment, carrying only their native shields for defense and having no other armor to shelter their bodies; and even more significantly, they lacked sufficient experience in warfare. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 10.21.3 | 1 | οἱ δὲ ἐν ὀργῇ τε ἐπὶ τοὺς ἐναντίους καὶ θυμῷ μετὰ οὐδενὸς λογισμοῦ καθάπερ τὰ θηρία ἐχώρουν· | They advanced against their enemies with rage and fury, moving forward without any calculation, just like wild beasts. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 10.21.3 | 2 | καὶ οὔτε πελέκεσι διαιρουμένους ἢ ὑπὸ μαχαιρῶν ἡ ἀπόνοια τοὺς ἔτι ἐμπνέοντας ἔτι ἀπέλειπεν, οὔτε ὅσοι βέλεσι καὶ ἀκοντίοις διεπείροντο, ὑφῄρουν τοῦ θυμοῦ, μέχρι οὗ παρέμενεν ἡ ψυχή· | Neither when they were being hacked by axes nor when cut down by swords did their madness leave those who still breathed; nor did their anger diminish, though pierced by arrows and spears, as long as life remained in them. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 10.21.3 | 3 | οἱ δὲ καὶ ἐκ τῶν τραυμάτων τὰ δόρατα οἷς ἐβέβληντο ἀνασπῶντες ἠφίεσάν τε ἐς τοὺς Ἕλληνας καὶ ἐχρῶντο ἐκ χειρός. | Some even pulled out from their wounds the spears by which they had been struck, hurling them back at the Greeks or fighting with them still in their hands. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 10.21.4 | 1 | ἐν τούτῳ δὲ οἱ ἐπὶ τῶν τριήρων Ἀθηναῖοι μόγις μὲν καὶ οὐκ ἄνευ κινδύνου, παραπλεύσαντες δὲ ὅμως διὰ τῆς ἰλύος, ἣ ἐπὶ πλεῖστον ἐπέχει τῆς θαλάσσης, καὶ τὰς ναῦς ὅτι ἐγγύτατα τῶν βαρβάρων σχόντες, βέλεσί τε παντοίοις ἐς τὰ πλάγια καὶ τοξεύμασιν ἐς αὐτοὺς ἐχρῶντο. | Meanwhile, the Athenians upon their triremes, though with difficulty and not without danger, managed nevertheless to sail along through the mud—that extends very far across the sea—and positioned their ships as close as possible to the barbarians, assailing them from the flanks with missiles of every kind, as well as with arrows. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 10.21.4 | 2 | καμνόντων δὲ λόγου μειζόνως τῶν Κελτῶν καὶ ἅτε ἐν στενοχωρίᾳ μικρὰ μὲν δρώντων, διπλάσια δὲ καὶ τετραπλάσια πασχόντων, ἀναχωρεῖν ἐς τὸ στρατόπεδον ἐσήμαινόν σφισιν οἱ ἡγεμόνες. | The Celts suffered grievously, far beyond account, and, constrained in a narrow place, could do but little harm, while receiving twofold and fourfold damage in return. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 10.21.4 | 3 | οἱ δὲ ἀτάκτως καὶ σὺν οὐδενὶ ἀναστρέφοντες κόσμῳ πολλοὶ μὲν συνεπατήθησαν ὑπὸ ἀλλήλων, πολλοὶ δὲ ἐς τὸ τέλμα ἐμπεσόντες ἠφανίσθησαν κατὰ τοῦ πηλοῦ, καὶ ἀπώλεια οὐκ ἐλάσσων ἀναχωροῦσιν αὐτοῖς ἢ ἐν τοῦ ἀγῶνος συνέβη τῇ ἀκμῇ. | Therefore, their leaders signaled them to retreat to the camp; but in their disorderly withdrawal, with total lack of discipline, many were trampled to death by their own comrades, while many others, falling into the swamp, disappeared beneath the mud, so that their losses during the retreat were no fewer than those sustained in the height of the fighting itself. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 10.21.5 | 1 | τοὺς μὲν δὴ Ἕλληνας τὸ Ἀττικὸν ὑπερεβάλετο ἀρετῇ τὴν ἡμέραν ταύτην· | On this day the Athenians surpassed all the other Greeks in valor. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 10.21.5 | 2 | αὐτῶν δὲ Ἀθηναίων Κυδίας μάλιστα ἐγένετο ἀγαθός, νέος τε ἡλικίαν καὶ τότε ἐς ἀγῶνα ἐλθὼν πολέμου πρῶτον. | Among the Athenians themselves, Cydias proved especially brave—a young man in age, then entering his first battle. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 10.21.5 | 3 | ἀποθανόντος δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν Γαλατῶν τὴν ἀσπίδα οἱ προσήκοντες ἀνέθεσαν τῷ Ἐλευθερίῳ Διί, καὶ ἦν τὸ ἐπίγραμμα· | After he was slain by the Gauls, his relatives dedicated his shield to Zeus Eleutherios, bearing the following inscription: | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 10.21.5 | 4 | † ημαρλα δὴ ποθέουσα νέαν ἔτι Κυδίου ἥβην ἀσπὶς ἀριζήλου φωτός, ἄγαλμα Διί, ἇς διὰ δὴ πρώτας λαιὸν τότε πῆχυν ἔτεινεν, εὖτʼ ἐπὶ τὸν Γαλάταν ἤκμασε θοῦρος Ἄρης. | Longing indeed for the youthful bloom of Cydias, the shield of that illustrious man, dedicated to Zeus—on my arm first he strapped me, when fierce Ares flared against the Galatian foe. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 10.21.6 | 1 | τοῦτο μὲν δὴ ἐπεγέγραπτο πρὶν ἢ τοὺς ὁμοῦ Σύλλᾳ καὶ ἄλλα τῶν Ἀθήνῃσι καὶ τὰς ἐν τῇ στοᾷ τοῦ Ἐλευθερίου Διὸς καθελεῖν ἀσπίδας· | This inscription had already been engraved before Sulla's companions removed other shields from Athens—including those in the Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 10.21.6 | 2 | τότε δὲ ἐν ταῖς Θερμοπύλαις οἱ μὲν Ἕλληνες μετὰ τὴν μάχην τούς τε αὑτῶν ἔθαπτον καὶ ἐσκύλευον τοὺς βαρβάρους, οἱ Γαλάται δὲ οὔτε ὑπὲρ ἀναιρέσεως τῶν νεκρῶν ἐπεκηρυκεύοντο ἐποιοῦντό τε ἐπʼ ἴσης γῆς σφᾶς τυχεῖν ἢ θηρία τε αὐτῶν ἐμφορηθῆναι καὶ ὅσον τεθνεῶσι πολέμιόν ἐστιν ὀρνίθων. | At that time, after the battle at Thermopylae, the Greeks were burying their own dead and stripping spoils from the barbarians, but the Gauls neither sent heralds asking for the recovery of their muertos, nor showed any concern about whether their corpses would rest in earth or become food for wild beasts and birds hostile to the fallen. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 10.21.7 | 1 | ὀλιγώρως δὲ αὐτοὺς ἐς τῶν ἀπογινομένων ἔχειν τὰς ταφὰς δύο ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν τὰ ἀναπείθοντα ἦν, πολεμίους τε ἄνδρας ἐκπλῆξαι καὶ ὅτι ἔστι τεθνεώτων οὐ διʼ ἔθους οἶκτος αὐτοῖς. | Two reasons seem to me to have persuaded them to be negligent in burying their dead: first, to strike terror in their enemies, and second, because compassion for those who have died is not usual among them. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 10.21.7 | 2 | ἀπέθανον δὲ παρὰ τὴν μάχην τεσσαράκοντα μὲν τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ, τοὺς δὲ τῶν βαρβάρων οὐχ οἷόν τε ἦν ἀκριβῶς ἐξευρεῖν· πολὺ γὰρ καὶ τὸ ἀφανισθὲν κατὰ τῆς ἰλύος ἐγένετο ἐξ αὐτῶν. | In this battle, forty Greeks fell, but it was impossible to ascertain accurately the number of barbarians killed, since many had disappeared into the mud. | Historical | Skeptical |