Pausanias Analysis

Passage 10.20.1 Class: Non-skeptical

πάρεστι δέ, ὅστις ἐθέλοι καὶ ἀνταριθμῆσαι τούς τε ἐπὶ βασιλέα Ξέρξην ἐς Πύλας καὶ τοὺς τότε ἐναντία Γαλατῶν ἀθροισθέντας. ἐπὶ μέν γε τὸν Μῆδον ἀφίκοντο τοσοίδε Ἑλλήνων· Λακεδαιμόνιοι οἱ μετὰ Λεωνίδου τριακοσίων οὐ πλείονες, Τεγεᾶται πεντακόσιοι καὶ ἐκ Μαντινείας ἴσοι, παρὰ δὲ Ὀρχομενίων Ἀρκάδων εἴκοσί τε καὶ ἑκατόν, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων χίλιοι τῶν ἐν Ἀρκαδίᾳ πόλεων, ὀγδοήκοντα δὲ ἐκ Μυκηνῶν καὶ ἐκ Φλιοῦντος διακόσιοι, διπλάσιοι δὲ τούτων Κορίνθιοι· παρεγένοντο δὲ καὶ Βοιωτῶν ἑπτακόσιοι ἐκ δὲ Θεσπείας καὶ ἐκ Θηβῶν τετρακόσιοι. χίλιοι δὲ Φωκέων ἐφύλασσον μὲν τὴν ἀτραπὸν ἐν τῇ Οἴτῃ, προσέστω δὲ τῷ παντὶ Ἑλληνικῷ καὶ ὁ ἀριθμὸς ὁ τούτων.

Proper Nouns:

Βοιωτοί Γαλάται Θεσπιαι Θῆβαι Κορίνθιοι Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λεωνίδης Μαντινεία Μυκῆναι Μῆδος Ξέρξης Οἴτη Πύλαι Τεγεᾶται Φλιοῦς Φωκεῦς Ἀρκάδες Ἀρκαδία Ἑλληνικόν Ἕλληνες Ὀρχομενός

Anyone who wishes may compare the numbers of those assembled against King Xerxes at Thermopylae with those later gathered to oppose the Gauls. The Greeks came against the Persian in these numbers: no more than three hundred Spartans under Leonidas; five hundred men from Tegea, and an equal number from Mantineia; from Orchomenus in Arcadia one hundred and twenty; and from the other cities of Arcadia a thousand. From Mycenae there were eighty; from Phlius two hundred; the Corinthians supplied twice that number. Seven hundred Boeotians were present, and from Thespiae and Thebes four hundred. A thousand Phocians guarded the path through Mt. Oeta, and their number too must be added to the entire Greek force.

Passage 10.20.2 Class: Skeptical

Λοκροὺς δὲ τοὺς ὑπὸ τῷ ὄρει τῇ Κνήμιδι Ἡρόδοτος μὲν οὐχ ὑπήγαγεν ἐς ἀριθμόν, ἀλλʼ ἀφικέσθαι σφᾶς ἀπὸ πασῶν ἔφη τῶν πόλεων· τεκμήρασθαι δὲ ἀριθμὸν καὶ τούτων ἔστιν ἐγγύτατα τοῦ ἀληθοῦς· ἐς Μαραθῶνα γὰρ Ἀθηναῖοι σὺν ἡλικίᾳ τε τῇ ἀχρείῳ καὶ δούλοις ἐνακισχιλίων ἀφίκοντο οὐ πλείους, τὸ οὖν μάχιμον Λοκρῶν τὸ ἐς Θερμοπύλας ἐλθὸν οὐκ ἂν ὑπέρ γε ἑξακισχιλίους ἀριθμοίη τις. οὕτω γένοιτο ἂν ὁ σύμπας στρατὸς διακόσιοι καὶ χίλιοι καὶ μύριοι. φαίνονται δὲ οὐδὲ οὗτοι τὸν χρόνον πάντα ἐπὶ τῇ φρουρᾷ τῶν Πυλῶν καταμείναντες· πλὴν γὰρ Λακεδαιμονίων τε αὐτῶν καὶ Θεσπιέων καὶ Μυκηναίων προαπέλιπον τὸ πέρας τῆς μάχης οἱ λοιποί.

Proper Nouns:

Θερμοπύλαι Θεσπιεῖς Κνήμις Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λοκροί Λοκροί Μαραθών Μυκηναῖοι Πύλαι Ἀθηναῖοι Ἡρόδοτος

As for the Locrians who live beneath Mount Cnemis, Herodotus did not include them in his reckoning of numbers, but rather says merely that they came from all their cities. Yet an estimate of their number can be made that is very near to the truth. For the Athenians who marched to Marathon—including even the old men and slaves—did not exceed nine thousand. One could therefore suppose that the fighting force of Locrians who arrived at Thermopylae was not more than six thousand. Thus, the total army could amount to eleven thousand two hundred altogether. Yet it appears that even they did not remain guarding the pass continuously; rather, apart from the Lacedaemonians themselves and the Thespians and the Mycenaeans, the remainder had departed before the battle reached its conclusion.

Passage 10.20.3 Class: Non-skeptical

ἐπὶ δὲ τοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ Ὠκεανοῦ βαρβάρους τοσοίδε ἐς Θερμοπύλας ἀφίκοντο Ἕλληνες· ὁπλῖται μύριοι καὶ ἵππος πεντακοσία παρὰ Βοιωτῶν· ἐβοιωτάρχουν δὲ Κηφισόδοτος καὶ Θεαρίδας καὶ Διογένης καὶ Λύσανδρος. ἐκ δὲ Φωκέων ἱππεῖς πεντακόσιοι καὶ ἐς τρισχιλίους ὁ ἀριθμὸς τῶν πεζῶν· στρατηγοὶ δὲ Φωκέων Κριτόβουλός τε ἦν καὶ Ἀντίοχος.

Proper Nouns:

Βοιωτοί Διογένης Θεαρίδας Θερμοπύλαι Κηφισόδοτος Κριτόβουλος Λύσανδρος Φωκεῖς Ἀντίοχος Ἕλληνες Ὠκεανός

The following number of Greeks arrived at Thermopylae to oppose the barbarians from the Ocean: ten thousand heavy infantry and five hundred cavalry from the Boeotians. The Boeotarchs in command were Cephisodotus, Thearidas, Diogenes, and Lysander. From the Phocians came five hundred cavalrymen and infantry numbering nearly three thousand. The generals of the Phocians were Critobulus and Antiochus.

Passage 10.20.4 Class: Non-skeptical

Λοκροὺς δὲ τοὺς ἐπὶ Ἀταλάντῃ τῇ νήσῳ Μειδίας ἦγεν· ἀριθμὸς δὲ αὐτῶν ἑπτακόσιοι, καὶ ἱππικόν σφισιν οὐ προσῆν. παρὰ δὲ Μεγαρέων ἀφίκοντο ὁπλῖται τετρακόσιοι· τούτων ἦγε τὸ †ἱππικὸν Μεγαρεύς. Αἰτωλῶν δὲ πλείστη τε ἐγένετο στρατιὰ καὶ ἐς πᾶσαν μάχης ἰδέαν, ἡ μὲν ἵππος οὐ λέγουσιν ὁπόση, ψιλοὶ δὲ ἐνενήκοντα καὶ ἑπτακόσιοι, πλέονες δὲ ἑπτακισχιλίων ἀριθμὸν ἦσαν οἱ ὁπλιτεύοντες· Αἰτωλοὺς δὲ ἦγον Πολύαρχος καὶ Πολύφρων τε καὶ Λακράτης.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰτωλοί Λακράτης Λοκροί Μεγαρές Μεγαρεύς Μειδίας Πολύαρχος Πολύφρων Ἀταλάντη

The Locrians living by the island of Atalante were led by Meidias; they numbered seven hundred, and had no cavalry. From the Megarians came four hundred hoplites; their cavalry was commanded by Megareus. Of the Aetolians there was a very large force indeed, well-equipped for warfare of every kind; the cavalry, they say, was uncounted, the light-infantry numbered seven hundred and ninety, while those equipped as hoplites exceeded seven thousand in number. The Aetolians were under the command of Polyarchus, Polyphron, and Lacrates.

Passage 10.20.5 Class: Non-skeptical

Ἀθηναίων δὲ στρατηγὸς μὲν Κάλλιππος ἦν ὁ Μοιροκλέους, καθὰ ἐδήλωσα καὶ ἐν τοῖς προτέροις τοῦ λόγου, δύναμις δὲ τριήρεις τε αἱ πλώιμοι πᾶσαι, πεντακόσιοι δὲ ἐς τὸ ἱππικόν, χίλιοι δὲ ἐτάσσοντο ἐν τοῖς πεζοῖς· καὶ ἡγεμονίαν οὗτοι κατʼ ἀξίωμα εἶχον τὸ ἀρχαῖον. βασιλέων δὲ ξενικὰ πεντακόσιοί τε ἐκ Μακεδονίας καὶ ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίας ἴσοι σφίσιν ἀφίκοντο ἀριθμόν· ἄρχοντες δὲ τῶν μὲν παρʼ Ἀντιγόνου πεμφθέντων Ἀριστόδημος ἦν Μακεδών, τῶν δὲ παρὰ Ἀντιόχου τε καὶ ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίας Τελέσαρχος τῶν ἐπὶ Ὀρόντῃ Σύρων.

Proper Nouns:

Κάλλιππος Μακεδονία Μακεδών Μοιροκλῆς Σῦροι Τελέσαρχος Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀντίγονος Ἀντίοχος Ἀριστόδημος Ἀσία Ὀρόντης

The Athenians had as their general Callippos, son of Moirokles, as I have also mentioned previously in this account. Their force consisted of all available warships, five hundred cavalry, and a thousand men arranged in the infantry; the leadership belonged to these by ancient precedent due to their prestige. Among the king's troops five hundred mercenaries came from Macedonia, and an equal number joined them from Asia. Aristodemos, a Macedonian, commanded the contingent sent by Antigonos, while Telesarchos, one of the Syrians who dwell along the Orontes, led those sent by Antiochos from Asia.

Passage 10.20.6 Class: Non-skeptical

τοῖς δὲ ἐς Θερμοπύλας ἀθροισθεῖσιν Ἑλλήνων, ὡς ἐπύθοντο περί τε Μαγνησίαν καὶ γῆν τὴν Φθιῶτιν ὄντα ἤδη τῶν Γαλατῶν τὸν στρατόν, ἔδοξεν ἤδη ψιλούς τε ἐς χιλίους καὶ ἐς τὴν ἵππον ἀπολέξαντας ἀποστεῖλαι σφᾶς ἐπὶ τὸν Σπερχειόν, ἵνα μηδὲ τὸν ποταμὸν διαβῆναι τοῖς βαρβάροις ἄνευ ἀγῶνός τε καὶ κινδύνων ἐγγένηται. οἱ δὲ ἐλθόντες τὰς γεφύρας τε καταλύουσι καὶ αὐτοὶ παρὰ τὴν ὄχθην ἐστρατοπεδεύσαντο. ἦν δὲ οὐδὲ ὁ Βρέννος οὔτε πάντα ἀσύνετος οὔτε ἀπείρως εἶχεν ὡς ἄν τις βάρβαρος σοφίσματα ἐς πολεμίους ἐξευρεῖν.

Proper Nouns:

Βρέννος Γαλάται Θερμοπύλαι Μαγνησία Σπερχειός Φθιῶτις Ἕλληνες

When the Greeks who had gathered at Thermopylae learned that the Galatian army was already in Magnesia and Phthiotis, they resolved to select about a thousand light-armed troops and a detachment of cavalry to send them to the River Spercheios, so that the barbarians would not cross the river without fighting and encountering danger. Upon arriving, they destroyed the bridges and made their camp along the riverbank. As for Brennus, he was neither entirely foolish nor inexperienced, for a barbarian, in discovering wiles against his enemies.

Passage 10.20.7 Class: Non-skeptical

εὐθὺς οὖν τῇ ἐπιούσῃ νυκτί, οὐ καθότι ἦν τὰ ἀρχαῖα τῷ ποταμῷ ζεύγματα ἀλλὰ ἐς τὸ κάτω, ὡς μή τις τοῖς Ἕλλησι διαβαινόντων γένοιτο αἴσθησις, καὶ ᾗ μάλιστα ὁ Σπερχειὸς διεχεῖτο ἐς πλέον τοῦ πεδίου καὶ ἕλος τε ἐποίει καὶ λίμνην ἀντὶ βιαίου καὶ στενοῦ ῥεύματος, κατὰ τοῦτο ὁ Βρέννος ὅσον μυρίους τῶν Γαλατῶν ἀπέστειλεν, ὁπόσοι τε νεῖν ἠπίσταντο ἐξ αὐτῶν καὶ ὅστις τῷ μήκει τοῦ σώματος ἐτύγχανεν ὢν ὑπὲρ τοὺς πολλούς· εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ ἄλλως οἱ Κελτοὶ μακρῷ πάντας ὑπερηρκότες μήκει τοὺς ἀνθρώπους.

Proper Nouns:

Βρέννος Γαλάται Κελτοί Σπερχειός Ἕλληνες

On the very next night, therefore, Brennus sent about ten thousand Gauls downstream, not by the bridges formerly used over the river, but further down the stream, so that the Greeks might not perceive them crossing. He chose the place where the Spercheius, spreading out over much of the plain, created marshland and a lake instead of flowing with a strong and narrow current. These Gauls included both those among them who knew how to swim and those who happened to exceed most others in bodily height. Indeed, even otherwise the Celts surpass all other men by far in stature.

Passage 10.20.8 Class: Non-skeptical

οὗτοι οὖν διαβαίνουσιν ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ διανηχόμενοι ὧδε τὸ λιμνῶδες τοῦ ποταμοῦ· καὶ τὰ ὅπλα, τοὺς ἐπιχωρίους θυρεούς, ἐποιεῖτο ἕκαστος ἀντὶ σχεδίας, οἱ δὲ αὐτῶν μήκιστοι διελθεῖν ἐμβαδὸν τὸ ὕδωρ ἐδυνήθησαν. οἱ δὲ Ἕλληνες οἱ ἐπὶ τῷ Σπερχειῷ ---πυνθάνονται γὰρ ὅτι κατὰ τὸ ἕλος διέβη μοῖρα τῶν βαρβάρων---αὐτίκα ἐς τὸ στράτευμα ἀναχωροῦσι, Βρέννος δὲ τοῖς περὶ τὸν Μαλιακὸν κόλπον οἰκοῦσι ζευγνύναι τὸν Σπερχειὸν ἐπέτασσεν· οἱ δὲ ἤνυον τὸ ἔργον σπουδῇ, τῷ τε ἐκείνου δέει καὶ ἀπελθεῖν ἐκ τῆς χώρας σφίσιν ἐπιθυμοῦντες τοὺς βαρβάρους μηδὲ ἐπὶ πλέον κακουργεῖν μένοντας.

Proper Nouns:

Βρέννος Μαλιακὸς κόλπος Σπερχειός Ἕλληνες

Thus, they crossed during the night, swimming through the marshy area of the river in the following manner: each man used his shield, a native shield, as a raft; the tallest among them were able to proceed by wading through the water. When the Greeks stationed at the Spercheios learned that a division of the barbarians had passed through the marsh, they immediately retreated to their main force. Meanwhile Brennus ordered the inhabitants around the Malian Gulf to bridge the Spercheios River. They completed the work swiftly, driven both by their fear of him and by their desire for the barbarians to depart from their land, lest they remain and commit further atrocities.

Passage 10.20.9 Class: Non-skeptical

ὁ δὲ ὡς κατὰ τὰς γεφύρας διεβίβασε τὴν στρατιάν, ἐχώρει πρὸς τὴν Ἡράκλειαν· καὶ διήρπασαν μὲν τὰ ἐκ τῆς χώρας οἱ Γαλάται καὶ ἀνθρώπους τοὺς ἐπὶ τῶν ἀγρῶν ἐγκαταληφθέντας ἐφόνευσαν, τὴν πόλιν δὲ οὐχ εἷλον. ἔτει γὰρ πρότερον τούτων οἱ Αἰτωλοὶ συντελεῖν τοὺς Ἡρακλεώτας ἠνάγκασαν ἐς τὸ Αἰτωλικόν· τότε οὖν ἠμύνοντο ὡς περὶ πόλεως οὐδέν τι Ἡρακλεώταις μᾶλλον ἢ καὶ αὑτοῖς προσηκούσης. ἦν δὲ καὶ τῷ Βρέννῳ τὰ μὲν Ἡρακλεωτῶν ἐλάσσονος φροντίδος, ἀγώνισμα δὲ ἐποιεῖτο ἐξελάσαι τε ἐκ τῶν στενῶν τοὺς ἀντικαθημένους καὶ παρελθεῖν ἐς τὴν ἐντὸς Θερμοπυλῶν Ἑλλάδα.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰτωλικόν Αἰτωλοί Βρέννος Γαλάται Θερμοπύλαι Ἑλλάς Ἡράκλεια Ἡρακλεώτης Ἡρακλεώτης Ἡρακλεώτης

After he had led the army across by way of the bridges, he advanced toward Heracleia; the Gauls despoiled the countryside and slew the people left behind in the fields, but they did not take the city. A year before these events, the Aetolians had compelled the citizens of Heracleia to join the Aetolian League; thus now they defended Heracleia as though the city belonged not so much to the Heracleians as to themselves. Brennus, however, gave little thought to the affairs of Heracleia, but was eager above all to drive out those who guarded the pass and press forward into Greece beyond Thermopylae.

Legend:

Chapter 10.20