Pausanias Analysis

Passage 4.30.1 Class: Non-skeptical

ἔστιν ἐφʼ ἡμῶν ἐν τῇ Μεσσηνίᾳ τῆς νάπης τῆς Χοιρίου στάδια εἴκοσι μάλιστα ἀπέχουσα Ἀβία ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ πόλις. ταύτην Ἴρην καλεῖσθαι πάλαι καὶ τῶν ἑπτά φασιν εἶναι πόλεων, ἃς Ἀχιλλεῖ πεποίηκεν Ὅμηρος Ἀγαμέμνονα ὑπισχνούμενον. Ὕλλου δὲ καὶ Δωριέων μάχῃ κρατηθέντων ὑπὸ Ἀχαιῶν, ἐνταῦθα Ἀβίαν Γλήνου τοῦ Ἡρακλέους τροφὸν ἀποχωρῆσαι λέγουσιν ἐς τὴν Ἴρην καὶ οἰκῆσαί τε αὐτόθι καὶ Ἡρακλέους ἱερὸν ἱδρύσασθαι, καί οἱ διὰ ταῦτα ὕστερον Κρεσφόντην ἄλλα τε γέρα νεῖμαι καὶ τῇ πόλει μεταθέσθαι τὸ ὄνομα ἀπὸ τῆς Ἀβίας. Ἡρακλεῖον δὲ ἦν αὐτόθι ἐπιφανὲς καὶ Ἀσκληπιεῖον.

Proper Nouns:

Γλῆνος Δωριεῖς Κρεσφόντης Μεσσηνία Χοῖριον νάπη Ἀβία Ἀβία Ἀγαμέμνων Ἀσκληπιεῖον Ἀσκληπιός Ἀχαιοί Ἀχιλλεύς Ἡρακλεῖον Ἡρακλῆς Ἴρη Ὅμηρος Ὕλλος

In our times, in Messenia, there is a town called Abia situated on the coast, roughly twenty stadia distant from the Choiros valley. This city, they say, was originally named Ire, and was among the seven cities that Homer mentions Agamemnon promised to Achilles. After Hyllus and the Dorians were defeated in battle by the Achaeans, it is said that Abia, the nurse of Glenus, son of Heracles, withdrew to Ire, settled there, and established a sanctuary of Heracles. For this reason, Cresphontes later bestowed upon her certain honors, renaming the city after Abia herself. In this place there were notable sanctuaries dedicated to Heracles and Asclepius.

Passage 4.30.2 Class: Skeptical

Φαραὶ δὲ ἀφεστήκασιν Ἀβίας σταδίους ἑβδομήκοντα, καὶ ὕδωρ κατὰ τὴν ὁδόν ἐστιν ἁλμυρόν· βασιλεὺς δὲ Αὔγουστος τοὺς ἐν Φαραῖς Μεσσηνίους συντελεῖν ἀπέταξεν ἐς τὸ Λακωνικόν. τὸν δὲ οἰκιστὴν Φᾶριν Ἑρμοῦ τε καὶ Φυλοδαμείας λέγουσιν εἶναι τῆς Δαναοῦ· Φάρει δὲ ἄρρενας μὲν οὔ φασι γενέσθαι, θυγατέρα δὲ Τηλεγόνην. τοὺς δὲ ἐφεξῆς ἐγενεαλόγησεν Ὅμηρος ἐν Ἰλιάδι διδύμους Κρήθωνα καὶ Ὀρτίλοχον εἶναι Διοκλεῖ, Διοκλέα δὲ αὐτὸν Ὀρτιλόχου τοῦ Ἀλφειοῦ· τὰ δὲ ἐς Τηλεγόνην παρεῖδεν, αὕτη γὰρ λόγῳ τῷ Μεσσηνίων ἐστὶν ἡ τεκοῦσα Ἀλφειῷ τὸν Ὀρτίλοχον.

Proper Nouns:

Αὔγουστος Δαναός Διοκλῆς Διοκλῆς Κρήθων Λακωνικόν Μεσσήνιοι Μεσσήνιοι Τηλεγόνη Φαραὶ Φαραὶ Φυλοδαμεία Φᾶρις Ἀβία Ἀλφειός Ἀλφειός Ἑρμῆς Ἰλιάς Ὀρτίλοχος Ὀρτίλοχος Ὅμηρος

Pharae is seventy stades from Abia, and along this road there is salty water. Emperor Augustus ordered the Messenians at Pharae to pay taxes to Laconia. They say that its founder Pharis was the son of Hermes and Phylodameia, daughter of Danaus. Pharis, however, is said to have had no male children, but only a daughter, Telegone. Homer, in the Iliad, traced the lineage following her, stating that Crethon and Ortilochus were twin sons of Diocles, Diocles himself being the son of Ortilochus, and Ortilochus being the son of Alpheius. But he omits mention of Telegone, who according to the Messenian account was the mother of Ortilochus by Alpheius.

Passage 4.30.3 Class: Non-skeptical

καὶ τάδε ἄλλα ἤκουσα ἐν Φαραῖς, Διοκλεῖ θυγατέρα ἐπὶ τοῖς διδύμοις παισὶν Ἀντίκλειαν γενέσθαι, τῆς δὲ Νικόμαχόν τε εἶναι καὶ Γόργασον, πατρὸς δὲ Μαχάονος τοῦ Ἀσκληπιοῦ· τούτους καταμεῖναί τε αὐτοῦ καὶ ὡς ὁ Διοκλῆς ἐτελεύτησε τὴν βασιλείαν ἐκδέξασθαι. διαμεμένηκε δὲ αὐτοῖς καὶ ἐς τόδε ἔτι νοσήματά τε καὶ τοὺς πεπηρωμένους τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἰᾶσθαι· καί σφισιν ἀντὶ τούτων θυσίας ἐς τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ ἀναθήματα ἄγουσιν. ἔστι δὲ καὶ Τύχης ναὸς Φαραιάταις καὶ ἄγαλμα ἀρχαῖον.

Proper Nouns:

Γόργασος Διοκλῆς Διοκλῆς Μαχάων Νικόμαχος Τύχη Φαραί Φαραιάται Ἀντίκλεια Ἀσκληπιός ἱερόν

I also heard the following at Pharae: that Diocles had a daughter named Anticleia, who bore twin sons, Nicomachus and Gorgasus, their father being Machaon, son of Asclepius; and that these two stayed there, and upon Diocles' death, succeeded him in the kingship. Even up to this day, it remains with their descendants to heal diseases and cure those who suffer infirmities. Hence, people bring sacrifices and dedicate offerings at their sanctuary in return for these favors. The inhabitants of Pharae also have a temple of Tyche (Fortune) and within it an ancient statue.

Passage 4.30.4 Class: Non-skeptical

πρῶτος δὲ ὧν οἶδα ἐποιήσατο ἐν τοῖς ἔπεσιν Ὅμηρος Τύχης μνήμην· ἐποιήσατο δὲ ἐν ὕμνῳ τῷ ἐς τὴν Δήμητρα ἄλλας τε τῶν Ὠκεανοῦ θυγατέρας καταριθμούμενος, ὡς ὁμοῦ Κόρῃ τῇ Δήμητρος παίζοιεν, καὶ Τύχην ὡς Ὠκεανοῦ καὶ ταύτην παῖδα οὖσαν· καὶ οὕτως ἔχει τὰ ἔπη· ἡμεῖς μὲν μάλα πᾶσαι ἀνʼ ἱμερτὸν λειμῶνα, Λευκίππη Φαινώ τε καὶ Ἠλέκτρη καὶ Ἰάνθη Μηλόβοσίς τε Τύχη τε καὶ Ὠκυρόη καλυκῶπις. HH Dem. 5.420

Proper Nouns:

Δήμητρα Δήμητρα Κόρη Λευκίππη Μηλόβοσις Τύχη Φαινώ Ἠλέκτρα Ἰάνθη Ὅμηρος Ὠκεανός Ὠκυρόη

Homer is the first poet whom I know who made mention of Tyche in his verses. He did this in the Hymn to Demeter, where, enumerating the other daughters of Ocean who played together with Kore, Demeter's daughter, he says that Tyche also was a daughter of Ocean. His words are as follows: "Then all of us together upon the lovely meadow played, Leukippe, Phaino, and Electra, and Ianthe, Melobosis and Tyche, and blooming-faced Okyrrhoe."

Passage 4.30.5 Class: Skeptical

πέρα δὲ ἐδήλωσεν οὐδὲν ἔτι, ὡς ἡ θεός ἐστιν αὕτη μεγίστη θεῶν ἐν τοῖς ἀνθρωπίνοις πράγμασι καὶ ἰσχὺν παρέχεται πλείστην, ὥσπερ γε ἐν Ἰλιάδι ἐποίησεν Ἀθηνᾶν μὲν καὶ Ἐνυὼ πολεμούντων ἡγεμονίαν ἔχειν, Ἄρτεμιν δὲ γυναικῶν ὠδῖσιν εἶναι φοβερὰν, Ἀφροδίτῃ δὲ τὰ ἔργα μέλειν τῶν γάμων. ἀλλʼ οὗτος μὲν οὐδὲν ἄλλο ἐποίησεν ἐς τὴν Τύχην·

Proper Nouns:

Τύχη Ἀθηνᾶ Ἀφροδίτη Ἄρτεμις Ἐνυώ Ἰλιάς

Moreover, he made no further explanation that this goddess is supreme among the gods in human affairs and provides the greatest strength, as indeed in the Iliad he depicted Athena and Enyo as holding leadership in wars, Artemis as fearsome to women in childbirth, and Aphrodite as overseeing the affairs of marriage. But this poet made no other reference to Tyche.

Passage 4.30.6 Class: Non-skeptical

Βούπαλος δέ, ναούς τε οἰκοδομήσασθαι καὶ ζῷα ἀνὴρ ἀγαθὸς πλάσαι, Σμυρναίοις ἄγαλμα ἐργαζόμενος Τύχης πρῶτος ἐποίησεν ὧν ἴσμεν πόλον τε ἔχουσαν ἐπὶ τῇ κεφαλῇ καὶ τῇ ἑτέρᾳ χειρὶ τὸ καλούμενον Ἀμαλθείας κέρας ὑπὸ Ἑλλήνων. οὗτος μὲν ἐπὶ τοσοῦτο ἐδήλωσε τῆς θεοῦ τὰ ἔργα· ᾖσε δὲ καὶ ὕστερον Πίνδαρος ἄλλα τε ἐς τὴν Τύχην καὶ δὴ καὶ Φερέπολιν ἀνεκάλεσεν αὐτήν.

Proper Nouns:

Βούπαλος Πίνδαρος Σμυρναῖοι Τύχη Φερέπολις Ἀμάλθεια Ἕλληνες

Boupalos, a man excellent in the building of temples as well as in the shaping of figures, was the first—we know of—to depict Fortune in his work for the Smyrnaeans with a polos on her head and grasping in one hand what the Greeks call the horn of Amaltheia. Such was the extent of his portrayal of the goddess. Later, Pindar also sang of Fortune, among other praise, calling her moreover "Pherepolis" (Bearer of Cities).

Legend:

Chapter 4.30