Pausanias Analysis

Passage 1.6.1 Class: Skeptical

τὰ δὲ ἐς Ἄτταλον καὶ Πτολεμαῖον ἡλικίᾳ τε ἦν ἀρχαιότερα, ὡς μὴ μένειν ἔτι τὴν φήμην αὐτῶν, καὶ οἱ συγγενόμενοι τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν ἐπὶ συγγραφῇ τῶν ἔργων καὶ πρότερον ἔτι ἠμελήθησαν· τούτων ἕνεκά μοι καὶ τὰ τῶνδε ἐπῆλθε δηλῶσαι ἔργα τε ὁποῖα ἔπραξαν καὶ ὡς ἐς τοὺς πατέρας αὐτῶν περιεχώρησεν Αἰγύπτου καὶ ἡ Μυσῶν καὶ τῶν προσοίκων ἀρχή.

Proper Nouns:

Αἴγυπτος Μυσοί Πτολεμαῖος Ἄτταλος

Concerning the actions of Attalus and Ptolemy—they were of such a great age that their fame no longer endures, and even those who associated with the kings and wrote the accounts of their deeds had previously shown insufficient care. For these reasons it has occurred to me also to relate their deeds—of what nature they were and how the kingdoms of Egypt and Mysia, as well as those of nearby peoples, came into the power of their forefathers.

Passage 1.6.2 Class: Skeptical

Πτολεμαῖον Μακεδόνες Φιλίππου παῖδα εἶναι τοῦ Ἀμύντου, λόγῳ δὲ Λάγου νομίζουσι· τὴν γάρ οἱ μητέρα ἔχουσαν ἐν γαστρὶ δοθῆναι γυναῖκα ὑπὸ Φιλίππου Λάγῳ. Πτολεμαῖον δὲ λέγουσιν ἄλλα τε ἐν τῇ Ἀσίᾳ λαμπρὰ ἀποδείξασθαι καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ κινδύνου ξυμβάντος ἐν Ὀξυδράκαις μάλιστά οἱ τῶν ἑταίρων ἀμῦναι. τελευτήσαντος δὲ Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῖς ἐς Ἀριδαῖον τὸν Φιλίππου τὴν πᾶσαν ἄγουσιν ἀρχὴν ἀντιστὰς αὐτὸς μάλιστα ἐγένετο ἐς τὰς βασιλείας αἴτιος τὰ ἔθνη νεμηθῆναι.

Proper Nouns:

Λάγος Μακεδόνες Πτολεμαῖος Φίλιππος Ἀλέξανδρος Ἀλέξανδρος Ἀμύντας Ἀριδαῖος Ἀσία Ὀξυδράκαι

The Macedonians say that Ptolemy was the son of Philip, the son of Amyntas, though nominally he was considered the son of Lagus; for his mother, already pregnant, was given in marriage by Philip to Lagus. They say further that Ptolemy distinguished himself notably by significant achievements in Asia, and especially amongst Alexander's companions protected him when he was in danger among the Oxydracae. After Alexander's death, Ptolemy strongly opposed those assigning full power to Arrhidaeus, Philip's son, and was particularly instrumental in causing the division of nations into separate kingdoms.

Passage 1.6.3 Class: Non-skeptical

αὐτὸς δὲ ἐς Αἴγυπτον διαβὰς Κλεομένην τε ἀπέκτεινεν, ὃν σατραπεύειν Αἰγύπτου κατέστησεν Ἀλέξανδρος, Περδίκκᾳ νομίζων εὔνουν καὶ διʼ αὐτὸ οὐ πιστὸν αὑτῷ, καὶ Μακεδόνων τοὺς ταχθέντας τὸν Ἀλεξάνδρου νεκρὸν ἐς Αἰγὰς κομίζειν ἀνέπεισεν αὑτῷ παραδοῦναι· καὶ τὸν μὲν νόμῳ τῷ Μακεδόνων ἔθαπτεν ἐν Μέμφει, οἷα δὲ ἐπιστάμενος πολεμήσοντα Περδίκκαν Αἴγυπτον εἶχεν ἐν φυλακῇ. Περδίκκας δὲ ἐς μὲν τὸ εὐπρεπὲς τῆς στρατείας ἐπήγετο Ἀριδαῖον τὸν Φιλίππου καὶ παῖδα Ἀλέξανδρον ἐκ Ῥωξάνης τῆς Ὀξυάρτου γεγονότα καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου, τῷ δὲ ἔργῳ Πτολεμαῖον ἐπεβούλευεν ἀφελέσθαι τὴν ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ βασιλείαν· ἐξωσθεὶς δὲ Αἰγύπτου καὶ τὰ ἐς πόλεμον ἔτι οὐχ ὁμοίως θαυμαζόμενος, διαβεβλημένος δὲ καὶ ἄλλως ἐς τοὺς Μακεδόνας, ἀπέθανεν ὑπὸ τῶν σωματοφυλάκων.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγαί Αἴγυπτος Αἴγυπτος Αἴγυπτος Κλεομένης Μέμφις Μακεδόνες Μακεδόνες Περδίκκας Περδίκκας Περδίκκας Πτολεμαῖος Φίλιππος Ἀλέξανδρος Ἀλέξανδρος Ἀλέξανδρος Ἀριδαῖος Ὀξυάρτης Ῥωξάνη

He himself crossed over into Egypt and killed Cleomenes, whom Alexander had appointed satrap of Egypt, believing him loyal to Perdiccas and therefore untrustworthy to himself. He also persuaded the Macedonians who had been appointed to carry Alexander's body to Aegae to hand it over to him. He buried the body in Memphis according to Macedonian custom; and knowing that Perdiccas would wage war against him, he kept Egypt well guarded. Perdiccas, for outward appearance, took with him on campaign Philip's son Arrhidaeus and the child Alexander, son of Alexander himself and Roxane, daughter of Oxyartes; but in reality he plotted to seize for himself Ptolemy's rule over Egypt. He was driven out of Egypt, and lost his former prestige in military affairs; furthermore, having fallen under suspicion among the Macedonians on other grounds, he was ultimately killed by his own bodyguards.

Passage 1.6.4 Class: Non-skeptical

Πτολεμαῖον δὲ αὐτίκα ἐς τὰ πράγματα ὁ Περδίκκου θάνατος ἐπέστησε· καὶ τοῦτο μὲν Σύρους καὶ Φοινίκην εἷλε, τοῦτο δὲ ἐκπεσόντα ὑπὸ Ἀντιγόνου καὶ φεύγοντα ὑπεδέξατο Σέλευκον τὸν Ἀντιόχου, καὶ αὐτὸς παρεσκευάζετο ὡς ἀμυνούμενος Ἀντίγονον. καὶ Κάσσανδρον τὸν Ἀντιπάτρου καὶ Λυσίμαχον βασιλεύοντα ἐν Θρᾴκῃ μετασχεῖν ἔπεισε τοῦ πολέμου, φυγὴν λέγων τὴν Σελεύκου καὶ τὸν Ἀντίγονον φοβερόν σφισιν εἶναι πᾶσιν αὐξηθέντα.

Proper Nouns:

Θρᾴκη Κάσσανδρος Λυσίμαχος Περδίκκας Πτολεμαῖος Σέλευκος Σέλευκος Σῦρος Φοινίκη Ἀντίγονος Ἀντίγονος Ἀντίοχος Ἀντίπατρος

The death of Perdiccas at once brought Ptolemy into affairs of state. He immediately secured Syria and Phoenicia, and offered refuge to Seleucus, the son of Antiochus, who had been driven out by Antigonus and fled to him. Ptolemy himself began preparing to resist Antigonus, and persuaded Cassander, son of Antipater, and Lysimachus, the king ruling in Thrace, to enter the war, pointing to Seleucus's flight and urging that Antigonus, grown in power, had become a great danger to them all.

Passage 1.6.5 Class: Non-skeptical

Ἀντίγονος δὲ τέως μὲν ἦν ἐν παρασκευῇ πολέμου καὶ τὸν κίνδυνον οὐ παντάπασιν ἐθάρρει· ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐς Λιβύην ἐπύθετο στρατεύειν Πτολεμαῖον ἀφεστηκότων Κυρηναίων, αὐτίκα Σύρους καὶ Φοίνικας εἷλεν ἐξ ἐπιδρομῆς, παραδοὺς δὲ Δημητρίῳ τῷ παιδί, ἡλικίαν μὲν νέῳ φρονεῖν δὲ ἤδη δοκοῦντι, καταβαίνει ἐπὶ τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον. πρὶν δὲ ἢ διαβῆναι πάλιν ἦγεν ὀπίσω τὴν στρατιάν, Δημήτριον ἀκούων ὑπὸ Πτολεμαίου μάχῃ κεκρατῆσθαι· Δημήτριος δὲ οὔτε παντάπασιν ἐξειστήκει Πτολεμαίῳ τῆς χώρας καί τινας τῶν Αἰγυπτίων λοχήσας διέφθειρεν οὐ πολλούς. τότε δὲ ἥκοντα Ἀντίγονον οὐχ ὑπομείνας Πτολεμαῖος ἀνεχώρησεν ἐς Αἴγυπτον.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγύπτιοι Αἴγυπτος Δημήτριος Κυρηναῖοι Λιβύη Πτολεμαῖος Πτολεμαῖος Πτολεμαῖος Σῦροι Φοῖνικες Ἀντίγονος Ἀντίγονος Ἑλλήσποντος

For a time Antigonus was engaged in war preparations and was not entirely confident about the outcome. But when he learned that Ptolemy had marched into Libya because the Cyrenaeans had revolted, he immediately seized Syria and Phoenicia by a swift attack. Having entrusted these lands to his son Demetrius, who, although still young in age, already seemed capable in judgment, he moved down toward the Hellespont. However, before crossing, he turned his army back upon hearing that Demetrius had been defeated by Ptolemy in battle. Yet Demetrius had not quite yielded all of the territory to Ptolemy, for he had ambushed and killed some few Egyptians. But as soon as Antigonus arrived, Ptolemy refused to face him, and withdrew back into Egypt.

Passage 1.6.6 Class: Non-skeptical

διελθόντος δὲ τοῦ χειμῶνος Δημήτριος πλεύσας ἐς Κύπρον Μενέλαον σατράπην Πτολεμαίου ναυμαχίᾳ καὶ αὖθις αὐτὸν Πτολεμαῖον ἐπιδιαβάντα ἐνίκησε· φυγόντα δὲ αὐτὸν ἐς Αἴγυπτον Ἀντίγονός τε κατὰ γῆν καὶ ναυσὶν ἅμα ἐπολιόρκει καὶ Δημήτριος. Πτολεμαῖος δὲ ἐς πᾶν ἀφικόμενος κινδύνου διέσωσεν ὅμως τὴν ἀρχὴν στρατιᾷ τε ἀντικαθήμενος ἐπὶ Πηλουσίῳ καὶ τριήρεσιν ἀμυνόμενος ἅμα ἐκ τοῦ ποταμοῦ. Ἀντίγονος δὲ Αἴγυπτον μὲν αἱρήσειν ἐκ τῶν παρόντων οὐδεμίαν ἔτι εἶχεν ἐλπίδα, Δημήτριον δὲ ἐπὶ Ῥοδίους στρατιᾷ πολλῇ καὶ ναυσὶν ἔστειλεν, ὡς εἴ οἱ προσγένοιτο ἡ νῆσος ὁρμητηρίῳ χρήσεσθαι πρὸς τοὺς Αἰγυπτίους ἐλπίζων· ἀλλὰ αὐτοί τε οἱ Ῥόδιοι τολμήματα καὶ ἐπιτεχνήσεις παρέσχοντο ἐς τοὺς πολιορκοῦντας καὶ Πτολεμαῖός σφισιν ἐς ὅσον δυνάμεως ἧκε συνήρατο ἐς τὸν πόλεμον.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγύπτιοι Αἴγυπτος Δημήτριος Κύπρος Μενέλαος Πηλούσιον Πτολεμαῖος Πτολεμαῖος Πτολεμαῖος νῆσος Ῥόδος Ἀντίγονος Ῥόδιοι

When winter had passed, Demetrius sailed to Cyprus and defeated Menelaus, the satrap of Ptolemy, in a naval battle, and later vanquished Ptolemy himself when he crossed over to assist. After Ptolemy fled into Egypt, both Antigonus by land and Demetrius by sea laid siege to him simultaneously. Ptolemy, brought to extreme danger, nonetheless preserved his rule by positioning his army defensively around Pelusium and resisting with his fleet on the river. Antigonus, having no further hope of capturing Egypt given the present circumstances, dispatched Demetrius with numerous troops and ships against Rhodes, hoping that, if the island were subdued, it could serve him as a base from which to attack the Egyptians. However, the Rhodians themselves exhibited daring actions and devised ingenious stratagems against their besiegers, and Ptolemy as well contributed assistance to the extent of his abilities for their war.

Passage 1.6.7 Class: Non-skeptical

Ἀντίγονος δὲ Ῥόδου τε ἁμαρτὼν καὶ Αἰγύπτου πρότερον, οὐ πολλῷ τούτων ὕστερον ἀντιτάξασθαι Λυσιμάχῳ τολμήσας καὶ Κασσάνδρῳ τε καὶ τῇ Σελεύκου στρατιᾷ, τῆς δυνάμεως ἀπώλεσε τὸ πολὺ καὶ αὐτὸς ἀπέθανε ταλαιπωρήσας μάλιστα τῷ μήκει τοῦ πρὸς Εὐμένη πολέμου. τῶν δὲ βασιλέων τῶν καθελόντων Ἀντίγονον ἀνοσιώτατον κρίνω γενέσθαι Κάσσανδρον, ὃς διʼ Ἀντιγόνου τὴν Μακεδόνων ἀρχὴν ἀνασωσάμενος πολεμήσων ἦλθεν ἐπʼ ἄνδρα εὐεργέτην.

Proper Nouns:

Αἴγυπτος Εὐμένης Κασσάνδρας Κασσάνδρας Λυσίμαχος Μακεδόνες Σέλευκος Ἀντίγονος Ἀντίγονος Ῥόδος

Antigonus, having earlier failed in Rhodes and Egypt, and not long afterward daring to oppose Lysimachus, Cassander, and Seleucus' army, lost most of his power and died himself, having been weakened especially by the length of the war against Eumenes. Of the kings who overthrew Antigonus I judge Cassander to have been the most impious, who, having regained through Antigonus the sovereignty of Macedon, nevertheless proceeded to wage war against a man who had been his benefactor.

Passage 1.6.8 Class: Skeptical

ἀποθανόντος δὲ Ἀντιγόνου Πτολεμαῖος Σύρους τε αὖθις καὶ Κύπρον εἷλε, κατήγαγε δὲ καὶ Πύρρον ἐς τὴν Θεσπρωτίδα ἤπειρον· Κυρήνης δὲ ἀποστάσης Μάγας Βερενίκης υἱὸς Πτολεμαίῳ τότε συνοικούσης ἔτει πέμπτῳ μετὰ τὴν ἀπόστασιν εἷλε Κυρήνην. ---εἰ δὲ ὁ Πτολεμαῖος οὗτος ἀληθεῖ λόγῳ Φιλίππου τοῦ Ἀμύντου παῖς ἦν, ἴστω τὸ ἐπιμανὲς ἐς τὰς γυναῖκας κατὰ τὸν πατέρα κεκτημένος, ὃς Εὐρυδίκῃ τῇ Ἀντιπάτρου συνοικῶν ὄντων οἱ παίδων Βερενίκης ἐς ἔρωτα ἦλθεν, ἣν Ἀντίπατρος Εὐρυδίκῃ συνέπεμψεν ἐς Αἴγυπτον. ταύτης τῆς γυναικὸς ἐρασθεὶς παῖδας ἐξ αὐτῆς ἐποιήσατο, καὶ ὡς ἦν οἱ πλησίον ἡ τελευτή, Πτολεμαῖον ἀπέλιπεν Αἰγύπτου βασιλεύειν, ἀφʼ οὗ καὶ Ἀθηναίοις ἐστὶν ἡ φυλή, γεγονότα ἐκ Βερενίκης ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐκ τῆς Ἀντιπάτρου θυγατρός.

Proper Nouns:

Αἴγυπτος Αἴγυπτος Βερενίκη Εὐρυδίκη Θεσπρωτίς Κυρήνη Κυρήνη Κύπρος Μάγας Πτολεμαῖος Πτολεμαῖος Πτολεμαῖος Πύρρος Σῦροι Φίλιππος Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀμύντας Ἀντίγονος Ἀντίπατρος Ἤπειρος

After Antigonus died, Ptolemy again seized both Syria and Cyprus; he also brought back Pyrrhus to Thesprotian Epirus. When Cyrene revolted, Magas, the son of Berenice, after this woman had married Ptolemy, captured Cyrene in the fifth year following its rebellion. Now, if this Ptolemy truly was a son of Philip, the son of Amyntas, he inherited from his father a notorious passion for women. While living with Eurydice, Antipater’s daughter, although children had been born to him by her, he fell in love with Berenice, whom Antipater had sent off to Egypt together with Eurydice. Having become enamored of this woman, he fathered children with her as well. When his end approached, he left Ptolemy, his son by her, to reign over Egypt; it was from this Ptolemy, the child of Berenice and not of Antipater’s daughter, that the Athenians derived the name of their tribe.

Legend:

Chapter 1.6