Pausanias Analysis

Passage 10.8.1 Class: Skeptical

καταστήσασθαι δὲ συνέδριον ἐνταῦθα Ἑλλήνων οἱ μὲν Ἀμφικτύονα τὸν Δευκαλίωνος νομίζουσι καὶ ἀπὸ τούτου τοῖς συνελθοῦσιν ἐπίκλησιν Ἀμφικτύονας γενέσθαι, Ἀνδροτίων δὲ ἐν τῇ Ἀτθίδι ἔφη συγγραφῇ ὡς τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἀφίκοντο ἐς Δελφοὺς παρὰ τῶν προσοικούντων συνεδρεύοντες, καὶ ὀνομασθῆναι μὲν Ἀμφικτίονας τοὺς συνελθόντας, ἐκνικῆσαι δὲ ἀνὰ χρόνον τὸ νῦν σφισιν ὄνομα.

Proper Nouns:

Δελφοί Δευκαλίων Ἀμφικτύων Ἀνδροτίων Ἀτθίς Ἕλληνες

Concerning the establishment of the assembly of Greeks here, some believe that Amphictyon, the son of Deucalion, instituted it, and from him those who assembled took the name Amphictyons. Androtion, however, in his work on Athenian history, stated that from the very beginning delegates came together at Delphi from the neighboring peoples, and though those who gathered were first called Amphictions, in the course of time their present name came to prevail.

Passage 10.8.2 Class: Non-skeptical

ὑπὸ μὲν δὴ Ἀμφικτύονος αὐτοῦ φασιν ἐς συνέδριον κοινὸν τοσάδε γένη τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ συναχθῆναι, Ἴωνας Δόλοπας Θεσσαλοὺς Αἰνιᾶνας Μάγνητας Μαλιέας Φθιώτας Δωριεῖς Φωκέας Λοκροὺς τῇ Φωκίδι ὁμόρους ὑπὸ τῷ ὄρει τῇ Κνήμιδι· καταλαβόντων δὲ Φωκέων τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ ὕστερον δεκάτῳ ἔτει λαβόντος πέρας τοῦ πολέμου, μεταβολὴν καὶ τὰ Ἀμφικτυόνων ἔσχε. Μακεδόνες μὲν γὰρ τελεῖν ἐς Ἀμφικτύονας εὕραντο, Φωκέων δὲ τὸ ἔθνος καὶ ἐκ τοῦ Δωρικοῦ Λακεδαιμόνιοι μετασχόντες ἐπαύσαντο Ἀμφικτυονίας, οἱ μὲν τοῦ τολμήματος ἕνεκα οἱ Φωκεῖς, οἱ δὲ συμμαχίας εὕραντο οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι τῆς Φωκέων ζημίαν.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰνιᾶνες Δωριεῖς Δωρικόν Δόλοπες Θεσσαλοί Κνήμις Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λοκροί Μάγνητες Μακεδόνες Μαλιεῖς Φθιῶται Φωκίς Φωκεῖς Φωκεῖς Ἀμφικτύονες Ἀμφικτύων Ἕλληνες Ἴωνες

They say indeed that Amphictyon himself gathered the following tribes of the Greeks into a common council: the Ionians, Dolopians, Thessalians, Aenianes, Magnetes, Malians, Phthiotians, Dorians, Phocians, and the Locrians bordering on Phocis beneath Mount Cnemis. Later, however, when the Phocians seized the sanctuary and the war ended in the tenth year, a change occurred also among the Amphictyons. For the Macedonians were permitted to participate in the Amphictyonic council, whereas the nation of the Phocians and likewise the Lacedaemonians, who had been members as part of the Dorian tribe, ceased to belong to it; the Phocians because of their sacrilege, and the Lacedaemonians because they had allied themselves with the Phocians and shared in their punishment.

Passage 10.8.3 Class: Non-skeptical

Βρέννου δὲ τὸν Γαλατῶν στρατὸν ἀγαγόντος ἐς Δελφοὺς προθυμίαν ἐς τὸν πόλεμον οἱ Φωκεῖς πλείστην τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ παρέσχοντο, καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἔργου τούτου μετασχεῖν Ἀμφικτυονίας αὖθις καὶ ἐς τὰ ἄλλα ἐγένετο ἀξίωμα αὐτοῖς ἀνασώσασθαι τὸ ἀρχαῖον. βασιλεὺς δὲ Αὔγουστος μετεῖναι καὶ Νικοπολίταις τοῖς πρὸς τῷ Ἀκτίῳ συνεδρίου τοῦ Ἀμφικτυόνων ἠθέλησε· Μάγνητας μὲν οὖν καὶ Μαλιεῖς καὶ Αἰνιᾶνας καὶ Φθιώτας Θεσσαλοῖς συντελεῖν , τὰς ψήφους δὲ ὅσαι τούτων τε καὶ Δολόπων---οὐ γὰρ ἔτι ἦν Δολόπων γένος---Νικοπολίτας φέρειν.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰνιᾶνες Αὔγουστος Βρέννος Γαλάται Δελφοί Δόλοπες Θεσσαλοί Μάγνητες Μαλιεῖς Νικοπολῖται Φθιῶται Φωκεῖς Ἀμφικτυονία Ἀμφικτύονες Ἄκτιον Ἕλληνες

When Brennus led the army of the Gauls against Delphi, the Phocians displayed the greatest eagerness among the Greeks for the war, and because of this achievement, they regained their ancient position, re-entering the Amphictyonic League and recovering their previous dignity in other matters as well. Later, Emperor Augustus wished to grant membership in the Amphictyonic council also to the people of Nicopolis near Actium; he accordingly ordered that the Magnesians, Malians, Aenianians, and Phthiotans should join together in representation with the Thessalians, and that the votes formerly belonging to these peoples and to the Dolopians—for the Dolopian nation no longer existed—should pass to the citizens of Nicopolis.

Passage 10.8.4 Class: Non-skeptical

οἱ δὲ Ἀμφικτύονες οἱ ἐπʼ ἐμοῦ τριάκοντα ἀριθμῷ ἦσαν· ἐκ Νικοπόλεως μὲν καὶ Μακεδονίας τε καὶ Θεσσαλῶν, ἀπὸ ἑκάστων ἀριθμῷ ἦσαν ἕξ, ἐκ δὲ Βοιωτῶν---Θεσσαλίαν γὰρ καὶ οὗτοι τὰ ἀρχαιότερα ᾤκησαν καὶ Αἰολεῖς τηνικαῦτα ἐκαλοῦντο---καὶ ἐκ Φωκέων τε καὶ Δελφῶν, παρὰ τούτων δύο ἑκάστων· εἷς δʼ ἐκ Δωρίδος τῆς ἀρχαίας.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰολεῖς Βοιωτοί Δελφοί Δωρίς Θεσσαλία Θεσσαλοί Μακεδονία Νικόπολις Φωκεῖς Ἀμφικτύονες

In my day the Amphictyons numbered thirty: from Nicopolis and from Macedonia and from Thessaly, six representatives each; from the Boeotians—since these people too, in very ancient times, once inhabited Thessaly and were then known as Aeolians—and also from the Phocians and from the Delphians, two representatives each; and one from ancient Doris.

Passage 10.8.5 Class: Non-skeptical

πέμπουσι δὲ καὶ Λοκροὶ οἵ τε καλούμενοι Ὀζόλαι καὶ οἱ πέραν Εὐβοίας ἕνα ἑκάτεροι, καὶ Εὐβοεύς ἐστιν εἷς· Πελοποννησίων δὲ ἐξ Ἄργους καὶ Σικυῶνος καὶ Κορίνθου σὺν Μεγαρεῦσίν ἐστιν εἷς καὶ εἷς Ἀθηναῖος. αἱ μὲν δὴ πόλεις Ἀθῆναι καὶ Δελφοὶ καὶ ἡ Νικόπολις, αὗται μὲν ἀποστέλλουσι συνεδρεύσοντας ἐς Ἀμφικτυονίαν πᾶσαν· ἀπὸ δὲ ἐθνῶν τῶν κατειλεγμένων ἑκάστῃ πόλει ἀνὰ μέρος ἐς Ἀμφικτύονας καὶ ἐν χρόνου περιόδῳ συντελεῖν ἔστιν.

Proper Nouns:

Δελφοί Εὐβοία Εὐβοεύς Κόρινθος Λοκροί Μεγαρεύς Νικόπολις Πελοποννήσιοι Σικυών Ἀθηναῖος Ἀθῆναι Ἀμφικτυονία Ἀμφικτύονες Ἄργος Ὀζόλαι

The Lokrians also send deputies, one from the so-called Ozolian Lokrians and one from those beyond Euboea, and there is one from Euboea itself. Of the Peloponnesians, Argos, Sicyon, and Corinth, together with Megara, send one representative among them, and Athens sends one separately. As for the cities of Athens, Delphi, and Nicopolis, these send deputies to participate in every meeting of the Amphictyonic Council. From each of the aforementioned groups of peoples, the various cities take turns in appointing representatives to the Amphictyonic Council and share responsibility periodically.

Passage 10.8.6 Class: Non-skeptical

ἐσελθόντι δὲ ἐς τὴν πόλιν εἰσὶν ἐφεξῆς ναοί· καὶ ὁ μὲν πρῶτος αὐτῶν ἐρείπια ἦν, ὁ ἐπὶ τούτῳ δὲ κενὸς καὶ ἀγαλμάτων καὶ ἀνδριάντων· ὁ δὲ αὐτῶν τρίτος καὶ ὁ τέταρτος, ὁ μὲν τῶν ἐν Ῥώμῃ βασιλευσάντων εἶχεν οὐ πολλῶν τινῶν εἰκόνας, ὁ τέταρτος δὲ Ἀθηνᾶς καλεῖται Προνοίας. τῶν δὲ ἀγαλμάτων τὸ ἐν τῷ προνάῳ Μασσαλιωτῶν ἀνάθημά ἐστι, μεγέθει τοῦ ἔνδον ἀγάλματος μεῖζον. οἱ δὲ Μεσσαλιῶται Φωκαέων εἰσὶν ἄποικοι τῶν ἐν Ἰωνίᾳ, μοῖρα καὶ αὕτη τῶν ποτε Ἅρπαγον τὸν Μῆδον φυγόντων ἐκ Φωκαίας· γενόμενοι δὲ ναυσὶν ἐπικρατέστεροι Καρχηδονίων τήν τε γῆν ἣν ἔχουσιν ἐκτήσαντο καὶ ἐπὶ μέγα ἀφίκοντο εὐδαιμονίας.

Proper Nouns:

Καρχηδόνιοι Μασσαλιῶται Μασσαλιῶται Μῆδος Πρόνοια Φωκαεῖς Φώκαια Ἀθηνᾶ Ἅρπαξ Ἰωνία Ῥώμη

Upon entering the city, temples stand in succession. The first of these was in ruins, and the one following it was empty, devoid both of images and statues. The third temple had some few statues representing certain Roman emperors, while the fourth temple was called Athena Pronoia ("Forethought"). Of its statues, the one standing in the fore-temple is an offering made by the Massaliotes, larger in size than the statue inside. The Massaliotes are colonists from Phocaea in Ionia, being themselves part of those who once fled Phocaea before Harpagus the Mede. Having afterwards proved superior to the Carthaginians in naval affairs, they acquired the land they now possess and became greatly prosperous.

Passage 10.8.7 Class: Non-skeptical

τῶν μὲν δὴ Μασσαλιωτῶν χαλκοῦν τὸ ἀνάθημά ἐστι· χρυσοῦ δὲ ἀσπίδα ὑπὸ Κροίσου τοῦ Λυδοῦ τῇ Ἀθηνᾷ τῇ Προνοίᾳ δοθεῖσαν, ἐλέγετο ὑπὸ τῶν Δελφῶν ὡς Φιλόμηλος αὐτὴν ἐσύλησε. πρὸς δὲ τῷ ἱερῷ τῆς Προνοίας Φυλάκου τέμενός ἐστιν ἥρωος· καὶ ὁ Φύλακος οὗτος ὑπὸ Δελφῶν ἔχει φήμην κατὰ τὴν ἐπιστρατείαν σφίσιν ἀμῦναι τὴν Περσῶν.

Proper Nouns:

Δελφοί Κροῖσος Λυδός Μασσαλιῶται Πέρσαι Πρόνοια Φιλόμηλος Φύλακος Ἀθηνᾶ

The dedication of the Massaliotes is made of bronze, but the Delphians said that Philomelus plundered a golden shield, which had been dedicated by Croesus the Lydian to Athena Pronoia. Near the sanctuary of Pronoia there is an enclosure sacred to the hero Phylacus. According to the Delphians, this Phylacus gained fame because during the Persian invasion he provided them with aid.

Passage 10.8.8 Class: Non-skeptical

ἐν δὲ τοῦ γυμνασίου τῷ ὑπαίθρῳ πεφυκέναι ποτὲ ἀγρίαν φασὶν ὕλην, καὶ Ὀδυσσέα, ἡνίκα ὡς τὸν Αὐτόλυκον ἀφικόμενος μετὰ τοῦ Αὐτολύκου τῶν παίδων ἐθήρευε, τότε αὐτὸν τὸ τραῦμα τὸ ὑπὲρ τοῦ γόνατος ἐνταῦθα σχεῖν ὑπὸ τοῦ συός. τραπομένῳ δὲ ἐς ἀριστερὰν ἀπὸ τοῦ γυμνασίου καὶ ὑποκαταβάντι οὐ πλέον ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν ἢ τρία στάδια, ποταμός ἐστιν ὀνομαζόμενος Πλεῖστος· οὗτος ὁ Πλεῖστος ἐπὶ Κίρραν τὸ ἐπίνειον Δελφῶν καὶ τὴν ταύτῃ κάτεισι θάλασσαν.

Proper Nouns:

Αὐτόλυκος Αὐτόλυκος Δελφοί Κίρρα Πλεῖστος Ὀδυσσεύς

In the open area of the gymnasium, they say there once grew wild woodland, and that here Odysseus, when he came to Autolycus and was hunting with the sons of Autolycus, received the wound above his knee inflicted by the boar. Turning left from the gymnasium and descending slightly for no more, as it seems to me, than three stades, there is a river called Pleistos. This Pleistos flows down towards Cirrha, the harbor of Delphi, and reaches the sea in that direction.

Passage 10.8.9 Class: Skeptical

ἐκ δὲ τοῦ γυμνασίου τὴν ἐς τὸ ἱερὸν ἀνιόντι ἔστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ τῆς ὁδοῦ τὸ ὕδωρ τῆς Κασταλίας, καὶ πιεῖν ἡδὺ καὶ λοῦσθαι καλόν. δοῦναι δὲ τὸ ὄνομα τῇ πηγῇ γυναῖκα λέγουσιν ἐπιχωρίαν, οἱ δὲ ἄνδρα Καστάλιον· Πανύασσις δὲ ὁ Πολυάρχου πεποιηκὼς ἐς Ἡρακλέα ἔπη θυγατέρα Ἀχελῴου τὴν Κασταλίαν φησὶν εἶναι. λέγει γὰρ δὴ περὶ τοῦ Ἡρακλέους· Παρνησσὸν νιφόεντα θοοῖς διὰ ποσσὶ περήσας ἵκετο Κασταλίης Ἀχελωΐδος ἄμβροτον ὕδωρ. Panyassis, work unknown

Proper Nouns:

Καστάλιος Κασταλία Κασταλία Κασταλία Πανύασσις Παρνασσός Πολύαρχος Ἀχελῷος Ἀχελῷος Ἡρακλῆς Ἡρακλῆς

Going up from the gymnasium towards the sanctuary, on the right side of the road is the water of Castalia, pleasant to drink and beautiful for bathing. They say the spring was named from a local woman, though others say it was named after a man, Castalius. Panyassis son of Polyarchus, however, who composed verses about Heracles, claims that Castalia was a daughter of Acheloüs. For he says thus concerning Heracles: "Having swiftly crossed snowy Parnassus with swift feet, He reached the immortal water of Castalia, daughter of Acheloüs."

Passage 10.8.10 Class: Skeptical

ἤκουσα δὲ καὶ ἄλλο τοιόνδε, τὸ ὕδωρ τῇ Κασταλίᾳ ποταμοῦ δῶρον εἶναι τοῦ Κηφισοῦ. τοῦτο ἐποίησε καὶ Ἀλκαῖος ἐν προοιμίῳ τῷ ἐς Ἀπόλλωνα· βεβαιοῦνται δὲ οὐχ ἥκιστα οἱ Λιλαιεῖς, οἳ ἐς τοῦ Κηφισοῦ τὴν πηγὴν πέμματα ἐπιχώρια καὶ ἄλλα ὁπόσα νομίζουσιν ἀφιᾶσιν ἔν τισιν εἰρημέναις ἡμέραις, καὶ αὖθις ἐν τῇ Κασταλίᾳ φασὶν αὐτὰ ἀναφαίνεσθαι.

Proper Nouns:

Κασταλία Κηφισός Λίλαια Ἀλκαῖος Ἀπόλλων

I have also heard another account of the following kind, that the waters of Castalia are a gift from the river Cephisus. Alcaeus also said this in his hymn addressed to Apollo; and the people of Lilaea are particularly firm in affirming it. On certain days prescribed by custom, they cast local cakes and other offerings deemed appropriate into the spring of Cephisus, and claim that these same things reappear later in the spring of Castalia.

Legend:

Chapter 10.8