Pausanias Analysis

Passage 10.19.1 Class: Non-skeptical

παρὰ δὲ τὸν Γοργίαν ἀνάθημά ἐστιν Ἀμφικτυόνων Σκιωναῖος Σκύλλις, ὃς καταδῦναι καὶ ἐς τὰ βαθύτατα θαλάσσης πάσης ἔχει φήμην· ἐδιδάξατο δὲ καὶ Ὕδναν τὴν θυγατέρα δύεσθαι.

Proper Nouns:

Γοργίας Σκιωνεύς Σκύλλις Ἀμφικτύονες Ὕδνα

Next to the statue of Gorgias is a dedication by the Amphictyons depicting Scyllis of Scione, who has the reputation of being able to dive into even the greatest depths of any sea. He also taught his daughter Hydna to dive.

Passage 10.19.2 Class: Non-skeptical

οὗτοι περὶ τὸ ὄρος τὸ Πήλιον ἐπιπεσόντος ναυτικῷ τῷ Ξέρξου βιαίου χειμῶνος προσεξειργάσαντό σφισιν ἀπώλειαν, τάς τε ἀγκύρας καὶ εἰ δή τι ἄλλο ἔρυμα ταῖς τριήρεσιν ἦν ὑφέλκοντες. ἀντὶ τούτου μὲν οἱ Ἀμφικτύονες καὶ αὐτὸν Σκύλλιν καὶ τὴν παῖδα ἀνέθεσαν· ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἀνδριᾶσιν ὁπόσους Νέρων ἔλαβεν ἐκ Δελφῶν, ἐν τούτοις τὸν ἀριθμὸν καὶ τῆς Ὕδνης ἀπεπλήρωσεν ἡ εἰκών. καταδύονται δὲ ἐς θάλασσαν γένους τοῦ θήλεος αἱ καθαρῶς ἔτι παρθένοι.

Proper Nouns:

Δελφοί Νέρων Ξέρξης Πήλιον Σκύλλις Ἀμφικτύονες Ὕδνη

These, during a severe storm that fell upon Xerxes' fleet at Mount Pelion, actively contributed to its destruction, bringing ruin upon them by diving down and cutting loose the anchors and whatever other mooring devices held secure the triremes. In return for these deeds, the Amphictyons dedicated statues of Skyllis himself and his daughter. Among those statues taken from Delphi by Nero was included the image of Hydna as part of that group. It is said that even now pure maidens of the female sex dive into the sea.

Passage 10.19.3 Class: Non-skeptical

τὸ ἀπὸ τούτου δὲ ἔρχομαι διηγησόμενος λόγον Λέσβιον. ἁλιεῦσιν ἐν Μηθύμνῃ τὰ δίκτυα ἀνείλκυσεν ἐκ θαλάσσης πρόσωπον ἐλαίας ξύλου πεποιημένον· τοῦτο ἰδέαν παρείχετο φέρουσαν μὲν τοι ἐς τὸ θεῖον, ξένην δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ θεοῖς Ἑλληνικοῖς οὐ καθεστῶσαν. εἴροντο οὖν οἱ Μηθυμναῖοι τὴν Πυθίαν ὅτου θεῶν ἢ καὶ ἡρώων ἐστὶν ἡ εἰκών· ἡ δὲ αὐτοὺς σέβεσθαι Διόνυσον Φαλλῆνα ἐκέλευσεν. ἐπὶ τούτῳ οἱ Μηθυμναῖοι ξόανον μὲν τὸ ἐκ τῆς θαλάσσης παρὰ σφίσιν ἔχοντες καὶ θυσίαις καὶ εὐχαῖς τιμῶσι, χαλκοῦν δὲ ἀποπέμπουσιν ἐς Δελφούς.

Proper Nouns:

Δελφοί Διόνυσος Φαλλήν Λέσβος Μήθυμνα Μηθυμναῖος Πυθία

After this, I proceed to recount a narrative from Lesbos. In Methymna fishermen drew up in their nets from the sea a face made from olive wood, having an appearance indeed of divine character, yet unfamiliar and not established among the Greek gods. The Methymnaeans accordingly asked the Pythian oracle whose image it was, whether of gods or heroes. She instructed them to honor Dionysus Phallen. Thus, the Methymnaeans retain the wooden image from the sea among themselves, revering it with sacrifices and prayers, but sent a bronze copy to Delphi.

Passage 10.19.4 Class: Non-skeptical

τὰ δὲ ἐν τοῖς ἀετοῖς, ἔστιν Ἄρτεμις καὶ Λητὼ καὶ Ἀπόλλων καὶ Μοῦσαι δύσις τε Ἡλίου καὶ Διόνυσός τε καὶ αἱ γυναῖκες αἱ Θυιάδες. τὰ μὲν δὴ πρῶτα αὐτῶν Ἀθηναῖος Πραξίας μαθητὴς Καλάμιδός ἐστιν ὁ ἐργασάμενος· χρόνου δὲ ὡς ὁ ναὸς ἐποιεῖτο ἐγγινομένου Πραξίαν μὲν ἔμελλεν ἀπάξειν τὸ χρεών, τὰ δὲ ὑπολειπόμενα τοῦ ἐν τοῖς ἀετοῖς κόσμου ἐποίησεν Ἀνδροσθένης , γένος μὲν καὶ οὗτος Ἀθηναῖος, μαθητὴς δὲ Εὐκάδμου. ὅπλα δὲ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐπιστυλίων χρυσᾶ, Ἀθηναῖοι μὲν τὰς ἀσπίδας ἀπὸ τοῦ ἔργου τοῦ Μαραθῶνι ἀνέθεσαν, Αἰτωλοὶ δὲ τά τε ὄπισθεν καὶ τὰ ἐν ἀριστερᾷ Γαλατῶν δὴ ὅπλα· σχῆμα δὲ αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἐγγυτάτω τῶν Περσικῶν γέρρων.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰτωλοί Γαλάται Διόνυσος Εὐκάδμος Θυιάδες Καλάμιδης Λητώ Μαραθών Μοῦσαι Περσικοί Πραξίας Πραξίας Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀθηναῖος Ἀνδροσθένης Ἀπόλλων Ἄρτεμις Ἥλιος

In the pediments are Artemis, Leto, Apollo and the Muses, as well as the setting of the Sun; there is also Dionysus and the women called Thyiads. The first of these sculptures were created by Praxias, an Athenian and follower of Kalamis, but as he was carried off by fate while the temple was still under construction, the remaining decoration of the pediments was completed by Androsthenes, also Athenian by birth and a pupil of Eukadmos. On the architraves are golden shields: the Athenians dedicated theirs from the battle at Marathon; those on the rear and left side are Gallic arms, dedicated by the Aetolians, whose shape closely resembles the Persian wicker shields.

Passage 10.19.5 Class: Non-skeptical

Γαλατῶν δὲ τῆς ἐς τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἐπιστρατείας ἔχει μέν τινα μνήμην καὶ ἡ ἐς τὸ βουλευτήριον ἡμῖν τὸ Ἀττικὸν συγγραφή· προάγειν δὲ ἐς τὸ σαφέστερον τὰ ἐς αὐτοὺς ἠθέλησα ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τῷ ἐς Δελφούς, ὅτι ἔργων τῶν ἐπὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους τὰ μέγιστα Ἕλλησιν ἐνταῦθα ἦν. ὑπερόριον μὲν οἱ Κελτοὶ στρατείαν πρώτην ὑπὸ ἡγεμόνι ἐποιήσαντο Καμβαύλῃ· προελθόντες δὲ ἄχρι τῆς Θρᾴκης τὸ πρόσω τῆς πορείας οὐκ ἀπεθάρσησαν, καταγνόντες αὑτῶν ὅτι ὀλίγοι τε ἦσαν καὶ οὐκ ἀξιόμαχοι κατʼ ἀριθμὸν Ἕλλησιν.

Proper Nouns:

Γᾰλάται Δελφοί Θρᾴκη Καμβαύλης Κελτοί Ἀττική Ἑλλάς Ἕλληνες

Regarding the expedition of the Gauls against Greece, there is some mention even in the Attic record which is kept in our Council-house at Athens, but I have chosen to explain their history more clearly in my narrative concerning Delphi, because at that place occurred the greatest of the deeds done by the Greeks against these barbarians. The Celts undertook their first foreign campaign under the leader named Kambaules; however, after advancing as far as Thrace, they did not dare to proceed further, realizing they were few in number and insufficient as a force capable of matching the Greeks.

Passage 10.19.6 Class: Non-skeptical

ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ δεύτερον ἐπιφέρειν ἐδόκει ὅπλα ἐπὶ τὴν ἄλλων--- ἐνῆγον δὲ μάλιστα οἱ ὁμοῦ Καμβαύλῃ ἐκστρατεύσαντες ἅτε λῃστειῶν τε ἤδη γεγευμένοι καὶ ἁρπαγῆς καὶ κερδῶν ἐς ἔρωτα ἥκοντες---, πολὺς μὲν δὴ πεζός, οὐκ ἐλάχιστοι δὲ ἠθροίσθησαν καὶ ἐς τὸ ἱππικόν· ἐς μοίρας οὖν τρεῖς ἔνεμον οἱ ἡγεμόνες τὸν στρατόν, καὶ ἄλλος ἐξ αὐτῶν ἐπὶ ἄλλην ἐτέτακτο ἰέναι χώραν.

Proper Nouns:

Καμβαύλης

But when he seemed to intend for a second time to launch arms against the country of others—chiefly urged on by those who had campaigned together with Cambaules, men who had already tasted of piracy and plunder and had come to cherish the love of gain—a great number of infantry was assembled, along with no small contingent of cavalry. Accordingly, the leaders divided the army into three divisions, each commander appointed to march against a different territory.

Passage 10.19.7 Class: Non-skeptical

ἐπὶ μὲν οὖν Θρᾷκας καὶ τὸ ἔθνος τὸ Τριβαλλῶν ἔμελλε Κερέθριος ἡγήσεσθαι· τοῖς δὲ ἐς Παιονίαν ἰοῦσι Βρέννος ἦσαν καὶ Ἀκιχώριος ἄρχοντες· Βόλγιος δὲ ἐπὶ Μακεδόνας τε καὶ Ἰλλυριοὺς ἤλασε, καὶ ἐς ἀγῶνα πρὸς Πτολεμαῖον κατέστη τότε ἔχοντα τὴν Μακεδόνων βασιλείαν. Πτολεμαῖος δὲ ἦν οὗτος ὃς Σέλευκόν τε ἐδολοφόνησε τὸν Ἀντιόχου, καταπεφευγὼς ὅμως ἱκέτης ὡς αὐτόν, καὶ εἶχεν ἐπίκλησιν Κεραυνὸς διὰ τὸ ἄγαν τολμηρόν. καὶ ὁ μὲν αὐτός τε ὁ Πτολεμαῖος ἀπέθανεν ἐν τῇ μάχῃ καὶ τῶν Μακεδόνων ἐγένετο οὐκ ἐλαχίστη φθορά· προελθεῖν δὲ ὡς ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα οὐδὲ τότε ἐθάρσησαν οἱ Κελτοί, καὶ ὁ δεύτερος οὕτω στόλος ἐπανῆλθεν ἐς τὴν οἰκείαν.

Proper Nouns:

Βρέννος Βόλγιος Θρᾷξ Κελτοί Κερέθριος Κεραυνός Μακεδόνες Μακεδόνες Παιονία Πτολεμαῖος Σέλευκος Τριβαλλοί Ἀκιχώριος Ἀντίοχος Ἑλλάς Ἰλλυριοί

Now Cerethrius intended to lead an invasion against the Thracians and the tribe of the Triballi; the forces marching towards Paeonia were led by commanders Brennus and Acichorius; and Bolgius attacked the Macedonians and the Illyrians, engaging in battle with Ptolemy, who at that time held the kingship of Macedon. This was the same Ptolemy who had assassinated Seleucus, the son of Antiochus, despite Seleucus having fled to him as a suppliant; this Ptolemy bore the surname Ceraunus ("Thunderbolt") because of his excessive boldness. Now Ptolemy himself died in the combat, and the Macedonians suffered no small disaster. Nevertheless, the Celts did not yet dare to advance upon Greece even at that time, and thus this second expedition returned home.

Passage 10.19.8 Class: Non-skeptical

ἔνθα δὴ ὁ Βρέννος πολὺς μὲν ἐν συλλόγοις τοῖς κοινοῖς, πολὺς δὲ καθʼ ἕκαστον ἦν τῶν ἐν τέλει Γαλατῶν ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἐπαίρων στρατεύεσθαι, ἀσθένειάν τε Ἑλλήνων τὴν ἐν τῷ παρόντι διηγούμενος καὶ ὡς χρήματα πολλὰ μὲν ἐν τῷ κοινῷ, πλείονα δὲ ἐν ἱεροῖς τά τε ἀναθήματα καὶ ἄργυρος καὶ χρυσός ἐστιν ἐπίσημος· ἀνέπεισέ τε δὴ τοὺς Γαλάτας ἐλαύνειν ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα, καὶ αὑτῷ συνάρχοντας ἄλλους τε προσείλετο τῶν ἐν τέλει καὶ τὸν Ἀκιχώριον.

Proper Nouns:

Βρέννος Γαλάται Γαλάται Ἀκιχώριος Ἑλλάς

Then indeed Brennus, both in the general assemblies and in private conversations with each of the Galatian chiefs, strongly urged a military expedition against Greece. He depicted the present weakness of the Greeks, and described the immense wealth belonging both to the community and even more stored up in sanctuaries, consisting of notable dedications as well as silver and gold. Thus he persuaded the Gauls to march upon Greece, and he selected as his co-commanders various other chiefs, among whom was Akichorius.

Passage 10.19.9 Class: Skeptical

ὁ δὲ ἀθροισθεὶς στρατὸς πεζοὶ μὲν μυριάδες ἐγένοντο πεντεκαίδεκα προσόντων σφίσι δισχιλίων, οἱ δὲ ἱππεύοντες τετρακόσιοι καὶ δισμύριοι. τοσοῦτοι μὲν ἦσαν τῶν ἱππέων τὸ ἀεὶ ἐνεργόν, ἀριθμὸς δὲ αὐτῶν ὁ ἀληθὴς διακόσιοί τε καὶ χίλιοι καὶ ἓξ μυριάδες· δύο γὰρ οἰκέται περὶ ἕκαστον τῶν ἱππευόντων ἦσαν, ἀγαθοὶ καὶ αὐτοὶ τὰ ἱππικὰ καὶ ἵππους ὁμοίως ἔχοντες.

The army, when assembled, consisted of fifteen myriads of infantry, with an additional two thousand men, and twenty thousand four hundred cavalry. Such was the number of horsemen always actively engaged; but their true total amounted to sixty-one thousand two hundred. For each cavalryman had two attendants, themselves skilled horsemen and likewise provided with horses.

Passage 10.19.10 Class: Non-skeptical

Γαλατῶν δὲ τοῖς ἱππεύουσιν ἀγῶνος συνεστηκότος ὑπομένοντες τῆς τάξεως ὄπισθεν οἱ οἰκέται τοσάδε σφίσιν ἐγίνοντο χρήσιμοι· τῷ γὰρ ἱππεῖ συμβὰν ἢ τῷ ἵππῳ πεσεῖν, τὸν μὲν ἵππον παρεῖχεν ἀναβῆναι τῷ ἀνδρί, τελευτήσαντος δὲ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ὁ δοῦλος ἀντὶ τοῦ δεσπότου τὸν ἵππον ἀνέβαινεν· εἰ δὲ ἀμφοτέρους ἐπιλάβοι τὸ χρεών, ἐνταῦθα ἕτοιμος ἦν ἱππεύς. λαμβανόντων δὲ τραύματα αὐτῶν, ὁ μὲν ὑπεξῆγε τῶν δούλων ἐς τὸ στρατόπεδον τὸν τραυματίαν, ὁ δὲ καθίστατο ἐς τὴν τάξιν ἀντὶ τοῦ ἀπελθόντος.

Proper Nouns:

Γάλτης

When the cavalry battle had been engaged by the Galatians, their servants, standing behind their ranks, rendered the following useful services to them: if a horseman or his horse fell, the servant provided his horse for the fallen rider to remount; if the man had been killed, the slave himself mounted the horse in place of his master. If fate overtook both, another horseman was ready to join the conflict. If they received wounds, one of the servants carried the wounded back to the camp, while another immediately took his place in the line of battle.

Passage 10.19.11 Class: Skeptical

ταῦτα ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν ἐνομίσθη τοῖς Γαλάταις ἐς μίμησιν τοῦ ἐν Πέρσαις ἀριθμοῦ τῶν μυρίων, οἳ ἐκαλοῦντο Ἀθάνατοι. διάφορα δὲ ἦν, ὅτι κατελέγοντο ἀντὶ τῶν ἀποθνησκόντων ὑπὸ μὲν Περσῶν τῆς μάχης ὕστερον, Γαλάταις δὲ ὑπʼ αὐτὴν τοῦ ἔργου τὴν ἀκμὴν ὁ ἀριθμὸς ἀπεπληροῦτο τῶν ἱππέων. τοῦτο ὠνόμαζον τὸ σύνταγμα τριμαρκισίαν τῇ ἐπιχωρίῳ φωνῇ· καὶ ἵππῳ τὸ ὄνομα ἴστω τις μάρκαν ὂν τὰ ὑπὸ τῶν Κελτῶν.

Proper Nouns:

Γαλάται Κελτοί Πέρσαι Πέρσαι Ἀθάνατοι

It seems to me the Gauls established these practices in imitation of the Persian contingent of the Ten Thousand, who were called the Immortals. There was, however, a difference: among the Persians, vacancies caused by casualties in battle were filled afterwards, while among the Gauls the troop of cavalry was restored to its full number immediately, in the very heat of combat. They called this unit "Trimarkisia" in their native tongue; and one should understand that a horse is called "marka" among the Celts.

Passage 10.19.12 Class: Non-skeptical

παρασκευῇ μὲν τοσαύτῃ καὶ μετὰ διανοίας τοιαύτης ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ὁ Βρέννος ἤλαυνε· τοῖς δέ γε Ἕλλησι κατεπεπτώκει μὲν ἐς ἅπαν τὰ φρονήματα, τὸ δὲ ἰσχυρὸν τοῦ δείματος προῆγεν ἐς ἀνάγκην τῇ Ἑλλάδι ἀμύνειν. ἑώρων δὲ τὸν ἐν τῷ παρόντι ἀγῶνα οὐχ ὑπὲρ ἐλευθερίας γενησόμενον, καθὰ ἐπὶ τοῦ Μήδου ποτέ, οὐδὲ δοῦσιν ὕδωρ καὶ γῆν τὰ ἀπὸ τούτου σφίσιν ἄδειαν φέροντα· ἀλλὰ τά τε ἐς Μακεδόνας καὶ Θρᾷκας καὶ Παίονας τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς προτέρας καταδρομῆς τῶν Γαλατῶν ἔτι σφίσιν ἔκειτο ἐν μνήμῃ, καὶ τὰ ἐν τῷ παρόντι τὰ ἐς Θεσσαλοὺς παρανομήματα ἀπηγγέλλετο. ὡς οὖν ἀπολωλέναι δέον ἢ δʼ οὖν ἐπικρατεστέρους εἶναι, κατʼ ἄνδρα τε ἰδίᾳ καὶ αἱ πόλεις διέκειντο ἐν κοινῷ.

Proper Nouns:

Βρέννος Γαλάται Θεσσαλοί Θρᾷκες Μακεδόνες Μῆδος Παῖονες Ἑλλάς Ἕλληνες

With such preparations and in such a frame of mind, Brennus advanced against Greece. As for the Greeks, their spirits were altogether disheartened, but the extremity of their fear compelled them by necessity to defend Greece. They understood that the impending struggle would no longer be for freedom, as it had been formerly against the Persian, nor could offering earth and water now bring about their safety as before. Instead, memories remained vivid within them of the former Gallic incursions against the Macedonians, Thracians, and Paeonians, and now fresh news reached them about current outrages committed upon the Thessalians. Thus, perceiving clearly that they must either perish or prevail by force, each man individually, and all their cities together, resolved firmly to make a common stand.

Legend:

Chapter 10.19