Pausanias Analysis

Passage 1.25.1 Class: Non-skeptical

τοιαῦτα μὲν αὐτοῖς συμβαίνοντα εἶδον· ἔστι δὲ ἐν τῇ Ἀθηναίων ἀκροπόλει καὶ Περικλῆς ὁ Ξανθίππου καὶ αὐτὸς Ξάνθιππος, ὃς ἐναυμάχησεν ἐπὶ Μυκάλῃ Μήδοις. ἀλλʼ ὁ μὲν Περικλέους ἀνδριὰς ἑτέρωθι ἀνάκειται, τοῦ δὲ Ξανθίππου πλησίον ἕστηκεν Ἀνακρέων ὁ Τήιος, πρῶτος μετὰ Σαπφὼ τὴν Λεσβίαν τὰ πολλὰ ὧν ἔγραψεν ἐρωτικὰ ποιήσας· καί οἱ τὸ σχῆμά ἐστιν οἷον ᾄδοντος ἂν ἐν μέθῃ γένοιτο ἀνθρώπου. γυναῖκας δὲ πλησίον Δεινομένης Ἰὼ τὴν Ἰνάχου καὶ Καλλιστὼ τὴν Λυκάονος πεποίηκεν, αἷς ἀμφοτέραις ἐστὶν ἐς ἅπαν ὅμοια διηγήματα ἔρως Διὸς καὶ Ἥρας ὀργὴ καὶ ἀλλαγὴ τῇ μὲν ἐς βοῦν, Καλλιστοῖ δὲ ἐς ἄρκτον.

Proper Nouns:

Δεινομένης Ζεύς Καλλιστώ Λέσβος Λυκάων Μυκάλη Μῆδοι Ξάνθιππος Ξάνθιππος Περικλῆς Περικλῆς Σαπφώ Τήιος Ἀθῆναι Ἀνακρέων Ἥρα Ἰώ Ἴναχος

Such, then, were the things I saw happening to them. On the Acropolis of the Athenians there stand statues both of Pericles, son of Xanthippus, and of the elder Xanthippus himself, who fought in the sea-battle against the Persians off Mycale. The statue of Pericles, however, is set up separately at a different spot, but near Xanthippus stands Anacreon of Teos, who was, next after the Lesbian poetess Sappho, the first to compose mostly poems on love. His image is posed in such a way as to suggest a man singing in a state of drunkenness. Beside these figures are statues of women made by Deinomenes: Io, daughter of Inachus, and Callisto, daughter of Lycaon; these two have altogether similar stories, love from Zeus, wrath from Hera, and transformation—the one into a cow, Callisto into a bear.

Passage 1.25.2 Class: Non-skeptical

πρὸς δὲ τῷ τείχει τῷ Νοτίῳ γιγάντων, οἳ περὶ Θρᾴκην ποτὲ καὶ τὸν ἰσθμὸν τῆς Παλλήνης ᾤκησαν, τούτων τὸν λεγόμενον πόλεμον καὶ μάχην πρὸς Ἀμαζόνας Ἀθηναίων καὶ τὸ Μαραθῶνι πρὸς Μήδους ἔργον καὶ Γαλατῶν τὴν ἐν Μυσίᾳ φθορὰν ἀνέθηκεν Ἄτταλος, ὅσον τε δύο πηχῶν ἕκαστον. ἕστηκε δὲ καὶ Ὀλυμπιόδωρος, μεγέθει τε ὧν ἔπραξε λαβὼν δόξαν καὶ οὐχ ἥκιστα τῷ καιρῷ, φρόνημα ἐν ἀνθρώποις παρασχόμενος συνεχῶς ἐπταικόσι καὶ διʼ αὐτὸ οὐδὲ ἓν χρηστὸν οὐδὲ ἐς τὰ μέλλοντα ἐλπίζουσι.

Proper Nouns:

Γαλάται Θρᾴκη Μαραθών Μυσία Μῆδος Νότιον Παλλήνη Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀμαζόνες Ἄτταλος Ὀλυμπιόδωρος

Near the southern wall, Attalus dedicated statues, each approximately two cubits in height, showing the legendary war against the Giants, who once inhabited Thrace and the isthmus of Pallene, as well as the battle of the Athenians against the Amazons, their deed at Marathon against the Persians, and the rout of the Gauls in Mysia. There also stands a statue of Olympiodorus, highly esteemed for the brilliance of his achievements and especially for his timing, since he inspired continual courage among men at a critical moment, when they had completely given way and had no hope remaining for the future.

Passage 1.25.3 Class: Non-skeptical

τὸ γὰρ ἀτύχημα τὸ ἐν Χαιρωνείᾳ ἅπασι τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἦρξε κακοῦ καὶ οὐχ ἥκιστα δούλους ἐποίησε τοὺς ὑπεριδόντας καὶ ὅσοι μετὰ Μακεδόνων ἐτάχθησαν. τὰς μὲν δὴ πολλὰς Φίλιππος τῶν πόλεων εἷλεν, Ἀθηναίοις δὲ λόγῳ συνθέμενος ἔργῳ σφᾶς μάλιστα ἐκάκωσε, νήσους τε ἀφελόμενος καὶ τῆς ἐς τὰ ναυτικὰ παύσας ἀρχῆς. καὶ χρόνον μέν τινα ἡσύχασαν Ἀθηναῖοι Φιλίππου βασιλεύοντος καὶ ὕστερον Ἀλεξάνδρου· τελευτήσαντος δὲ Ἀλεξάνδρου Μακεδόνες μὲν βασιλεύειν εἵλοντο Ἀριδαῖον, Ἀντιπάτρῳ δὲ ἐπετέτραπτο ἡ πᾶσα ἀρχή, καὶ Ἀθηναίοις οὐκέτι ἀνεκτὰ ἐφαίνετο εἰ τὸν πάντα χρόνον ἔσται ἐπὶ Μακεδόσι τὸ Ἑλληνικόν, ἀλλʼ αὐτοί τε πολεμεῖν ὥρμηντο καὶ ἄλλους ἐς τὸ ἔργον ἤγειρον.

Proper Nouns:

Μακεδόνες Μακεδόνες Μακεδόνες Φίλιππος Φίλιππος Χαιρώνεια νῆσοι πόλεις Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀλέξανδρος Ἀντίπατρος Ἀριδαῖος Ἑλληνικόν Ἕλληνες

For the disaster at Chaeronea was the beginning of great trouble for all the Greeks, and especially reduced to slavery those who had shown indifference, as well as those who had sided with the Macedonians. Indeed, Philip captured most of the cities, and though he had made peace with the Athenians by word, he harmed them most of all in deeds, depriving them of the islands and ending their empire at sea. And the Athenians remained quiet for a time during the reigns of Philip and afterwards Alexander; but when Alexander died, the Macedonians chose Arrhidaeus as king, and all authority was entrusted to Antipater. At this point, it no longer seemed tolerable to the Athenians that Greece should forever remain subject to the Macedonians. Thus, they themselves were eager for war, and stirred others to join them in this enterprise.

Passage 1.25.4 Class: Non-skeptical

ἐγένοντο δὲ αἱ μετασχοῦσαι πόλεις Πελοποννησίων μὲν Ἄργος Ἐπίδαυρος Σικυὼν Τροιζὴν Ἠλεῖοι Φλιάσιοι Μεσσήνη, οἱ δὲ ἔξω τοῦ Κορινθίων ἰσθμοῦ Λοκροὶ Φωκεῖς Θεσσαλοὶ Κάρυστος Ἀκαρνᾶνες ἐς τὸ Αἰτωλικὸν συντελοῦντες· Βοιωτοὶ δὲ Θηβαίων ἠρημωμένην τὴν γῆν τὴν Θηβαΐδα νεμόμενοι δέει μὴ Θήβας αὖθις Ἀθηναῖοί σφισιν ἐποικίζωσιν οὔτε ἐς τὴν συμμαχίαν ἐτάσσοντο καὶ ἐς ὅσον ἧκον δυνάμεως τὰ Μακεδόνων ηὖξον.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰτωλία Βοιωτοί Θεσσαλοί Θηβαΐς Θηβαί Θῆβαι Κάρυστος Κόρινθος Λοκροί Μακεδόνες Μεσσήνη Πελοπόννησος Σικυών Τροιζήν Φλιάσιοι Φωκεῖς Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀκαρνᾶνες Ἄργος Ἐπίδαυρος Ἤλις

The cities that participated were, from the Peloponnese, Argos, Epidaurus, Sicyon, Troezen, Elis, Phlius, and Messene. Of those outside the Isthmus of Corinth, there were the Locrians, Phocians, Thessalians, Carystus and the Acarnanians who were joined with the Aetolian league. But the Boeotians, occupying the Theban territory, left deserted by the Thebans and fearful that the Athenians might resettle Thebes against their will, neither joined the alliance nor, as far as their power allowed, ceased augmenting the strength of Macedonia.

Passage 1.25.5 Class: Non-skeptical

τοὺς δὲ ἐς τὸ συμμαχικὸν ταχθέντας κατὰ πόλεις τε ἑκάστους ἦγον στρατηγοὶ καὶ τοῦ παντὸς ἄρχειν ᾕρητο Ἀθηναῖος Λεωσθένης πόλεώς τε ἀξιώματι καὶ αὐτὸς εἶναι δοκῶν πολέμων ἔμπειρος. ὑπῆρχε δέ οἱ καὶ πρὸς πάντας εὐεργεσία τοὺς Ἕλληνας· ὁπόσοι γὰρ μισθοῦ παρὰ Δαρείῳ καὶ σατράπαις ἐστρατεύοντο Ἕλληνες, ἀνοικίσαι σφᾶς ἐς τὴν Περσίδα θελήσαντος Ἀλεξάνδρου Λεωσθένης ἔφθη κομίσας ναυσὶν ἐς τὴν Εὐρώπην. καὶ δὴ καὶ τότε ὧν ἐς αὐτὸν ἤλπισαν τὰ ἔργα λαμπρότερα ἐπιδειξάμενος παρέσχεν ἀποθανὼν ἀθυμῆσαι πᾶσι καὶ διʼ αὐτὸ οὐχ ἥκιστα σφαλῆναι· φρουρά τε Μακεδόνων ἐσῆλθεν Ἀθηναίοις, οἳ Μουνυχίαν, ὕστερον δὲ καὶ Πειραιᾶ καὶ τείχη μακρὰ ἔσχον.

Proper Nouns:

Δαρεῖος Εὐρώπη Λεωσθένης Μακεδόνες Μουνυχία Πειραιεύς Περσίς σατράπης Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀθηναῖος Ἀλέξανδρος Ἕλληνες

The allies, arranged city by city, were led each by their own generals, and the Athenians had chosen Leosthenes to be commander-in-chief over all, both because of the prestige of his city and because he himself was considered experienced in war. Moreover, he had done a great service to all the Greeks: for when Alexander intended to settle in Persia the many Greeks who had served as mercenaries for Darius and the Persian satraps, Leosthenes preemptively brought them back to Europe by ship. At this very time also, after displaying brilliant achievements from which the Greeks had anticipated yet greater deeds, he died, causing universal despondency, and this loss contributed greatly toward their ultimate failure. Consequently, a Macedonian garrison entered Athens, occupying Munichia, and afterwards also the Peiraeus and the Long Walls.

Passage 1.25.6 Class: Non-skeptical

Ἀντιπάτρου δὲ ἀποθανόντος Ὀλυμπιὰς διαβᾶσα ἐξ Ἠπείρου χρόνον μέν τινα ἦρξεν ἀποκτείνασα Ἀριδαῖον, οὐ πολλῷ δὲ ὕστερον ἐκπολιορκηθεῖσα ὑπὸ Κασσάνδρου παρεδόθη τῷ πλήθει. Κάσσανδρος δὲ βασιλεύσας---τὰ δὲ ἐς Ἀθηναίους ἐπέξεισί μοι μόνα ὁ λόγος---Πάνακτον τεῖχος ἐν τῇ Ἀττικῇ καὶ Σαλαμῖνα εἷλε τύραννόν τε Ἀθηναίοις ἔπραξε γενέσθαι Δημήτριον τὸν Φανοστράτου, τὰ πρὸς δόξαν εἰληφότα ἐπὶ σοφίᾳ. τοῦτον μὲν δὴ τυραννίδος ἔπαυσε Δημήτριος ὁ Ἀντιγόνου, νέος τε ὢν καὶ φιλοτίμως πρὸς τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν διακείμενος·

Proper Nouns:

Δημήτριος Φανοστράτου Δημήτριος Ἀντιγόνου Κάσσανδρος Κάσσανδρος Πάνακτον Σαλαμίς Ἀθῆναι Ἀντίπατρος Ἀριδαῖος Ἀττική Ἕλληνες Ἤπειρος Ὀλυμπιάς

Upon the death of Antipater, Olympias crossed over from Epirus, and for a time she held power, having killed Aridaeus. But soon afterward, being besieged closely by Cassander, she surrendered herself to the people. Cassander, having established himself as king—though my account will mention only those events concerning the Athenians—captured the fortification of Panactum in Attica and the island of Salamis, and arranged that the Athenians be ruled by a tyrant, Demetrius, the son of Phanostratus, who had already attained a reputation for wisdom. This man was removed from the tyranny by Demetrius, son of Antigonus, who was then youthful and well-disposed toward the Greeks through his ambition.

Passage 1.25.7 Class: Non-skeptical

Κάσσανδρος δὲ---δεινὸν γάρ τι ὑπῆν οἱ μῖσος ἐς τοὺς Ἀθηναίους---, ὁ δὲ αὖθις Λαχάρην προεστηκότα ἐς ἐκεῖνο τοῦ δήμου, τοῦτον τὸν ἄνδρα οἰκειωσάμενος τυραννίδα ἔπεισε βουλεῦσαι, τυράννων ὧν ἴσμεν τά τε ἐς ἀνθρώπους μάλιστα ἀνήμερον καὶ ἐς τὸ θεῖον ἀφειδέστατον. Δημητρίῳ δὲ τῷ Ἀντιγόνου διαφορὰ μὲν ἦν ἐς τὸν δῆμον ἤδη τῶν Ἀθηναίων, καθεῖλε δὲ ὅμως καὶ τὴν Λαχάρους τυραννίδα· ἁλισκομένου δὲ τοῦ τείχους ἐκδιδράσκει Λαχάρης ἐς Βοιωτούς, ἅτε δὲ ἀσπίδας ἐξ ἀκροπόλεως καθελὼν χρυσᾶς καὶ αὐτὸ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς τὸ ἄγαλμα τὸν περιαιρετὸν ἀποδύσας κόσμον ὑπωπτεύετο εὐπορεῖν μεγάλως χρημάτων.

Proper Nouns:

Βοιωτοί Δημήτριος Κάσσανδρος Λαχάρης Λαχάρης ἀκρόπολις Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀθηνᾶ Ἀντίγονος

Cassander—for he harbored a fierce hatred toward the Athenians—on seeing Lachares again taking a prominent position in leadership among the people, befriended this man and persuaded him to assume tyranny, a tyranny that, among those known to us, proved exceptionally brutal toward men and most irreverent toward the divine. Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, also had quarrels with the democracy of Athens by this time; nevertheless, he was responsible for overthrowing the tyranny of Lachares. As the city walls were being captured, Lachares escaped and fled to the Boeotians. Since he had removed golden shields from the Acropolis and stripped the very image of Athena of its detachable adornments, he was suspected of possessing a great abundance of wealth.

Passage 1.25.8 Class: Non-skeptical

Λαχάρην μὲν οὖν τούτων ἕνεκα κτείνουσιν ἄνδρες Κορωναῖοι· Δημήτριος δὲ ὁ Ἀντιγόνου τυράννων ἐλευθερώσας Ἀθηναίους τό τε παραυτίκα μετὰ τὴν Λαχάρους φυγὴν οὐκ ἀπέδωκέ σφισι τὸν Πειραιᾶ καὶ ὕστερον πολέμῳ κρατήσας ἐσήγαγεν ἐς αὐτὸ φρουρὰν τὸ ἄστυ, τὸ Μουσεῖον καλούμενον τειχίσας. ἔστι δὲ ἐντὸς τοῦ περιβόλου τοῦ ἀρχαίου τὸ Μουσεῖον ἀπαντικρὺ τῆς ἀκροπόλεως λόφος, ἔνθα Μουσαῖον ᾄδειν καὶ ἀποθανόντα γήρᾳ ταφῆναι λέγουσιν· ὕστερον δὲ καὶ μνῆμα αὐτόθι ἀνδρὶ ᾠκοδομήθη Σύρῳ. τότε δὲ Δημήτριος τειχίσας εἶχε·

Proper Nouns:

Δημήτριος Κορωναῖοι Λαχάρης Λαχάρης Μουσαῖον Μουσεῖον Πειραιεύς Σύρος ἀκρόπολις Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀντίγονος

For these reasons, Lachares was killed by men from Coronea. Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, after liberating the Athenians from tyranny, did not immediately restore to them the Piraeus following the flight of Lachares; later, after prevailing in war, he introduced a garrison into the city itself, fortifying the place called the Museum. Within the ancient enclosure, opposite the Acropolis, there is a hill called the Museum, where they say Musaeus used to sing and, when he died of old age, was buried. Later, a memorial was also erected there to a certain Syrian. At that time, Demetrius fortified it and held it.

Legend:

Chapter 1.25