Pausanias Analysis

Passage 10.9.1 Class: Non-skeptical

Δελφοῖς δὲ ἡ πόλις ἄναντες διὰ πάσης παρέχεται σχῆμα, κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ δὲ τῇ πόλει τῇ ἄλλῃ καὶ ὁ ἱερὸς περίβολος τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος. οὗτος δὲ μεγέθει μέγας καὶ ἀνωτάτω τοῦ ἄστεώς ἐστι· τέτμηνται δὲ καὶ ἔξοδοι διʼ αὐτοῦ συνεχεῖς. ὁπόσα δὲ τῶν ἀναθημάτων εἶναί μοι λόγου μάλιστα ἄξια ἐφαίνετο, ποιησόμεθα αὐτῶν μνήμην.

Proper Nouns:

Δελφοί Ἀπόλλων

At Delphi the city rises upward, extending its shape throughout the entire area; the sacred enclosure of Apollo, likewise, conforms to the rest of the city. This enclosure is large in extent and occupies the highest part of the town. Continuous paths have also been made through it. Now, concerning the votive offerings, I will mention those that seemed to me particularly worthy of record.

Passage 10.9.2 Class: Skeptical

ἀθλητὰς μὲν οὖν καὶ ὅσαι ἀγωνισταὶ μουσικῆς τῶν ἀνθρώπων τοῖς πλείοσιν ἐγίνοντο μετὰ οὐδενὸς λογισμοῦ, μετὰ τῆς οὐ πάνυ τι ἡγοῦμαι σπουδῆς ἀξίους · ἀθλητὰς δὲ ὁπόσοι τι καὶ ὑπελείποντο ἐς δόξαν, ἐν λόγῳ σφᾶς ἐδήλωσα τῷ ἐς Ἠλείους. Φαΰλῳ δὲ Κροτωνιάτῃ---Ὀλυμπίασι μὲν οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτῷ νίκη, τὰς δὲ Πυθοῖ πεντάθλου δύο ἀνείλετο καὶ σταδίου τὴν τρίτην· ἐναυμάχησε δὲ καὶ ἐναντία τοῦ Μήδου ναῦν τε παρασκευασάμενος οἰκείαν καὶ Κροτωνιατῶν ὁπόσοι ἐπεδήμουν τῇ Ἑλλάδι ἀνεβίβασεν--- τούτου ἐστὶν ἀνδριὰς ἐν Δελφοῖς. τὰ μὲν δὴ ἐς τὸν Κροτωνιάτην οὕτως εἶχεν, ἐσελθόντι δὲ ἐς τὸ τέμενος

Proper Nouns:

Δελφοί Κροτωνιάτης Κροτωνιάτης Μῆδος Πυθώ Φαῦλος Ἑλλάς Ἠλεῖοι Ὀλυμπία

I consider that athletes in general, as well as competitors in musical contests who gained victories among the majority of men, are for the most part not worthy of mention, nor deserving of serious attention. But as for athletes who attained extraordinary fame, I have already spoken of them in my account of the Eleans. Now, concerning Phayllos of Croton: he won no victory at Olympia, but at Pytho he twice achieved victory in the pentathlon and a third victory in the stadion race. Moreover, he participated in the sea fight against the Mede, equipping a ship at his own expense and manning it with Crotoniates who happened to be visiting Greece. This man has a statue set up in his honor at Delphi. This, then, is the information about the Crotoniate. And upon entering the sanctuary...

Passage 10.9.3 Class: Non-skeptical

χαλκοῦς ταῦρος τέχνη μὲν Θεοπρόπου ἐστὶν Αἰγινήτου, Κορκυραίων δὲ ἀνάθημα. λέγεται δὲ ὡς ταῦρος ἐν τῇ Κορκύρᾳ καταλιπὼν τὰς ἄλλας βοῦς καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς νομῆς κατερχόμενος ἐμυκᾶτο ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ· γινομένου δὲ ἐπὶ ἡμέρᾳ πάσῃ τοῦ αὐτοῦ κάτεισιν ἐπὶ θάλασσαν ὁ βουκόλος, καὶ εἶδεν ἰχθύων τῶν θύννων ἀτέκμαρτόν τι ἀριθμῷ πλῆθος.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγινήτης Θεοπρόπος Κορκύρα Κορκύρα

There is a bronze bull, a work by Theopropos of Aegina, dedicated by the people of Corcyra. It is said that once, on Corcyra, a certain bull left the rest of the herd and, descending from its pasture, began to bellow toward the sea. As the same event recurred day after day, the herdsman went down to the shore and saw there an immeasurable multitude of tuna fish.

Passage 10.9.4 Class: Non-skeptical

καὶ ὁ μὲν δῆλα τοῖς ἐν τῇ πόλει Κορκυραίοις ἐποίησεν· οἱ δὲ---ἑλεῖν γὰρ τοὺς θύννους προαιρούμενοι τὴν ἄλλως ταλαιπωρίαν εἶχον---θεωροὺς ἀποστέλλουσιν ἐς Δελφούς· καὶ οὕτω Ποσειδῶνί τε ἐκεῖνον θύουσι τὸν ταῦρον καὶ αὐτίκα μετὰ τὴν θυσίαν αἱροῦσι τοὺς ἰχθῦς, καί σφισι τὸ ἀνάθημα ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ τε καὶ ἐν Δελφοῖς ἐστιν ἡ δεκάτη τῆς ἄγρας.

Proper Nouns:

Δελφοί Δελφοί Κορκυραῖοι Ποσειδῶν Ὀλυμπία

And he thus made his power clear to the inhabitants of the city of Corcyra. They, preferring above all else to catch the tunny fish but facing difficulties beforehand, sent envoys to consult the oracle at Delphi. Afterward, they sacrificed that specific bull to Poseidon, and immediately following the sacrifice they successfully caught the fish. In both Olympia and Delphi they dedicated a tithe of their catch as an offering.

Passage 10.9.5 Class: Skeptical

ἐφεξῆς δὲ Τεγεατῶν ἀναθήματα ἀπὸ Λακεδαιμονίων Ἀπόλλων ἐστὶ καὶ Νίκη καὶ οἱ ἐπιχώριοι τῶν ἡρώων, Καλλιστώ τε ἡ Λυκάονος καὶ Ἀρκὰς ὁ ἐπώνυμος τῆς γῆς καὶ οἱ τοῦ Ἀρκάδος παῖδες Ἔλατος καὶ Ἀφείδας καὶ Ἀζάν, ἐπὶ δὲ αὐτοῖς Τρίφυλος· τούτῳ δὲ ἦν οὐκ Ἐρατὼ τῷ Τριφύλῳ μήτηρ, ἀλλὰ Λαοδάμεια ἡ Ἀμύκλα τοῦ ἐν Λακεδαίμονι βασιλεύσαντος· ἀνάκειται δὲ καὶ Ἔρασος Τριφύλου παῖς.

Proper Nouns:

Καλλιστώ Λακεδαίμων Λακεδαίμων Λαοδάμεια Λυκάων Νίκη Τεγεάτης Τρίφυλος Τρίφυλος Τρίφυλος Ἀζάν Ἀμύκλας Ἀπόλλων Ἀρκάς Ἀρκάς Ἀφείδας Ἐρατώ Ἔλατος Ἔρασος

Next in order are dedications of the Tegeans from their victories over the Lacedaemonians: statues of Apollo, Nike, and local heroes—Callisto, daughter of Lycaon, Arcas, from whom the land took its name, and the sons of Arcas, Elatus, Apheidas, and Azan; above these is Triphylus. The mother of this Triphylus was not Erato but Laodameia, daughter of Amyclas who once ruled in Lacedaemon. Also represented there is Erasus, son of Triphylus.

Passage 10.9.6 Class: Non-skeptical

οἱ δὲ εἰργασμένοι τὰ ἀγάλματα Παυσανίας ἐστὶν Ἀπολλωνιάτης, οὗτος μὲν τόν τε Ἀπόλλωνα καὶ Καλλιστώ, τὴν δὲ Νίκην καὶ τοῦ Ἀρκάδος τὴν εἰκόνα ὁ Σικυώνιος Δαίδαλος · Ἀντιφάνης δὲ Ἀργεῖος καὶ Σαμόλας Ἀρκάς, οὗτος μὲν τὸν Τρίφυλον καὶ Ἀζᾶνα, Ἔλατον δὲ καὶ Ἀφείδαντά τε καὶ Ἔρασον ὁ Ἀργεῖος. ταῦτα μὲν δὴ οἱ Τεγεᾶται ἔπεμψαν ἐς Δελφούς, Λακεδαιμονίους ὅτε ἐπὶ σφᾶς ἐστρατεύσαντο αἰχμαλώτους ἑλόντες·

Proper Nouns:

Δαίδαλος Δελφοί Καλλιστώ Λακεδαιμόνιος Νίκη Παυσανίας Σαμόλας Σικυώνιος Τεγεάτης Τρίφυλος Ἀζᾶν Ἀντιφάνης Ἀπολλωνιάτης Ἀπόλλων Ἀργεῖος Ἀρκάς Ἀρκάς Ἀφείδας Ἔλατος Ἔρασος

The sculptors who made the statues were Pausanias of Apollonia, who created Apollo and Callisto, and Daidalos of Sikyon, who fashioned the Victory and the likeness of Arkas. Antiphanes of Argos and Samolas the Arkadian also worked on statues, Samolas creating Triphylos and Azan, Antiphanes the Argive fashioning Elatos, Apheidas, and Erasos. These statues were sent by the Tegeans to Delphi, after they captured Lacedaemonian prisoners when the latter had marched against them.

Passage 10.9.7 Class: Non-skeptical

Λακεδαιμονίων δὲ ἀπαντικρὺ τούτων ἀναθήματά ἐστιν ἀπʼ Ἀθηναίων Διόσκουροι καὶ Ζεὺς καὶ Ἀπόλλων τε καὶ Ἄρτεμις, ἐπὶ δὲ αὐτοῖς Ποσειδῶν τε καὶ Λύσανδρος ὁ Ἀριστοκρίτου στεφανούμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος, Ἀγίας τε ὃς τῷ Λυσάνδρῳ τότε ἐμαντεύετο καὶ Ἕρμων ὁ τὴν ναῦν τοῦ Λυσάνδρου τὴν στρατηγίδα κυβερνῶν.

Proper Nouns:

Διόσκουροι Ζεύς Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λύσανδρος Λύσανδρος Λύσανδρος Ποσειδῶν Ποσειδῶν Ἀγίας Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀπόλλων Ἀριστοκρίτης Ἄρτεμις Ἕρμων

Directly opposite these dedications of the Lacedaemonians are offerings from the Athenians: statues of the Dioscuri, Zeus, Apollo and Artemis; and above them, Poseidon, and Lysander, son of Aristocritus, crowned by Poseidon, and Agias, who served Lysander at that time as his soothsayer, and Hermon, who was pilot of Lysander's flagship.

Passage 10.9.8 Class: Non-skeptical

τοῦτον μὲν δὴ τὸν Ἕρμωνα Θεόκοσμος ποιήσειν ἔμελλεν ὁ Μεγαρεὺς ἅτε ὑπὸ τῶν Μεγαρέων ἐγγραφέντα ἐς τὴν πολιτείαν· οἱ δὲ Διόσκουροι Ἀντιφάνους εἰσὶν Ἀργείου καὶ ὁ μάντις τέχνη Πίσωνος ἐκ Καλαυρείας τῆς Τροιζηνίων· Ἀθηνόδωρος δὲ καὶ Δαμέας , ὁ μὲν τὴν Ἄρτεμίν τε καὶ Ποσειδῶνα εἰργάσατο, ἔτι δὲ τὸν Λύσανδρον, Ἀθηνόδωρος δὲ τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα ἐποίησε καὶ τὸν Δία·

Proper Nouns:

Δαμέας Διόσκουροι Ζεύς Θεόκοσμος Καλαυρεία Λύσανδρος Μεγαραί Μεγαρεύς Πίσων Ποσειδῶν Τροιζήνιοι Ἀθηνόδωρος Ἀντιφάνης Ἀπόλλων Ἀργεῖος Ἄρτεμις Ἕρμων

This Hermon was destined to be made by Theokosmos of Megara, since Hermon had been enrolled as a citizen by the Megarians. The Dioskouroi statues are the work of Antiphanes of Argos, and the statue of the seer is by Pison from Kalaureia, an island belonging to the Troizenians. As for Athenodoros and Dameas, Dameas crafted Artemis, Poseidon, and also Lysander, while Athenodoros made the statues of Apollo and Zeus.

Passage 10.9.9 Class: Non-skeptical

οὗτοι δὲ Ἀρκάδες εἰσὶν ἐκ Κλείτορος. ἀνάκεινται δὲ καὶ ὄπισθεν τῶν κατειλεγμένων ὅσοι συγκατειργάσαντο τῷ Λυσάνδρῳ τὰ ἐν Αἰγὸς ποταμοῖς ἢ αὐτῶν Σπαρτιατῶν ἢ ἀπὸ τῶν συμμαχησάντων, εἰσὶ δὲ οἵδε· Ἄρακος μὲν καὶ Ἐριάνθης, ὁ μὲν αὐτῶν ἐκ Λακεδαίμονος, ὁ δὲ Ἐριάνθης Βοιώτιος ὑπὲρ τοῦ Μίμαντος, ἐντεῦθεν μὲν Ἀστυκράτης, Χῖοι δὲ Κηφισοκλῆς καὶ Ἑρμόφαντός τε καὶ Ἱκέσιος, Τίμαρχος δὲ καὶ Διαγόρας Ῥόδιοι, Κνίδιος δὲ Θεόδαμος, ἐκ δὲ Ἐφέσου Κιμμέριος, καὶ Μιλήσιος Αἰαντίδης.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰαντίδης Αἶγος Ποταμοί Βοιώτιος Διαγόρας Θεόδαμος Κηφισοκλῆς Κιμμέριος Κλείτωρ Κνίδιος Λακεδαίμων Λύσανδρος Μίμαντας Μιλήσιος Σπαρτιάτης Τίμαρχος Χῖος Ἀρκάς Ἀστυκράτης Ἄρακος Ἐριάνθης Ἑρμόφαντες Ἔφεσος Ἱκέσιος Ῥόδιος

These Arcadians are from Cleitor. Behind those just mentioned are dedicated statues of those who collaborated with Lysander in the events at Aegospotami, either Spartans themselves or from their allies. These are the following: Aracus and Erianthes, one from Lacedaemon itself, the other, Erianthes, a Boeotian from beyond Mount Mimas. Next is Astycrates, and from Chios are Cephisocles, Hermophantus, and Hicesius. From Rhodes are Timarchus and Diagoras, from Cnidus Theodamus, from Ephesus Cimmerius, and Aeantides from Miletus.

Passage 10.9.10 Class: Non-skeptical

τούτους μὲν δὴ ἐποίησε Τίσανδρος , τοὺς δὲ ἐφεξῆς Ἄλυπος Σικυώνιος, Θεόπομπον Μύνδιον καὶ Κλεομήδην Σάμιον καὶ ἐξ Εὐβοίας Ἀριστοκλέα τε Καρύστιον καὶ Αὐτόνομον Ἐρετριέα καὶ Ἀριστόφαντον Κορίνθιον καὶ Ἀπολλόδωρον Τροιζήνιον καὶ ἐξ Ἐπιδαύρου Δίωνα τῆς ἐν τῇ Ἀργολίδι. ἐχόμενοι δὲ τούτων Ἀξιόνικός ἐστιν Ἀχαιὸς ἐκ Πελλήνης, ἐκ δὲ Ἑρμιόνος Θεάρης, καὶ Φωκεύς τε Πυρρίας καὶ Κώμων Μεγαρεὺς καὶ Ἀγασιμένης Σικυώνιος, ἐκ δὲ Ἀμβρακίας καὶ Κορίνθου τε καὶ Λευκάδος Τηλυκράτης καὶ Πυθόδοτος Κορίνθιος καὶ Ἀμβρακιώτης Εὐαντίδας· τελευτᾷ δὲ Ἐπικυδίδας καὶ Ἐτεόνικος οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι· Πατροκλέους δὲ καὶ Κανάχου φασὶν ἔργα.

Proper Nouns:

Αὐτόνομος Δίων Εὐαντίδας Εὐβοία Θεάρης Θεόπομπος Κάναχος Καρύστιος Κλεομήδης Κορίνθιος Κορίνθιος Κόρινθος Κώμων Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λευκάς Μεγαρεύς Μύνδιος Πατροκλῆς Πελλήνη Πυθόδοτος Πυρρίας Σάμιος Σικυώνιος Τίσανδρος Τηλυκράτης Τροιζήνιος Φωκεύς Ἀγασιμένης Ἀμβρακία Ἀμβρακιώτης Ἀξιόνικος Ἀπολλόδωρος Ἀργολίς Ἀριστοκλέας Ἀριστόφαντος Ἀχαιός Ἄλυπος Ἐπίδαυρος Ἐπικυδίδας Ἐρετριεύς Ἐτεόνικος Ἑρμιόνη

Tisander made these statues; those next in order were made by Alypus of Sicyon. They represent Theopompus of Myndus, Cleomedes of Samos, Aristocles of Carystus in Euboea, Autonomus from Eretria, Aristophantus of Corinth, Apollodorus of Troezen, and Dion of Epidaurus in Argolis. Following these are Axionicus, an Achaean from Pellene, Theares from Hermione, Pyrrhias from Phocis, Comon of Megara, and Agasimenes of Sicyon. From Ambracia, Corinth, and Leucas there are the statues of Telycrates, Pythodotus, a Corinthian, and Euantidas, an Ambracian. Last are Epicydidas and Eteonicus, two Lacedaemonians, said to be works by Patrocles and Canachus.

Passage 10.9.11 Class: Skeptical

τὴν δὲ πληγὴν Ἀθηναῖοι τὴν ἐν Αἰγὸς ποταμοῖς οὐ μετὰ τοῦ δικαίου συμβῆναί σφισιν ὁμολογοῦσι· προδοθῆναι γὰρ ἐπὶ χρήμασιν ὑπὸ τῶν στρατηγησάντων, Τυδέα δὲ εἶναι καὶ Ἀδείμαντον οἳ τὰ δῶρα ἐδέξαντο παρὰ Λυσάνδρου. καὶ ἐς ἀπόδειξιν τοῦ λόγου Σιβύλλης παρέχονται τὸν χρησμόν· καὶ τότʼ Ἀθηναίοισι βαρύστονα κήδεα θήσει Ζεὺς ὑψιβρεμέτης, οὗπερ κράτος ἐστὶ μέγιστον, νηυσὶ φερεπτολέμοισι μάχην καὶ δηιοτῆτα ὀλλυμέναις δολεροῖσι τρόποις, κακότητι νομήων. τὰ δὲ ἕτερα ἐκ Μουσαίου χρησμῶν μνημονεύουσι· καὶ γὰρ Ἀθηναίοισιν ἐπέρχεται ἄγριος ὄμβρος ἡγεμόνων κακότητι, παραιφασίη δέ τις ἔσται ἥττης· οὐ λήσουσι πόλιν, τίσουσι δὲ ποινήν.

Proper Nouns:

Αἶγος Ποταμοί Ζεύς Ὑψιβρεμέτης Λύσανδρος Μουσαῖος Σίβυλλα Τυδέας Ἀδείμαντος Ἀθηναῖοι

The Athenians admit that the disaster at Aegospotami did not befall them justly; rather, it was brought about through bribery by their generals, and they say that Tydeus and Adeimantus were the ones who accepted gifts from Lysander. As proof of this account, they cite an oracle of the Sibyl: "And then shall loud-thundering Zeus, whose power is supreme, lay grievous sorrows upon the Athenians, bringing battle and devastation against their warships doomed to destruction, through treacherous schemes and the wickedness of their leaders." They also recall another oracle from Musaeus: "For upon the Athenians will fall a fierce storm through the wickedness of their commanders, and their defeat will seem inexplicable. Yet they shall not escape the city's notice, and shall pay a penalty."

Passage 10.9.12 Class: Non-skeptical

ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον εἰρήσθω· τὸν δὲ ὑπὲρ τῆς καλουμένης Θυρέας Λακεδαιμονίων ἀγῶνα καὶ Ἀργείων, Σίβυλλα μὲν καὶ τοῦτον προεθέσπισεν ὡς συμβήσοιτο ἐξ ἴσου ταῖς πόλεσιν, Ἀργεῖοι δὲ ἀξιοῦντες ἐσχηκέναι πλέον ἐν τῷ ἔργῳ χαλκοῦν ἵππον---τὸν δούρειον δῆθεν---ἀπέστειλαν ἐς Δελφούς· τὸ δὲ ἔργον Ἀντιφάνους ἐστὶν Ἀργείου.

Proper Nouns:

Δελφοί Θυρέα Λακεδαιμόνιοι Σίβυλλα Ἀντίφανης Ἀργεῖοι Ἀργεῖοι Ἀργεῖος

So much, then, has been said concerning these matters. As for the contest between the Lacedaemonians and the Argives over the place called Thyrea, the Sibyl had also prophesied beforehand that it would come about as an equal contest between the two cities; but the Argives, believing they had achieved more in the battle, sent to Delphi a bronze horse—allegedly the Wooden Horse. The sculptor of this work was Antiphanes of Argos.

Legend:

Chapter 10.9