Pausanias Analysis

Passage 10.10.1 Class: Non-skeptical

τῷ βάθρῳ δὲ τῷ ὑπὸ τὸν ἵππον τὸν δούρειον δὴ ἐπίγραμμα μέν ἐστιν ἀπὸ δεκάτης τοῦ Μαραθωνίου ἔργου τεθῆναι τὰς εἰκόνας· εἰσὶ δὲ Ἀθηνᾶ τε καὶ Ἀπόλλων καὶ ἀνὴρ τῶν στρατηγησάντων Μιλτιάδης· ἐκ δὲ τῶν ἡρώων καλουμένων Ἐρεχθεύς τε καὶ Κέκροψ καὶ Πανδίων, οὗτοι μὲν δὴ καὶ Λεώς τε καὶ Ἀντίοχος ὁ ἐκ Μήδας Ἡρακλεῖ γενόμενος τῆς Φύλαντος, ἔτι δὲ Αἰγεύς τε καὶ παίδων τῶν Θησέως Ἀκάμας, οὗτοι μὲν καὶ φυλαῖς Ἀθήνῃσιν ὀνόματα κατὰ μάντευμα ἔδοσαν τὸ ἐκ Δελφῶν· ὁ δὲ Μελάνθου Κόδρος καὶ Θησεὺς καὶ Νηλεύς ἐστιν , οὗτοι δὲ οὐκέτι τῶν ἐπωνύμων εἰσί.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγεύς Δελφοί Θησεύς Θησεύς Κέκροψ Κόδρος Λεώς Μήδας Μαραθώνιος Μελάνθους Μιλτιάδης Νηλεύς Πανδίων Φύλαντος Ἀθηνᾶ Ἀθῆναι Ἀκάμας Ἀντίοχος Ἀπόλλων Ἐρεχθεύς Ἡρακλῆς

On the pedestal below the wooden horse there is an inscription stating that the statues were dedicated from a tenth of the spoils of Marathon. These statues represent Athena, Apollo, and Miltiades, one of the generals in command. Among those called heroes depicted there are Erechtheus, Cecrops, Pandion, Leos, Antiochus the son of Heracles by Meda daughter of Phylas, Aegeus, and Acamas, one of the sons of Theseus. These are the heroes who, according to an oracle from Delphi, gave their names to the tribes of Athens. The others depicted—Codrus, son of Melanthus, Theseus, and Neleus—are not among those who gave their names to the tribes.

Passage 10.10.2 Class: Non-skeptical

τοὺς μὲν δὴ κατειλεγμένους Φειδίας ἐποίησε, καὶ ἀληθεῖ λόγῳ δεκάτη καὶ οὗτοι τῆς μάχης εἰσίν· Ἀντίγονον δὲ καὶ τὸν παῖδα Δημήτριον καὶ Πτολεμαῖον τὸν Αἰγύπτιον χρόνῳ ὕστερον ἀπέστειλαν ἐς Δελφούς, τὸν μὲν Αἰγύπτιον καὶ εὐνοίᾳ τινὶ ἐς αὐτόν, τοὺς δὲ Μακεδόνας τῷ ἐς αὐτοὺς δέει.

Proper Nouns:

Δελφοί Δημήτριος Μακεδόνες Πτολεμαῖος ὁ Αἰγύπτιος Φειδίας Ἀντίγονος

The statues just mentioned were made by Pheidias, and these too truly represent one-tenth of the spoils from the battle. As for Antigonus and his son Demetrius, and Ptolemy the Egyptian, they were sent to Delphi at a later time—Ptolemy because of a certain goodwill towards him, but the Macedonians from fear of them.

Passage 10.10.3 Class: Non-skeptical

πλησίον δὲ τοῦ ἵππου καὶ ἄλλα ἀναθήματά ἐστιν Ἀργείων, οἱ ἡγεμόνες τῶν ἐς Θήβας ὁμοῦ Πολυνείκει στρατευσάντων, Ἄδραστός τε ὁ Ταλαοῦ καὶ Τυδεὺς Οἰνέως καὶ οἱ ἀπόγονοι Προίτου καὶ Καπανεὺς Ἱππόνου καὶ Ἐτέοκλος ὁ Ἴφιος, Πολυνείκης τε καὶ ὁ Ἱππομέδων ἀδελφῆς Ἀδράστου παῖς· Ἀμφιαράου δὲ καὶ ἅρμα ἐγγὺς πεποίηται καὶ ἐφεστηκὼς Βάτων ἐπὶ τῷ ἅρματι ἡνίοχός τε τῶν ἵππων καὶ τῷ Ἀμφιαράῳ καὶ ἄλλως προσήκων κατὰ οἰκειότητα· τελευταῖος δὲ Ἀλιθέρσης ἐστὶν αὐτῶν.

Proper Nouns:

Βάτων Θῆβαι Καπανεύς Οἰνεύς Πολυνείκης Πολυνείκης Προῖτος Τάλαος Τυδεύς Ἀλιθέρσης Ἀμφιάραος Ἀργεῖοι Ἄδραστος Ἄδραστος Ἐτέοκλος Ἱππομέδων Ἴφιος Ἵππονος

Near the horse there are also other dedications set up by the Argives, namely the leaders of those who joined Polynices in marching against Thebes: Adrastus son of Talaus, Tydeus son of Oeneus, the descendants of Proetus, Capaneus son of Hipponous, Eteoclus son of Iphis, Polynices himself, and Hippomedon, the son of Adrastus's sister. Nearby there is also represented the chariot of Amphiaraus, and standing upon the chariot is Baton, the charioteer who managed Amphiaraus's horses and who was otherwise closely related to him. Alitherses is depicted as the last of them.

Passage 10.10.4 Class: Skeptical

οὗτοι μὲν δὴ Ὑπατοδώρου καὶ Ἀριστογείτονός εἰσιν ἔργα, καὶ ἐποίησαν σφᾶς, ὡς αὐτοὶ Ἀργεῖοι λέγουσιν, ἀπὸ τῆς νίκης ἥντινα ἐν Οἰνόῃ τῇ Ἀργείᾳ αὐτοί τε καὶ Ἀθηναίων ἐπίκουροι Λακεδαιμονίους ἐνίκησαν. ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν ἔργου καὶ τοὺς Ἐπιγόνους ὑπὸ Ἑλλήνων καλουμένους ἀνέθεσαν οἱ Ἀργεῖοι· κεῖνται γὰρ δὴ εἰκόνες καὶ τούτων, Σθένελος καὶ Ἀλκμαίων, κατὰ ἡλικίαν ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν πρὸ Ἀμφιλόχου τετιμημένος, ἐπὶ δὲ αὐτοῖς Πρόμαχος καὶ Θέρσανδρος καὶ Αἰγιαλεύς τε καὶ Διομήδης· ἐν μέσῳ δὲ Διομήδους καὶ τοῦ Αἰγιαλέως ἐστὶν Εὐρύαλος.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγιαλεύς Αἰγιαλεύς Διομήδης Διομήδης Εὐρύαλος Θέρσανδρος Λακεδαιμόνιοι Οἰνόη Πρόμαχος Σθένελος Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀλκμαίων Ἀμφιλόχος Ἀργεία Ἀργεῖος Ἀριστογείτων Ἐπίγονοι Ἕλληνες Ὑπατοδώρος

These are the works of Hypatodorus and Aristogeiton, and, according to what the Argives themselves say, they made them because of the victory gained at Oenoe in Argive territory, where they themselves along with their Athenian allies defeated the Lacedaemonians. It seems to me that the Argives dedicated also on account of the same victory the statues of those whom the Greeks call the Epigoni. For indeed there are also figures of these men—of Sthenelus, and Alcmaeon, who, judging from his age, appears to have received honors earlier than Amphilochus; and beside these are Promachus and Thersander and Aegialeus and Diomedes; and between Diomedes and Aegialeus stands Euryalus.

Passage 10.10.5 Class: Non-skeptical

ἀπαντικρὺ δὲ αὐτῶν ἀνδριάντες τε εἰσὶν ἄλλοι· τούτους δὲ ἀνέθεσαν οἱ Ἀργεῖοι τοῦ οἰκισμοῦ τοῦ Μεσσηνίων Θηβαίοις καὶ Ἐπαμινώνδᾳ μετασχόντες. ἡρώων δέ εἰσιν αἱ εἰκόνες, Δαναὸς μὲν βασιλέων ἰσχύσας τῶν ἐν Ἄργει μέγιστον, Ὑπερμήστρα δὲ ἅτε καθαρὰ χεῖρας μόνη τῶν ἀδελφῶν· παρὰ δὲ αὐτὴν καὶ ὁ Λυγκεὺς καὶ ἅπαν τὸ ἐφεξῆς αὐτῶν γένος τὸ ἐς Ἡρακλέα τε καὶ ἔτι πρότερον καθῆκον ἐς Περσέα.

Proper Nouns:

Δαναός Θηβαῖος Λυγκεύς Μεσσήνιοι Περσεύς Ἀργεῖος Ἄργος Ἐπαμινώνδας Ἡρακλῆς Ὑπερμήστρα

Directly opposite these there stand other statues. The Argives dedicated these, having participated with the Thebans and Epaminondas in the foundation of the Messenians. The images are of heroes—Danaus, who was mightiest of the kings of Argos, and Hypermestra, who alone of her sisters remained pure in her hands. Beside her stands Lynceus, and after him the entire line of their descendants, extending down to Heracles, and even earlier back to Perseus.

Passage 10.10.6 Class: Non-skeptical

Ταραντίνων δὲ οἱ ἵπποι οἱ χαλκοῖ καὶ αἰχμάλωτοι γυναῖκες ἀπὸ Μεσσαπίων εἰσίν, ὁμόρων τῇ Ταραντίνων βαρβάρων, Ἀγελάδα δὲ ἔργα τοῦ Ἀργείου. Τάραντα δὲ ἀπῴκισαν μὲν Λακεδαιμόνιοι, οἰκιστὴς δὲ ἐγένετο Σπαρτιάτης Φάλανθος. στελλομένῳ δὲ ἐς ἀποικίαν τῷ Φαλάνθῳ λόγιον ἦλθεν ἐκ Δελφῶν· ὑετοῦ αὐτὸν αἰσθόμενον ὑπὸ αἴθρᾳ, τηνικαῦτα καὶ χώραν κτήσεσθαι καὶ πόλιν.

Proper Nouns:

Δελφοί Λακεδαιμόνιοι Μεσσάπιοι Σπαρτιάτης Τάρας Ταραντῖνες Φάλανθος Ἀγελάδας Ἀργεῖος

The bronze horses of the Tarentines and the captive women are from the Messapians, barbarians neighboring upon the territory of Tarentum, and these are works of the Argive Ageladas. Tarentum was settled by colonists from Lacedaemon, and their founder was the Spartan Phalanthus. Now, as Phalanthus was preparing to set forth for this colony, there came an oracle from Delphi, declaring that when he felt rain beneath a clear sky, then would he possess both country and city.

Passage 10.10.7 Class: Non-skeptical

τὸ μὲν δὴ παραυτίκα οὔτε ἰδίᾳ τὸ μάντευμα ἐπισκεψάμενος οὔτε πρὸς τῶν ἐξηγητῶν τινα ἀνακοινώσας κατέσχε ταῖς ναυσὶν ἐς Ἰταλίαν· ὡς δέ οἱ νικῶντι τοὺς βαρβάρους οὐκ ἐγίνετο οὔτε τινὰ ἑλεῖν τῶν πόλεων οὔτε ἐπικρατῆσαι χώρας, ἐς ἀνάμνησιν ἀφικνεῖτο τοῦ χρησμοῦ, καὶ ἀδύνατα ἐνόμιζέν οἱ τὸν θεὸν χρῆσαι· μὴ γὰρ ἄν ποτε ἐν καθαρῷ καὶ αἰθρίῳ τῷ ἀέρι ὑσθῆναι. καὶ αὐτὸν ἡ γυνὴ ἀθύμως ἔχοντα ---ἠκολουθήκει γὰρ οἴκοθεν---τά τε ἄλλα ἐφιλοφρονεῖτο καὶ ἐς τὰ γόνατα ἐσθεμένη τὰ αὑτῆς τοῦ ἀνδρὸς τὴν κεφαλὴν ἐξέλεγε τοὺς φθεῖρας· καί πως ὑπὸ εὐνοίας δακρῦσαι παρίσταται τῇ γυναικὶ ὁρώσῃ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἐς οὐδὲν προχωροῦντα τὰ πράγματα.

Proper Nouns:

Ἰταλία

He neither privately examined the oracle at the time nor shared it with any of the interpreters, but continued with his fleet on to Italy. Later, however, when though victorious against the barbarians he was unable either to capture any of their towns or to subdue their territory, he recalled the oracle and began to think that the god had given him impossible advice, believing himself unlikely ever to be rained upon in clear and fair weather. While he was thus discouraged, his wife—who had accompanied him from home—comforted him in various ways, and placing her husband's head in her lap, she began picking lice from his hair. Then, moved by love and pity, as she looked upon her husband's fortune achieving nothing, she began to weep.

Passage 10.10.8 Class: Non-skeptical

προέχει δὲ ἀφειδέστερον τῶν δακρύων καὶ---ἔβρεχε γὰρ τοῦ Φαλάνθου τὴν κεφαλήν---συνίησί τε τῆς μαντείας---ὄνομα γὰρ δὴ ἦν Αἴθρα τῇ γυναικί---καὶ οὕτω τῇ ἐπιούσῃ νυκτὶ Τάραντα τῶν βαρβάρων εἷλε μεγίστην καὶ εὐδαιμονεστάτην τῶν ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ πόλεων. Τάραντα δὲ τὸν ἥρω Ποσειδῶνός φασι καὶ ἐπιχωρίας νύμφης παῖδα εἶναι, ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ ἥρωος τεθῆναι τὰ ὀνόματα τῇ πόλει τε καὶ τῷ ποταμῷ· καλεῖται γὰρ δὴ Τάρας κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ τῇ πόλει καὶ ὁ ποταμός.

Proper Nouns:

Αἴθρα Ποσειδῶν Τάρας Τάρας Φάλανθος

She shed tears more freely—indeed, her weeping wetted Phalanthus' head; and thus he understood the oracle—for his wife's name was Aethra ("Clear Sky"). And thus, on the following night, he captured Taras from the barbarians, the greatest and most prosperous of the seaside cities. They say Taras, the hero, was the son of Poseidon and a local nymph, and that both the city and the river were named after the hero; for the river, too, is called Taras, sharing the city's name.

Legend:

Chapter 10.10