Pausanias Analysis

Passage 10.18.1 Class: Non-skeptical

τὸν δὲ ἵππον, ὃς ἐφεξῆς τῇ εἰκόνι ἐστὶ τοῦ Σάρδου, Ἀθηναῖος Καλλίας Λυσιμαχίδου πατρὸς ἀναθεῖναί φησιν ἰδίᾳ περιποιησάμενος ἀπὸ τοῦ πρὸς Πέρσας πολέμου χρήματα. Ἀχαιοὶ δὲ ἀνέθεσαν Ἀθηνᾶς ἄγαλμα πόλιν τῶν ἐν Αἰτωλίᾳ παραστησάμενοι πολιορκίᾳ· τῇ πόλει δὲ ἣν εἷλον Φάνα τοὔνομα ἦν. γενέσθαι δὲ χρόνον φασὶν οὐκ ὀλίγον τῇ πολιορκίᾳ· καὶ ὡς ἀδυνάτως εἶχον ἑλεῖν τὴν πόλιν, θεωροὺς ἀποστέλλουσιν ἐς Δελφούς, καὶ αὐτοῖς ἀφίκετο μάντευμα·

Proper Nouns:

Αἰτωλία Δελφοί Καλλίας Λυσιμάχιδης Πέρσαι Σάρδος Φάνα Ἀθηναῖος Ἀθηνᾶ Ἀχαιοί

The horse standing next to the statue of Sardus is said by the Athenian Callias, son of Lysimachides, to have been dedicated privately, purchased from money obtained through the war against the Persians. The Achaeans, for their part, dedicated a statue of Athena after successfully taking a city in Aetolia by siege; the name of the city they captured was Phana. They report that the siege lasted for a rather long time, and since they were unable to capture the city, they sent envoys to consult the oracle at Delphi. The following response was delivered to them:

Passage 10.18.2 Class: Non-skeptical

γῆς Πέλοπος ναέται καὶ Ἀχαιίδος, οἳ ποτὶ Πυθώ ἤλθετε πευσόμενοι ὥς κε πτολίεθρον ἕλητε, ἀλλʼ ἄγε δὴ φράζεσθε λάχος πόσον ἦμαρ ἕκαστον λαῶν πινόντων ῥύεται πόλιν, ἡ δὲ πέπωκεν· οὕτω γάρ κεν ἕλοιτε Φάναν πυργήρεα κώμην.

Proper Nouns:

Πέλοψ Πυθώ Φάνα Ἀχαιίς

Dwellers in the land of Pelops and in Achaea, you who have journeyed to Pytho seeking to learn how you might take the city, now heed carefully: consider what measure of water preserves the city each day when its people drink it; it has already drunk. For only thus shall you take Phana, the town of lofty towers.

Passage 10.18.3 Class: Non-skeptical

οὐ συνιέντες οὖν ὁποῖόν τι ἤθελεν ὁ χρησμὸς λέγειν, οἱ μὲν οἴκαδε ἀποπλεῖν ἐβουλεύοντο διαλύσαντες τὴν πολιορκίαν, οἱ δὲ ἐντὸς τοῦ τείχους οἵ τε ἄλλοι οὐδενὶ λόγῳ σφᾶς ἐνεποιοῦντο καὶ γυνὴ πρόεισιν ἐκ τοῦ τείχους ὕδωρ ἐκ τῆς ὑπὸ τῷ τείχει λαβεῖν πίδακος. ἐπιδραμόντες δὲ ἐκ τοῦ στρατεύματος αἰχμάλωτόν τε τὴν γυναῖκα αἱροῦσι καὶ διδάσκονται παρʼ αὐτῆς οἱ Ἀχαιοὶ ὅτι τὸ ὀλίγον τὸ ἐκ τῆς πίδακος ὕδωρ, ὁπότε ἐφʼ ἑκάστης λάβοιεν τῆς νυκτός, διεμετροῦντο αὐτό, καὶ ἄλλο ἦν τοῖς ἔνδον ἀλέξημα οὐδὲν ἐς δίψαν. οὕτω δὴ συγχέαντες οἱ Ἀχαιοὶ τὴν πηγὴν τὸ πόλισμα αἱροῦσιν.

Proper Nouns:

Ἀχαιοί

Since they did not understand the oracle's intended meaning, some of them resolved to sail back home and abandon the siege. Meanwhile, those within the walls paid no heed to them at all; thus it happened that a woman went out beyond the wall to fetch water from the spring situated below. Soldiers from the attacking army ran forward and captured her, and from this woman the Achaeans learned that every night the defenders carefully measured out the small quantity of water from the spring, their sole protection against thirst. Consequently, the Achaeans destroyed the spring, and so took the town.

Passage 10.18.4 Class: Non-skeptical

Ῥόδιοι δὲ οἱ ἐν Λίνδῳ παρὰ ταύτην τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν τὸ ἄγαλμα ἔστησαν τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος. ἀνέθεσαν δὲ καὶ Ἀβρακιῶται χαλκοῦν ὄνον, νυκτομαχίᾳ Μολοσσοὺς νικήσαντες. λόχον μέν σφισιν ἐν νυκτὶ οἱ Μολοσσοὶ παρεσκεύασαν· ὄνου δέ, ὃς ἐλαυνόμενος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγροῦ τότε ἔτυχεν, ὄνον θήλειαν διώκοντος σὺν ὕβρει τε τῇ ἄλλῃ καὶ τραχύτητι τοῦ φθέγματος, ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ὃς τὸν ὄνον ἤλαυνε βοῶντος ἀσαφῆ τε καὶ ἄκοσμα, οὕτως οἵ τε ἐκ τῆς ἐνέδρας τῶν Μολοσσῶν ἐξανίστανται ταραχθέντες καὶ οἱ Ἀμβρακιῶται φωράσαντες τὰ ἐπὶ σφίσι βεβουλευμένα ἐπιχειροῦσιν ἐν τῇ νυκτί, καὶ ἐκράτησαν μάχῃ τῶν Μολοσσῶν.

Proper Nouns:

Λίνδος Μολοσσός Μολοσσός Ἀθηνᾶ Ἀμβρακιώτης Ἀμβρακιώτης Ἀπόλλων Ῥόδιος

The Rhodians in Lindos set up near this statue of Athena an image of Apollo. The people of Ambrakia also dedicated a bronze ass, commemorating their victory over the Molossians in a night battle. The Molossians had prepared an ambush against them during the night, but at that very moment an ass, driven in from the countryside, happened to pursue a she-ass and, through his insolence and the harshness of his braying, along with the unclear and disorderly shouting of the driver who was pushing the animal along, caused the Molossians in ambush to leap up in confusion. Thus, discovered during their plotting, they were suddenly exposed, and the Ambrakiots, becoming aware of the enemy's plan, attacked them during the night and prevailed over the Molossians in battle.

Passage 10.18.5 Class: Skeptical

Ὀρνεᾶται δὲ οἱ ἐν τῇ Ἀργολίδι πολέμῳ σφᾶς Σικυωνίων πιεζόντων τῷ Ἀπόλλωνι εὔξαντο, εἰ ἀπώσαιντο ἐκ τῆς πατρίδος τῶν Σικυωνίων τὸν στρατόν, πομπήν τε ἐν Δελφοῖς αὐτῷ στελεῖν ὁσημέραι καὶ ἱερεῖα θύσειν οἷα δὴ καὶ ὅσα ἀριθμόν. νικῶσί τε δὴ μάχῃ τοὺς Σικυωνίους, καὶ ὥς σφισιν ἐφʼ ἡμέρας πάσης ἀποδιδοῦσι τὰ κατὰ τὴν εὐχὴν δαπάνη τε ἦν μεγάλη καὶ μείζων ἔτι τοῦ ἀναλώματος ἡ ταλαιπωρία, οὕτω δὴ σόφισμα εὑρίσκουσιν ἀναθεῖναι τῷ θεῷ θυσίαν τε καὶ πομπὴν χαλκᾶ ποιήματα.

Proper Nouns:

Δελφοί Σικυών Σικυών Ἀπόλλων Ἀργολίς Ὀρνεᾶται

The people of Orneae in Argolis, when oppressed by war with the Sicyonians, made a vow to Apollo that, should they drive the enemy army from their country, they would send him daily processions to Delphi and sacrifice victims of certain types and in certain numbers. Indeed, they defeated the Sicyonians in battle; but as they performed their vow every day, the expenditure was great and the burden of fulfilling their promise was even heavier. Thus they devised a cunning plan: they dedicated bronze images to the god representing both the sacrifice and the procession.

Passage 10.18.6 Class: Skeptical

ἔστιν ἐνταῦθα καὶ ἄθλων τῶν Ἡρακλέους τὸ ἐς τὴν ὕδραν, ἀνάθημά τε ὁμοῦ Τισαγόρου καὶ τέχνη, σιδήρου καὶ ἡ ὕδρα καὶ ὁ Ἡρακλῆς. σιδήρου δὲ ἐργασίαν τὴν ἐπὶ ἀγάλμασι χαλεπωτάτην καὶ πόνου συμβέβηκεν εἶναι πλείστου· θαύματος μὲν δὴ καὶ τοῦ Τισαγόρου τὸ ἔργον, ὅστις δὴ ὁ Τισαγόρας, θαύματος δὲ οὐκ ἐλαχίστου καὶ ἐν Περγάμῳ λέοντός τε καὶ ὑὸς ἀγρίου κεφαλαί, σιδήρου καὶ αὗται· Διονύσῳ δὲ ἀναθήματα σφᾶς ἐποιήσαντο.

Proper Nouns:

Διόνυσος Πέργαμος Τισαγόρας Ἡρακλῆς

Here too is represented the labor of Heracles concerning the Hydra, an offering and work wrought by Tisagoras, both the Hydra and Heracles himself being of iron. Among statues, iron workmanship is found to be the most difficult and involves the greatest labor. Indeed, the work of this Tisagoras is marvelous; and not least marvelous are two iron heads, one of a lion and one of a wild boar, at Pergamus. These heads were dedicated as votive offerings to Dionysus.

Passage 10.18.7 Class: Non-skeptical

Φωκέων δὲ οἱ ἔχοντες Ἐλάτειαν---ἀντέσχον γὰρ τῇ Κασσάνδρου πολιορκίᾳ Ὀλυμπιοδώρου σφίσιν ἐξ Ἀθηνῶν ἀμύνοντος---λέοντα τῷ Ἀπόλλωνι χαλκοῦν ἀποπέμπουσιν ἐς Δελφούς. ὁ δὲ Ἀπόλλων ὁ ἐγγυτάτω τοῦ λέοντος Μασσαλιωτῶν ἐστιν ἀπὸ τῆς πρὸς Καρχηδονίους ἀπαρχὴ ναυμαχίας. πεποίηται δὲ ὑπὸ Αἰτωλῶν τρόπαιόν τε καὶ γυναικὸς ἄγαλμα ὡπλισμένης, ἡ Αἰτωλία δῆθεν· ταῦτα ἀνέθεσαν ἐπιθέντες οἱ Αἰτωλοὶ Γαλάταις δίκην ὠμότητος τῆς ἐς Καλλιέας. ἐπίχρυσος δὲ εἰκών, ἀνάθημα Γοργίου τοῦ ἐκ Λεοντίνων, αὐτὸς Γοργίας ἐστίν εἰκών .

Proper Nouns:

Αἰτωλία Αἰτωλοί Γαλάται Γοργίας Γοργίας Δελφοί Κάσσανδρος Καλλίεαι Καρχηδόνιοι Λεοντῖνοι Μασσαλιῶται Φωκεῖς Ἀθῆναι Ἀπόλλων Ἀπόλλων Ἐλάτεια Ὀλυμπιόδωρος

The Phocians who hold Elateia—since they successfully resisted the siege by Cassander, aided by Olympiodorus who came from Athens to their defense—sent a bronze lion to Apollo at Delphi. Near this lion, a dedication by the Massaliots stands closest, offered to Apollo as first fruits after their naval victory against the Carthaginians. The Aetolians set up a trophy and a statue representing an armed woman, considered to depict Aetolia herself, and they dedicated these offerings after exacting vengeance upon the Gauls for their cruelty towards Callium. A gilded statue, the offering of Gorgias of Leontini, presents Gorgias himself in effigy.

Legend:

Chapter 10.18