Pausanias Analysis

Passage 1.35.1 Class: Non-skeptical

νῆσοι δὲ Ἀθηναίοις οὐ πόρρω τῆς χώρας εἰσίν, ἡ μὲν Πατρόκλου καλουμένη---τὰ δὲ ἐς αὐτὴν ἤδη μοι δεδήλωται---, ἄλλη δὲ ὑπὲρ Σουνίου τὴν Ἀττικὴν ἐν ἀριστερᾷ παρα πλέουσιν· ἐς ταύτην ἀποβῆναι λέγουσιν Ἑλένην μετὰ τὴν ἅλωσιν τὴν Ἰλίου, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ὄνομά ἐστιν Ἑλένη τῇ νήσῳ.

Proper Nouns:

Πάτροκλος Σούνιον Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀττική Ἑλένη Ἑλένη Ἴλιον

Not far from Attica lie certain islands belonging to the Athenians, one of which is called Patroclus' Island—I have already described what pertains to this one. Another lies off Attica beyond Sunium, on the left as you sail past. They say that after the capture of Ilium, Helen landed upon this island, and for this reason the island bears the name Helen.

Passage 1.35.2 Class: Non-skeptical

Σαλαμὶς δὲ κατὰ Ἐλευσῖνα κειμένη παρήκει καὶ ἐς τὴν Μεγαρικήν. πρῶτον δὲ ἐν τῇ νήσῳ τὸ ὄνομα θέσθαι τοῦτο ν Κυχρέα ἀπὸ τῆς μητρὸς Σαλαμῖνος τῆς Ἀσωποῦ, καὶ ὕστερον Αἰγινήτας τοὺς σὺν Τελαμῶνι ἐποικῆσαι· Φίλαιον δὲ τὸν Εὐρυσάκους τοῦ Αἴαντος παραδοῦναι λέγουσιν Ἀθηναίοις τὴν νῆσον, γενόμενον ὑπʼ αὐτῶν Ἀθηναῖον. Σαλαμινίους δὲ Ἀθηναῖοι τούτων ὕστερον πολλοῖς ἔτεσιν ἀναστάτους ἐποίησαν, καταγνόντες ἐθελοκακῆσαι σφᾶς ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ τῷ πρὸς Κάσσανδρον καὶ τὴν πόλιν γνώμῃ τὸ πλέον Μακεδόσιν ἐνδοῦναι· καὶ Αἰσχητάδου τε κατέγνωσαν θάνατον, ὃς τότε ᾕρητο ἐς τὴν Σαλαμῖνα στρατηγός, καὶ ἐς τὸν πάντα ἐπώμοσαν χρόνον Σαλαμινίοις ἀπομνημονεύ ς ειν προδοσίαν.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγινήτης Αἰσχητάδης Αἴας Εὐρυσάκης Κάσσανδρος Κυχρέυς Μακεδών Μεγαρίς Σαλαμίνιος Σαλαμίνιος Σαλαμίς Σαλαμίς Σαλαμῖς Τελαμῶν Φίλαιος Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀθηναῖος Ἀσωπός Ἐλευσῖς

Salamis lies opposite Eleusis and extends as far as Megaris. It is said that the island was first named by Cychreus after his mother Salamis, daughter of Asopus, and later inhabited by the Aeginetans who came with Telamon. Further, tradition states that Philaeus, son of Eurysaces, son of Ajax, handed the island over to the Athenians and became an Athenian citizen himself. Many years later, the Athenians expelled the Salaminians from the island, having convicted them of willful negligence in the war against Cassander, charging them with having voluntarily yielded the greater part of their city to the Macedonians. They also sentenced to death Aeschetades, who was then chosen general for Salamis, and swore an everlasting oath to remember the treachery of the Salaminians.

Passage 1.35.3 Class: Skeptical

ἔστι δὲ ἀγορᾶς τε ἔτι ἐρείπια καὶ ναὸς Αἴαντος, ἄγαλμα δὲ ἐξ ἐβένου ξύλου· διαμένουσι δὲ καὶ ἐς τόδε τῷ Αἴαντι παρὰ Ἀθηναίοις τιμαὶ αὐτῷ τε καὶ Εὐρυσάκει, καὶ γὰρ Εὐρυσάκους βωμός ἐστιν ἐν Ἀθήναις. δείκνυται δὲ λίθος ἐν Σαλαμῖνι οὐ πόρρω τοῦ λιμένος· ἐπὶ τούτου καθήμενον Τελαμῶνα ὁρᾶν λέγουσιν ἐς τὴν ναῦν ἀποπλεόντων οἱ τῶν παίδων ἐς Αὐλίδα ἐπὶ τὸν κοινὸν τῶν Ἑλλήνων στόλον.

Proper Nouns:

Αἴας Αἴας Αὐλίς Εὐρυσάκης Εὐρυσάκης Σαλαμίς Τελαμών Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀθῆναι Ἕλληνες

There are still to be seen ruins of the marketplace, as well as a temple of Ajax, with its statue made of ebony wood. Ajax continues even now to receive honors from the Athenians, both he himself and Eurysaces; indeed there is also an altar dedicated to Eurysaces at Athens. On Salamis they point out a stone not far from the harbor, upon which, they say, Telamon sat watching his sons sailing away towards Aulis to join the common expedition of the Greeks.

Passage 1.35.4 Class: Skeptical

λέγουσι δὲ οἱ περὶ τὴν Σαλαμῖνα οἰκοῦντες ἀποθανόντος Αἴαντος τὸ ἄνθος σφίσιν ἐν τῇ γῇ τότε φανῆναι πρῶτον· λευκόν ἐστιν, ὑπέρυθρον, κρίνου καὶ αὐτὸ ἔλασσον καὶ τὰ φύλλα· γράμματα δὲ ἔπεστιν οἷα τοῖς ὑακίνθοις καὶ τούτῳ. λόγον δὲ τῶν μὲν Αἰολέων τῶν ὕστερον οἰκησάντων Ἴλιον ἐς τὴν κρίσιν τὴν ἐπὶ τοῖς ὅπλοις ἤκουσα, οἳ τῆς ναυαγίας Ὀδυσσεῖ συμβάσης ἐξενεχθῆναι κατὰ τὸν τάφον τὸν Αἴαντος τὰ ὅπλα λέγουσι· τὸ δὲ ἐς τὸ μέγεθος αὐτοῦ Μυσὸς ἔλεγεν ἀνήρ.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰολεύς Αἴας Μυσός Σαλαμίς Ἴλιον Ὀδυσσεύς

The inhabitants around Salamis relate that upon the death of Ajax, the flower first appeared on their land; it is white, tinged slightly with crimson, smaller than a lily, as are its leaves. On it too, as with the hyacinth, letters appear. Regarding the judgment made over the arms, I have heard the account given by those Aeolians who later inhabited Ilium: they say that Odysseus, after being shipwrecked, had his weapons washed ashore at the tomb of Ajax. A certain Mysian, however, spoke concerning the greatness of Ajax's stature.

Passage 1.35.5 Class: Skeptical

τοῦ γὰρ τάφου τὰ πρὸς τὸν αἰγιαλὸν ἔφασκεν ἐπικλύσαι τὴν θάλασσαν καὶ τὴν ἔσοδον ἐς τὸ μνῆμα οὐ χαλεπὴν ποιῆσαι, καί με τοῦ νεκροῦ τὸ μέγεθος τεκμαίρεσθαι τῇδε ἐκέλευε· πεντάθλου γὰρ παιδὸς εἶναί οἱ κατὰ δίσκον μάλιστα τὰ ἐπὶ τοῖς γόνασιν ὀστᾶ, καλουμένας δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ἰατρῶν μύλας. ἐγὼ δέ, ὁπόσοι μὲν οἰκοῦσιν ἔσχατοι Κελτῶν ἔχοντες ὅμορον τῇ διὰ κρυμὸν ἐρήμῳ, οὓς Καβαρεῖς ὀνομάζουσι, τούτων μὲν οὐκ ἐθαύμασα τὸ μῆκος, οἳ νεκρῶν οὐδέν τι διαφόρως ἔχουσιν Αἰγυπτίων· ὁπόσα δὲ ἄξια ἐφαίνετο εἶναί μοι θέας, διηγήσομαι.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγύπτιοι Καβαρεῖς Κελτοί

He said that the sea had washed up against the tomb on the side facing the coast, making access into the tomb itself not difficult; and he gave me a point from which to judge the size of the dead man's body. He claimed that the kneecaps (called by doctors "myloi") were about the size of the discus of a boy-competitor in the pentathlon. Now, for my part, having seen those among the Celts who dwell furthest away, bordering that wilderness of frost and called the Cabares, I was not astonished at their great stature, since their dead are no different at all from the Egyptians in this regard. But whatever else seemed to me worthy of note I will describe.

Passage 1.35.6 Class: Non-skeptical

Μάγνησι τοῖς ἐπὶ Ληθαίῳ Πρωτοφάνης τῶν ἀστῶν ἀνείλετο ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ νίκας ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ παγκρατίου καὶ πάλης· τούτου λῃσταὶ κερδανεῖν πού τι δοκοῦντες ἐσῆλθον ἐς τὸν τάφον, ἐπὶ δὲ τοῖς λῃσταῖς ἐσῄεσαν ἤδη θεασόμενοι τὸν νεκρὸν τὰς πλευρὰς οὐκ ἔχοντα διεστώσας, ἄλλά οἱ συμφυὲς ἦν ὅσον ἀπʼ ὤμων ἐς τὰς ἐλαχίστας πλευράς, καλουμένας δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ἰατρῶν νόθας. ἔστι δὲ Μιλησίοις πρὸ τῆς πόλεως Λάδη νῆσος, ἀπερρώγασι δὲ ἀπʼ αὐτῆς νησῖδες· Ἀστερίου τὴν ἑτέραν ὀνομάζουσι καὶ τὸν Ἀστέριον ἐν αὐτῇ ταφῆναι λέγουσιν, εἶναι δὲ Ἀστέριον μὲν Ἄνακτος, Ἄνακτα δὲ Γῆς παῖδα· ἔχει δʼ οὖν ὁ νεκρὸς οὐδέν τι μεῖον πηχῶν δέκα.

Proper Nouns:

Γῆ Λάδη Λήθαιος Μάγνησις Μιλήσιοι Πρωτοφάνης Ἀστέριος Ἀστέριος Ἄναξ Ἄναξ Ὀλυμπία

Protophanes, among the citizens of Magnesia on the Lethaeus, gained victory at Olympia in both the pankration and wrestling on the same day. Robbers, believing perhaps that they could profit in some way, broke into his tomb; however, people soon entered the tomb after these robbers and saw clearly that the dead man's ribs were not separated, but rather joined together continuously from the shoulders down to the lowest ribs, which are called "false" by physicians. To the Milesians, opposite their city, lies an island called Lade; a group of smaller islets are detached from it. One of these islands they call Asterius, and they say that Asterius was buried upon it. This Asterius, they say, was the son of Anax, and Anax himself was a son of Earth. The dead body measures no less than ten cubits in length.

Passage 1.35.7 Class: Skeptical

τὸ δʼ ἐμοὶ θαῦμα παρασχόν, Λυδίας τῆς ἄνω πόλις ἐστὶν οὐ μεγάλη Τημένου θύραι· ἐνταῦθα παραραγέντος λόφου διὰ χειμῶνα ὀστᾶ ἐφάνη τὸ σχῆμα παρέχοντα ἐς πίστιν ὡς ἔστιν ἀνθρώπου, ἐπεὶ διὰ μέγεθος οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως ἂν ἔδοξεν. αὐτίκα δὲ λόγος ἦλθεν ἐς τοὺς πολλοὺς Γηρυόνου τοῦ Χρυσάορος εἶναι μὲν τὸν νεκρόν, εἶναι δὲ καὶ τὸν θρόνον· καὶ γὰρ θρόνος ἀνδρός ἐστιν ἐνειργασμένος ὄρους λιθώδει προβολῇ· καὶ χείμαρρόν τε ποταμὸν Ὠκεανὸν ἐκάλουν καὶ βοῶν ἤδη κέρασιν ἔφασάν τινας ἐντυχεῖν ἀροῦντας, διότι ἔχει λόγος βοῦς ἀρίστας θρέψαι τὸν Γηρυόνην.

Proper Nouns:

Γηρυών Γηρυών Λυδία Τήμενος Χρυσάορος Ὠκεανός

But what struck me as remarkable is this: there is a small city called Temenothyrae in Upper Lydia. Here, when a hillside had collapsed due to heavy rainfall, bones were exposed, appearing in their form plainly human; however, their size was so extraordinary that no one could reasonably consider them human. Immediately among the common people spread the story that the remains belonged to Geryon, the son of Chrysaor, and that his throne was there as well. Indeed, there is a throne carved into a rocky projection of the mountain in the shape suitable for a man. Moreover, they named a torrent nearby the Ocean, and some even claimed that men, while ploughing their fields, encountered horns of cattle, since tradition holds that Geryon reared cattle of surpassing excellence.

Passage 1.35.8 Class: Skeptical

ἐπεὶ δέ σφισιν ἐναντιούμενος ἀπέφαινον ἐν Γαδείροις εἶναι Γηρυόνην, οὗ μνῆμα μὲν οὔ, δένδρον δὲ παρεχόμενον διαφόρους μορφάς, ἐνταῦθα οἱ τῶν Λυδῶν ἐξηγηταὶ τὸν ὄντα ἐδείκνυον λόγον, ὡς εἴη μὲν ὁ νεκρὸς Ὕλλου, παῖς δὲ Ὕλλος εἴη Γῆς, ἀπὸ τούτου δὲ ὁ ποταμὸς ὠνομάσθη· Ἡρακλέα δὲ διὰ τὴν παρʼ Ὀμφάλῃ ποτὲ ἔφασαν δίαιταν Ὕλλον ἀπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ καλέσαι τὸν παῖδα.

Proper Nouns:

Γάδειρα Γηρυόνης Γῆ Λυδοί Ἡρακλῆς Ὀμφάλη Ὕλλος Ὕλλος

When, however, objecting to them, I pointed out that Geryon was in Gadeira, where no tomb existed, but only a tree taking various forms, the Lydian interpreters related here the real tradition: that the corpse belonged rather to Hyllus, and that Hyllus was a son of Earth, and from him the river was named. They further claimed that, because of his former stay with Omphale, Heracles later named his own son Hyllus after this river.

Legend:

Chapter 1.35