Pausanias Analysis

Passage 5.21.1 Class: Non-skeptical

τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τούτου μοι πρόεισιν ὁ λόγος ἔς τε τῶν ἀνδριάντων καὶ ἐς τῶν ἀναθημάτων ἐξήγησιν. ἀναμῖξαι δὲ οὐκ ἀρεστὰ ἦν μοι τὸν ἐπʼ αὐτοῖς λόγον. ἐν ἀκροπόλει μὲν γὰρ τῇ Ἀθήνῃσιν οἵ τε ἀνδριάντες καὶ ὁπόσα ἄλλα, τὰ πάντα ἐστὶν ὁμοίως ἀναθήματα· ἐν δὲ τῇ Ἄλτει τὰ μὲν τιμῇ τῇ ἐς τὸ θεῖον ἀνάκεινται, οἱ δὲ ἀνδριάντες τῶν νικώντων ἐν ἄθλου λόγῳ σφίσι καὶ οὗτοι δίδονται. τῶν μὲν δὴ ἀνδριάντων ποιησόμεθα καὶ ὕστερον μνήμην· ἐς δὲ τὰ ἀναθήματα ἡμῖν τραπήσεται πρότερα ὁ λόγος, τὰ ἀξιολογώτατα αὐτῶν ἐπερχομένοις.

Proper Nouns:

Ἀθῆναι Ἄλτις

From this point onward, my narrative proceeds to a description of the statues and the offerings. However, I was reluctant to mix together my account of these objects. For indeed, in the Acropolis at Athens, both the statues and all other artifacts alike serve entirely as dedications; whereas in the Altis, some things have been set up in reverence towards the divine, while statues of victors are awarded also to the athletes themselves in recognition of their achievements. Regarding the statues, I will return to a more detailed account later; but my narrative will first turn to the offerings, beginning by surveying those of greatest significance.

Passage 5.21.2 Class: Non-skeptical

ἰόντι γὰρ ἐπὶ τὸ στάδιον τὴν ὁδὸν τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ Μητρῴου, ἔστιν ἐν ἀριστερᾷ κατὰ τὸ πέρας τοῦ ὄρους τοῦ Κρονίου λίθου τε πρὸς αὐτῷ τῷ ὄρει κρηπὶς καὶ ἀναβασμοὶ διʼ αὐτῆς· πρὸς δὲ τῇ κρηπῖδι ἀγάλματα Διὸς ἀνάκειται χαλκᾶ. ταῦτα ἐποιήθη μὲν ἀπὸ χρημάτων ἐπιβληθείσης ἀθληταῖς ζημίας ὑβρίσασιν ἐς τὸν ἀγῶνα, καλοῦνται δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ἐπιχωρίων Ζᾶνες.

Proper Nouns:

Ζεύς Ζᾶνες Κρόνιον Μητρῷον

As one travels the road toward the stadium from the Metroön, there stands on the left, at the very end of the Cronian hill and near the mountain itself, a stone platform with steps leading up through it. Upon this platform there are set bronze statues of Zeus. These statues were made with money collected from fines imposed upon athletes who committed offenses of hubris during the games; the local people call them Zanes.

Passage 5.21.3 Class: Skeptical

πρῶτοι δὲ ἀριθμὸν ἓξ ἐπὶ τῆς ὀγδόης ἔστησαν καὶ ἐνενηκοστῆς Ὀλυμπιάδος· Εὔπωλος γὰρ Θεσσαλὸς χρήμασι διέφθειρε τοὺς ἐλθόντας τῶν πυκτῶν, Ἀγήτορα Ἀρκάδα καὶ Πρύτανιν Κυζικηνόν, σὺν δὲ αὐτοῖς καὶ Φορμίωνα Ἁλικαρνασσέα μὲν γένος, Ὀλυμπιάδι δὲ τῇ πρὸ ταύτης κρατήσαντα. τοῦτο ἐξ ἀθλητῶν ἀδίκημα ἐς τὸν ἀγῶνα πρῶτον γενέσθαι λέγουσι, καὶ πρῶτοι χρήμασιν ἐζημιώθησαν ὑπὸ Ἠλείων Εὔπωλος καὶ οἱ δεξάμενοι δῶρα παρὰ Εὐπώλου. δύο μὲν δὴ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἔργα Κλέωνος Σικυωνίου· τὰ δὲ ἐφεξῆς τέσσαρα ὅστις ἐποίησεν, οὐκ ἴσμεν.

Proper Nouns:

Εὔπωλος Θεσσαλός Κλέων Κυζικηνός Πρύτανις Σικυώνιος Φορμίων Ἀγήτωρ Ἀρκάς Ἁλικαρνασσεύς Ἠλεῖοι Ὀλυμπιάς

They were the first to set up statues, six in number, in the ninety-eighth Olympiad. For Eupolus, a Thessalian, had bribed with money the boxers who had come forward—Agetor of Arcadia and Prytanis from Cyzicus, and along with them Phormion, who was from Halicarnassus by birth, and who had previously been victorious at the last Olympiad. This, they say, was the first known offense committed by athletes against the fairness of the competition, and Eupolus, as well as those who accepted gifts from him, were the first whom the Eleans penalized with monetary fines. Two of these statues were the work of Cleon of Sicyon; but who made the other four statues that followed him, we do not know.

Passage 5.21.4 Class: Non-skeptical

τῶν δὲ ἀγαλμάτων τούτων παρέντι τρίτον τε ἐξ αὐτῶν καὶ τέταρτον, γεγραμμένα ἐλεγεῖά ἐστιν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις. ἐθέλει δὲ τὸ μὲν πρῶτον τῶν ἐλεγείων δηλοῦν ὡς οὐ χρήμασιν ἀλλὰ ὠκύτητι τῶν ποδῶν καὶ ὑπὸ ἰσχύος σώματος Ὀλυμπικὴν ἔστιν εὑρέσθαι νίκην, τὸ δὲ ἐπὶ τῷ δευτέρῳ φησὶν ὡς τὸ ἄγαλμα ἕστηκε τιμῇ τε τῇ ἐς τὸ θεῖον καὶ ὑπὸ εὐσεβείας τῆς Ἠλείων καὶ ἀθληταῖς παρανομοῦσιν εἶναι δέος· πέμπτῳ δὲ καὶ ἕκτῳ, τῷ μέν ἐστιν ἡ τοῦ ἐπιγράμματος γνώμη τά τε ἄλλα ἐς ἔπαινον Ἠλείων καὶ οὐχ ἥκιστα ἐπὶ τῇ ζημίᾳ τῶν πυκτῶν, ἐπὶ δὲ τῷ ὑπολοίπῳ διδασκαλίαν πᾶσιν Ἕλλησιν εἶναι τὰ ἀγάλματα μηδένα ἐπὶ Ὀλυμπικῇ νίκῃ διδόναι χρήματα.

Proper Nouns:

Ἕλληνες Ἠλεῖοι Ὀλυμπία Ὀλυμπία

Upon these statues, the third and fourth among them, there are elegiac inscriptions carved beside the others. The first of these elegiac verses aims to make clear that Olympic victory is achieved not by wealth, but by fleetness of foot and bodily strength. The second inscription declares that the statue stands through reverence toward the divine and the piety of the Eleans, serving as a warning to athletes who violate the rules. On the fifth and sixth statues, the meaning of the epigram is, on one hand, generally praising the Eleans and especially commending their penalties imposed on boxers, and on the remaining statue, instructing all Greeks that the statues signify that no one should pay money for an Olympic victory.

Passage 5.21.5 Class: Non-skeptical

Εὐπώλου δὲ ὕστερόν φασιν Ἀθηναῖον Κάλλιππον ἀθλήσαντα πένταθλον ἐξωνήσασθαι τοὺς ἀνταγωνιουμένους χρήμασι, δευτέραν δὲ ἐπὶ ταῖς δέκα τε καὶ ἑκατὸν Ὀλυμπιάδα εἶναι ταύτην. ἐπιβληθείσης δὲ τῷ Καλλίππῳ καὶ τοῖς ἀνταγωνισαμένοις ζημίας ὑπὸ Ἠλείων, ἀποστέλλουσιν Ὑπερείδην Ἀθηναῖοι πείσοντα Ἠλείους ἀφεῖναί σφισι τὴν ζημίαν· ἀπειπόντων δὲ Ἠλείων τὴν χάριν, ἐχρῶντο ὑπεροψίᾳ τοιᾷδε ἐς αὐτοὺς οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι, οὔτε ἀποδιδόντες τὰ χρήματα καὶ Ὀλυμπίων εἰργόμενοι, πρὶν ἤ σφισιν ὁ θεὸς ὁ ἐν Δελφοῖς οὐ πρότερον ἔφησεν ὑπὲρ οὐδενὸς χρήσειν πρὶν ἢ τὴν ζημίαν ἀποδοῖεν Ἠλείοις.

Proper Nouns:

Δελφοί Εὔπωλος Κάλλιππος θεός Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀθηναῖος Ἠλεῖοι Ἠλεῖοι Ἠλεῖοι Ὀλυμπιάς Ὀλύμπια Ὑπερείδης

After Eupolus, it is said that an Athenian named Callippus, competing in the pentathlon, bribed his rivals with money; this was in the hundred and twelfth Olympiad. When Callippus and those who had competed against him were fined by the Eleans, the Athenians sent Hyperides to persuade the Eleans to remit the penalty. However, when the Eleans refused this favor, the Athenians treated them with such disdain that they neither paid the fine nor participated in the Olympic Games, until the god at Delphi declared that he would respond to none of their inquiries until they had paid the penalty to the Eleans.

Passage 5.21.6 Class: Skeptical

οὕτω δὴ ἀποδόντων ἐποιήθη τῷ Διὶ ἀγάλματα, ἓξ μὲν καὶ ταῦτα, γέγραπται δὲ ἐπʼ αὐτοῖς ἐλεγεῖα οὐδέν τι δεξιώτερα ἐς ποίησιν ἢ τὰ ἔχοντα τὴν ζημίαν τὴν Εὐπώλου. γνῶμαι δέ εἰσι τῶν ἐπιγραμμάτων, πρῶτον μὲν ἀνατεθῆναι τὰ ἀγάλματα μαντείᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τιμήσαντος τὰ ἐς τοὺς πεντάθλους δόξαντα Ἠλείοις, τὸ δὲ ἐπὶ τῷ δευτέρῳ καὶ ὡσαύτως ἐπὶ τῷ τρίτῳ Ἠλείους ἐπαινοῦντά ἐστιν ἐπὶ τῶν πεντάθλων τῇ ζημίᾳ·

Proper Nouns:

Εὔπωλος Ζεύς Ἠλεῖοι Ἠλεῖοι

Thus, when the fines had been paid, statues dedicated to Zeus were made—these also numbering six. Upon them are inscribed elegiac verses, poems by no means inferior in skill to those commemorating the fine of Eupolus. The substance of the inscriptions is as follows: first, that the statues were dedicated by command of the oracle, thus honoring those athletes deemed victorious in the pentathlon by the Eleans; the second as well as the third similarly praises the Eleans for imposing such a penalty concerning the pentathlon.

Passage 5.21.7 Class: Non-skeptical

τὸ τέταρτον δὲ ἐθέλει λέγειν τὸν Ὀλυμπίασιν ἀγῶνα ἀρετῆς εἶναι καὶ οὐ χρημάτων, τὰ δὲ ἐπιγράμματα τὰ ἐπὶ τῷ πέμπτῳ τε καὶ ἕκτῳ, τὸ μὲν αὐτῶν δηλοῖ καθʼ ἥντινα αἰτίαν ἀνετέθη τὰ ἀγάλματα, τὸ δὲ ἀναμιμνήσκει τοῦ χρησμοῦ τοῦ Ἀθηναίοις ἐλθόντος ἐκ Δελφῶν.

Proper Nouns:

Δελφοί Ἀθηναῖοι Ὀλυμπία

The fourth inscription says that the Olympic contest is one of virtue and not of money. Of the inscriptions on the fifth and sixth statues, one indicates the reason for their dedication, and the other recalls the oracle delivered to the Athenians from Delphi.

Passage 5.21.8 Class: Skeptical

τῶν δὲ κατειλεγμένων τὰ ἐφεξῆς ἀγάλματα δύο μέν ἐστιν ἀριθμόν, ἀνετέθη δὲ ἐπιτεθείσης παλαισταῖς ἀνδράσι ζημίας· οἵτινες δὲ ἐκαλοῦντο, ἐμέ γε ἢ τοὺς Ἠλείων λέληθεν ἐξηγητάς. ἐπιγράμματα μὲν γὰρ καὶ ἐπὶ τούτοις τοῖς ἀγάλμασιν ἔπεστι, λέγει δὲ τὸ μὲν πρῶτον αὐτῶν ὡς τῷ Ὀλυμπίῳ Διὶ Ῥόδιοι χρήματα ὑπὲρ ἀνδρὸς ἀδικίας ἐκτίσαιεν παλαιστοῦ, τὸ δὲ ἕτερον ὡς ἀνδρῶν ἐπὶ δώροις παλαισάντων ἀπὸ τῶν ἐπιβληθέντων χρημάτων αὐτοῖς γένοιτο τὸ ἄγαλμα.

Proper Nouns:

Ἠλεῖοι Ὀλύμπιος Ζεύς Ῥόδιοι

Next in sequence among those mentioned are two statues, which were set up after a penalty had been imposed on certain wrestlers. But the names of these men have escaped my notice, as indeed they seem to have escaped the notice of the Elean guides. Though inscriptions are present also upon these statues, the first states only that the Rhodians paid a fine to Olympian Zeus due to the misconduct of a wrestler; the second declares that the statue was erected with money exacted as a penalty from men who had wrestled for bribes.

Passage 5.21.9 Class: Skeptical

τὰ δὲ ἐπίλοιπα ἐς τοὺς ἀθλητὰς τούτους οἱ ἐξηγηταὶ λέγουσιν οἱ Ἠλείων, ὀγδόην μὲν ἐπὶ ταῖς ἑβδομήκοντα καὶ ἑκατὸν Ὀλυμπιάδα εἶναι, λαβεῖν δὲ Εὔδηλον παρὰ Φιλοστράτου χρήματα, τοῦτον δὲ εἶναι τὸν Φιλόστρατον Ῥόδιον. τούτῳ τῷ λόγῳ διάφορα ὄντα εὕρισκον τὰ Ἠλείων ἐς τοὺς Ὀλυμπιονίκας γράμματα· ἔστι γὰρ δὴ ἐν τοῖς γράμμασι τούτοις Στράτωνα Ἀλεξανδρέα Ὀλυμπιάδι ὀγδόῃ μετὰ τὰς ἑβδομήκοντα καὶ ἑκατὸν ἐπὶ ἡμέρας ἀνελέσθαι τῆς αὐτῆς παγκρατίου καὶ πάλης νίκην. Ἀλεξανδρείας δὲ τῆς ἐπὶ τῷ Κανωβικῷ τοῦ Νείλου στόματι Ἀλέξανδρος μὲν οἰκιστὴς ἐγένετο ὁ Φιλίππου, λέγεται δὲ καὶ πρότερον ἔτι πόλισμα Αἰγυπτίων ἐνταῦθα οὐ μέγα εἶναι Ῥακῶτιν·

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγύπτιοι Εὔδηλος Κανωβικός Νεῖλος Στράτων Φίλιππος Φιλόστρατος Φιλόστρατος Ἀλέξανδρος Ἀλεξάνδρεια Ἀλεξανδρεύς Ἠλεῖοι Ὀλυμπιάς Ὀλυμπιάς Ὀλυμπιονίκης Ῥακῶτις Ῥόδιος

Regarding these athletes, the Elean interpreters say that it was the eighth Olympiad after the hundred and seventieth, and that Eudelus received money from Philostratus, who was a Rhodian. Concerning this account, I have found discrepancies in the list of Olympic victors kept by the Eleans; for in these records, it is stated that Strato of Alexandria, in the eighth Olympiad after the hundred and seventieth, won on the same day the victories both in the pancratium and in wrestling. Alexandria, near the Canobic mouth of the Nile, was founded by Alexander, the son of Philip. Yet it is also said that before then a small Egyptian settlement called Rakotis was situated there.

Passage 5.21.10 Class: Skeptical

Στράτωνος δὲ τούτου τρεῖς μὲν ἡλικίᾳ πρότερον, τοσοῦτοι δὲ ἄλλοι μετʼ αὐτόν εἰσι δῆλοι τὸν κότινον παγκρατίου τε ἆθλα εἰληφότες καὶ πάλης, Κάπρος μὲν ἐξ αὐτῆς Ἤλιδος, Ἑλλήνων δὲ τῶν πέραν Αἰγαίου Ῥόδιός τε Ἀριστομένης καὶ Μαγνήτων τῶν ἐπὶ Ληθαίῳ Πρωτοφάνης. οἱ δὲ ὕστερον τοῦ Στράτωνος Μαρίων τε πόλεως ἐκείνῳ τῆς αὐτῆς καὶ Στρατονικεὺς Ἀριστέας---τὰ δὲ παλαιότερα ἥ τε χώρα καὶ ἡ πόλις ἐκαλεῖτο Χρυσαορίς---, ἕβδομος δὲ Νικόστρατος ἐκ τῶν ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ Κιλίκων, οὐδὲν τοῖς Κίλιξιν αὐτοῦ μετὸν εἰ μὴ ὅσα τῷ λόγῳ.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγαῖος Κάπρος Κίλικες Κίλικες Λήθαιος Μάγνητες Μαρίων Νικόστρατος Πρωτοφάνης Στράτων Στρατονικεύς Χρυσαορίς Ἀριστέας Ἀριστομένης Ἕλληνες Ἦλις Ῥόδιος

Before this Straton, three competitors of an earlier age, as well as three others after him, are recorded to have won the crown of wild olive in both pankration and wrestling: Kapros from Elis itself, Aristomenes of Rhodes from among the Greeks beyond the Aegean, and Protophanes of Magnesia-on-the-Lethaios. The competitors after Straton were Marion, a fellow citizen from the same city, and Aristeas of Stratonikeia—though earlier the land and the city had been called Chrysaoris—and the seventh was Nikostratos from among the Cilicians by the sea; although these Cilicians share nothing with him except by name alone.

Passage 5.21.11 Class: Non-skeptical

τοῦτον τὸν Νικόστρατον νήπιον παῖδα ἔτι ἐκ Πρυμνησσοῦ λῃσταὶ τῆς Φρυγῶν ἥρπασαν, οἰκίας ὄντα οὐκ ἀφανοῦς· κομισθέντα δὲ αὐτὸν ἐς Αἰγέας ὠνήσατο ὅστις δή. χρόνῳ δὲ ὕστερον τῷ ἀνδρὶ τούτῳ ὄνειρον γίνεται· λέοντος δὲ ἔδοξεν ὑπὸ τῷ σκίμποδι κατακεῖσθαι σκύμνον, ἐφʼ ᾧ ἐκάθευδεν ὁ Νικόστρατος. Νικοστράτῳ μὲν δή, ὡς ηὐξήθη, καὶ ἄλλαι νῖκαι καὶ Ὀλυμπίασιν ἐγένοντο παγκρατίου καὶ πάλης.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγέαι Νικόστρατος Νικόστρατος Πρυμνησσός Φρύγες Ὀλυμπία

This Nikostratos was still a child when, while in Prymnessos, he was seized by Phrygian bandits, though belonging to a household not without prominence. Having been carried to Aegeae, he was bought there by a certain man. Some time afterward, this man had a dream: he thought that a lion’s cub was lying beneath the couch on which Nikostratos slept. When Nikostratos grew up, moreover, he won several victories, both in the pankration and in wrestling at Olympia.

Passage 5.21.12 Class: Non-skeptical

χρήμασι δὲ ὑπὸ Ἠλείων ἕτεροί τε ὕστερον καὶ Ἀλεξανδρεὺς ἐζημιώθη πύκτης Ὀλυμπιάδι ἐπὶ ταῖς διακοσίαις ὀγδόῃ τε καὶ δεκάτῃ. ὄνομα μὲν τῷ ζημιωθέντι Ἀπολλώνιος, ἐπίκλησις δὲ ἦν Ῥάντης· καί πως καὶ ἐπιχώριον τὸ ἐς τὰς ἐπικλήσεις τοῖς Ἀλεξανδρεῦσίν ἐστιν. οὗτος ὁ ἀνὴρ ἀδικεῖν ὑπὸ Ἠλείων κατεγνώσθη πρῶτος Αἰγυπτίων·

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγύπτιοι Ἀλεξανδρεύς Ἀλεξανδρεῖς Ἀπολλώνιος Ἠλεῖοι Ὀλυμπιάς Ῥάντης

Afterwards, other competitors as well as a boxer from Alexandria were fined money by the Eleans at the two hundred and eighteenth Olympiad. The name of the punished athlete was Apollonius, whose nickname was Rhantes—indeed, surnames of this sort seem customary among the Alexandrians. This man was the first Egyptian found guilty of wrongdoing by the Eleans.

Passage 5.21.13 Class: Skeptical

κατεγνώσθη δὲ οὐ δοῦναι χρήματα ἢ λαβεῖν αὐτός, ἀλλὰ τοιόνδε ἄλλο ἐς τὸν ἀγῶνα ἐξυβρίσαι. ἀφίκετο οὐκ ἐς τὸν εἰρημένον καιρόν, καὶ αὐτὸν ὑπὸ Ἠλείων πειθομένων τῷ νόμῳ ἐλείπετο τοῦ ἀγῶνος εἴργεσθαι· τὴν γάρ οἱ πρόφασιν, ὡς ἐν ταῖς Κυκλάσι νήσοις ὑπὸ ἀνέμων κατείχετο ἐναντίων, Ἡρακλείδης γένος καὶ αὐτὸς Ἀλεξανδρεὺς ἤλεγχεν ἀπάτην οὖσαν· ὑστερῆσαι γὰρ χρήματα ἐκ τῶν ἀγώνων αὐτὸν ἐκλέγοντα τῶν ἐν Ἰωνίᾳ.

Proper Nouns:

Κυκλάδες νῆσοι (Κυκλάδες) Ἀλεξανδρεύς Ἠλεῖοι Ἡρακλείδης Ἰωνία

He was found guilty, not of bribing or personally receiving money, but of committing another such affront against the contest, namely arriving after the appointed time. The Eleans, upholding their law, insisted that he be excluded from the competition; for although he claimed to have been detained in the Cycladic islands by adverse winds, Heracleides, himself also an Alexandrian by birth, exposed this as a deception, showing that in reality he had delayed his arrival after choosing instead to pursue monetary gain at the athletic contests in Ionia.

Passage 5.21.14 Class: Non-skeptical

οὕτω δὴ τόν τε Ἀπολλώνιον καὶ εἰ δή τις ἄλλος ἧκεν οὐ κατὰ προθεσμίαν τῶν πυκτῶν, τούτους μὲν οἱ Ἠλεῖοι τοῦ ἀγῶνος ἀπελαύνουσι, τῷ Ἡρακλείδῃ δὲ τὸν στέφανον παριᾶσιν ἀκονιτί· ἐνταῦθα ὁ Ἀπολλώνιος κατεσκευάσατό τε τοῖς ἱμᾶσιν ὡς ἐς μάχην καὶ ἐσδραμὼν ἐπὶ τὸν Ἡρακλείδην ἥπτετο ἐπικειμένου τε ἤδη τὸν κότινον καὶ καταπεφευγότος ἐς τοὺς Ἑλλανοδίκας. τούτῳ μὲν δὴ ἔμελλε τὸ κοῦφον τοῦ νοῦ βλάβος μέγα ἔσεσθαι, ἔστι δὲ καὶ

Proper Nouns:

Ἀπολλώνιος Ἀπολλώνιος Ἑλλανοδίκης Ἠλεῖοι Ἡρακλείδης Ἡρακλείδης

In this way indeed the Eleans expelled from the contest Apollonius and any other boxer who arrived after the appointed time; they awarded the crown uncontested to Heracleides. At this juncture Apollonius, having fitted his thongs as if for battle, ran at Heracleides and attacked him, even though Heracleides had already received the olive crown and had fled for refuge to the Hellanodikai. For this act Apollonius was about to suffer a severe penalty for his foolish recklessness, and there is also—

Passage 5.21.15 Class: Non-skeptical

ἄλλα δύο τέχνης τῆς ἐφʼ ἡμῶν τὰ ἀγάλματα· ἕκτῃ γὰρ ἐπὶ ταῖς εἴκοσι καὶ διακοσίαις Ὀλυμπιάδι πύκτας ἄνδρας, ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς μαχομένους τῆς νίκης, ἐφώρασαν συνθεμένους ὑπὲρ λήμματος. ἀντὶ τούτων μὲν ἐγένετο ζημία· ποιηθέντων δὲ ἀγαλμάτων Διὸς τὸ μὲν ἐν ἀριστερᾷ τῆς ἐς τὸ στάδιον ἐσόδου, τὸ δὲ ἕτερον αὐτῶν ἕστηκεν ἐν δεξιᾷ. τοῖς δὲ πύκταις τούτοις Δίδας τε ὄνομα ἦν καὶ τῷ τὰ χρήματα δόντι αὐτῶν Σαραπάμμων· νομοῦ δὲ ἦσαν τοῦ αὐτοῦ, νεωτάτου τῶν ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ, καλουμένου δὲ Ἀρσινοΐτου.

Proper Nouns:

Αἴγυπτος Δίδας Ζεύς Σαραπάμμων Ἀρσινοΐτης Ὀλυμπιάς

Two additional statues testify to an incident from our own time. For in the two hundred and twenty-sixth Olympiad, two boxers were observed competing for victory, having secretly arranged beforehand that one would yield the victory to the other for monetary gain. They incurred penalties for this; two statues of Zeus were then made, one standing on the left of the entrance to the stadium, and the other on the right. These boxers were named Didas and Sarapammon, who provided the money; they were both from the same district, the youngest in Egypt called Arsinoïtes.

Passage 5.21.16 Class: Skeptical

θαῦμα μὲν δὴ καὶ ἄλλως ἐν οὐδενὸς λόγῳ τὸν θεὸν θέσθαι τὸν ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ καὶ δέξασθαί τινα ἢ δοῦναι δῶρα ἐπὶ τῷ ἀγῶνι· μείζονος δὲ ἔτι θαύματος, εἴ γε καὶ αὐτῶν ἐτόλμησεν ἤδη τις Ἠλείων. λέγεται δὲ ὡς Δαμόνικος τολμήσειεν Ἠλεῖος δευτέρᾳ πρὸς ταῖς ἑκατὸν καὶ ἐνενήκοντα Ὀλυμπιάδι· συνεστηκέναι μὲν γὰρ παλαίοντας ἐπὶ τῷ στεφάνῳ τόν τε τοῦ Δαμονίκου παῖδα Πολύκτορα καὶ Σώσανδρον γένος Σμυρναῖον, ὁμώνυμον τῷ πατρί· Δαμόνικον δέ, ἅτε περισσῶς ἐπιθυμοῦντα γενέσθαι τῷ παιδὶ τὴν νίκην, δοῦναι τοῦ Σωσάνδρου τῷ πατρὶ χρήματα.

Proper Nouns:

Δαμόνικος Πολύκτωρ Σμυρναῖος Σώσανδρος Ἠλεῖοι Ἠλεῖος Ὀλυμπία Ὀλυμπιάς

It is indeed a wonder, in general, that one should count the god at Olympia so lightly as to either receive or give bribes concerning the contest; but it is still more astonishing if even someone among the Eleans themselves has dared to do this. It is said that Damonikos, an Elean, ventured such a thing in the one hundred and ninety-second Olympiad. His son Polyktor and Sosandros, a native of Smyrna who bore the same name as his own father, had reached the final wrestling bout for the crown. Damonikos, excessively desirous for his son to gain the victory, is said to have paid money to the father of Sosandros.

Passage 5.21.17 Class: Non-skeptical

ὡς δὲ ἐγεγόνει τὰ πραχθέντα ἔκπυστα, ἐπιβάλλουσιν οἱ Ἑλλανοδίκαι ζημίαν, ἐπιβάλλουσι δὲ οὐ τοῖς παισίν, ἀλλὰ ἐς τοὺς πατέρας ἔτρεψαν τὴν ὀργήν· οὗτοι γὰρ δὴ καὶ ἠδίκουν. ἀπὸ ταύτης τῆς ζημίας ἀγάλματα ἐποιήθη· καὶ τὸ μὲν ἐν τῷ Ἠλείων ἀνάκειται γυμνασίῳ, τὸ δὲ τῆς Ἄλτεως πρὸ τῆς Ποικίλης στοᾶς καλουμένης, ὅτι ἦσαν ἐπὶ τῶν τοίχων γραφαὶ τὸ ἀρχαῖον. εἰσὶ δʼ οἳ τὴν στοὰν ταύτην καὶ Ἠχοῦς ὀνομάζουσι· βοήσαντι δὲ ἀνδρὶ ἑπτάκις ὑπὸ τῆς ἠχοῦς ἡ φωνή, τὰ δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ πλέον ἔτι ἀποδίδοται.

Proper Nouns:

Ποικίλη Ἄλτις Ἑλλανοδίκης Ἠχώ Ἦλις

When the actions became known, the Hellanodikai imposed a penalty, not upon the boys themselves, but they turned their anger upon their fathers, who were indeed responsible for the wrongdoing. From this fine, statues were made; one of these stands in the gymnasium of the Eleans, and the other is set up in the Altis, before the colonnade called Painted (Poikile), because in ancient times there were paintings on its walls. However, there are also some who call this colonnade the "Echo." For if a man shouts aloud, his voice is repeated seven times by the echo, and sometimes even more frequently.

Passage 5.21.18 Class: Non-skeptical

παγκρατιαστὴν δέ φασιν Ἀλεξανδρέα, ὄνομα δὲ εἶναί οἱ Σαραπίωνα, τοῦτον ἐν Ὀλυμπιάδι τῇ πρώτῃ μετὰ τὰς διακοσίας ἐς τοσοῦτο δεῖσαι τοὺς ἀνταγωνιστὰς ὥστε ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ πρότερον ἢ ἐσκληθήσεσθαι τὸ παγκράτιον ἔμελλεν ἀποδράντα οἴχεσθαι. τοῦτον ζημιωθέντα ἐπὶ δειλίᾳ μόνον τῶν τε ἄλλων ἀνθρώπων καὶ αὐτῶν μνημονεύουσιν Αἰγυπτίων. ταῦτα μὲν τὰ κατειλεγμένα ἐπὶ αἰτίαις τοιαῖσδε ποιηθέντα εὕρισκον·

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγύπτιοι Σαραπίων Ἀλέξανδρος Ὀλυμπιάς

They say that a pancratiast from Alexandria, whose name was Sarapion, at the two hundred and first Olympiad aroused such fear among his opponents that they fled and disappeared a day before the pancratium was scheduled to take place. Him alone, among all men, even among the Egyptians themselves, they record as having been penalized for cowardice. Such are the recorded matters which I have found to be committed for reasons of this sort.

Legend:

Chapter 5.21