Pausanias Analysis

Passage 5.6.1 Class: Non-skeptical

κατὰ δὲ τὴν ὁδὸν τὴν εὐθεῖαν διαβάντι τὸν Ἄνιγρον καὶ ἰόντι ἐς Ὀλυμπίαν, ἔστιν οὐ μετὰ πολὺ ἐν δεξιᾷ τῆς ὁδοῦ χωρίον τε ὑψηλὸν καὶ πόλις Σαμία ἐπʼ αὐτοῦ Σαμικοῦ . ταύτῃ τῇ Σαμικῷ Πολυσπέρχοντά φασιν ἄνδρα Αἰτωλὸν ἐπιτειχίσματι ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἀρκάδας χρήσασθαι.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰτωλός Πολυσπέρχων Σαμία Σαμικόν Ἀρκάδες Ἄνιγρος Ὀλυμπία

Crossing the Anigrus and proceeding along the straight road to Olympia, not far ahead on the right side of the road there is a high place, and upon it the city Samia, belonging to the people of Samicum. At this Samicum, they say, Polyspérchon, an Aetolian man, used a fortress against the Arcadians.

Passage 5.6.2 Class: Skeptical

τὰ δὲ ἐρείπια τὰ Ἀρήνης σαφῶς μὲν οὔτε Μεσσηνίων εἶχεν οὐδεὶς οὔτε Ἠλείων ἀποφῆναί μοι· διάφορα δὲ ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς καὶ οὐ κατὰ ταὐτὰ πάρεστι τοῖς ἐθέλουσιν εἰκάζειν, πιθανώτατα δὲ ἐφαίνοντό μοι λέγειν οἱ τὸ Σαμικὸν τὰ παλαιότερα ἔτι καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τῶν ἡρώων Ἀρήνην καλεῖσθαι νομίζοντες. οὗτοι δὲ καὶ ἔπη τῶν ἐν Ἰλιάδι ἔλεγον· ἔστι δέ τις ποταμὸς Μινυήιος εἰς ἅλα βάλλων ἐγγύθεν Ἀρήνης. Hom. Il. 11.722-3

Proper Nouns:

Μεσσήνιοι Μινυήιος Σαμικόν Ἀρήνη Ἠλεῖοι Ἰλιάς Ὅμηρος Ἰλιάς

Neither of the Messenians nor of the Eleans was able clearly to identify for me the ruins of Arene. Concerning this city, different persons have differing and contradictory conjectures to offer. To me, however, the most convincing account seemed that of those who believe that Samicum was originally and even down to heroic times called Arene. These people referred to certain lines from the Iliad: "There is a river Minyeios that empties into the sea near Arene." (Homer, Iliad 11.722–723)

Passage 5.6.3 Class: Skeptical

τὰ δὲ ἐρείπια ταῦτα πλησιαίτατά ἐστι τοῦ Ἀνίγρου. καὶ Ἀρήνην μὲν ἀμφισβητοίης ἂν μὴ ὀνομασθῆναι τὸ Σαμικόν, τῷ δὲ ποταμῷ Ἀνίγρῳ Μινυήιον τὸ ὄνομα εἶναι τὸ ἀρχαῖον ὡμολογήκασιν οἱ Ἀρκάδες. ὅρον δὲ Ἠλείοις πρὸς τὴν Μεσσηνίαν τῆς Νέδας τὰ ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ γενέσθαι τις πείθοιτο ἂν ὁμοῦ τῇ ἐς Πελοπόννησον Ἡρακλειδῶν καθόδῳ.

Proper Nouns:

Μεσσηνία Μινυήιον Νέδα Πελοπόννησος Σαμικόν Ἀνίγρος Ἀνίγρος Ἀρήνη Ἀρκάδες Ἠλεῖοι Ἡρακλεῖδαι

These ruins lie very close to the Anigrus River. Now, though one might dispute that Samicum was once called Arene, the Arcadians themselves do agree that the river Anigrus was originally named Minyeius. One might also reasonably be convinced that, from the time of the Heracleidae's invasion into the Peloponnese, the boundary between the Eleans and Messenia on the coast has been at the river Neda.

Passage 5.6.4 Class: Non-skeptical

μετὰ δὲ τὸν Ἄνιγρον ὁδεύσαντι ἐπὶ μακρότερον διὰ χωρίου τὰ πλείονα ὑποψάμμου καὶ ἔχοντος δένδρα πίτυς ἀγρίας, ὀπίσω ἐς ἀριστερὰ Σκιλλοῦντος ὄψει ἐρείπια. τῶν μὲν δὴ πόλεων ἦν τῶν ἐν τῇ Τριφυλίᾳ καὶ Σκιλλοῦς· ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ πολέμου τοῦ Πισαίων πρὸς Ἠλείους ἐπίκουροί τε Πισαίων οἱ Σκιλλούντιοι καὶ διάφοροι τοῖς Ἠλείοις ἦσαν ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ, καὶ σφᾶς οἱ Ἠλεῖοι τούτων ἕνεκα ἐποίησαν ἀναστάτους.

Proper Nouns:

Πισαῖοι Σκιλλούντιοι Σκιλλοῦς Τριφυλία Ἄνιγρος Ἠλεῖοι Ἠλεῖοι Ἠλεῖοι

After crossing the Anigrus, and then traveling onward for some distance through land mostly sandy in nature and covered with wild pine trees, you will see on your left behind you the ruins of Skillous. Skillous was one of the cities of Triphylia. During the war between the Pisatans and the Eleans, the inhabitants of Skillous openly allied themselves with the Pisatans, becoming enemies of Elis; therefore, on account of these events, the Eleans utterly destroyed their city.

Passage 5.6.5 Class: Non-skeptical

Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ ὕστερον Σκιλλοῦντα ἀποτεμόμενοι τῆς Ἠλείας Ξενοφῶντι ἔδοσαν τῷ Γρύλου, φυγάδι ἤδη γεγονότι ἐξ Ἀθηνῶν. ἐδιώχθη δὲ ὁ Ξενοφῶν ὑπὸ Ἀθηναίων ὡς ἐπὶ βασιλέα τῶν Περσῶν σφίσιν εὔνουν ὄντα στρατείας μετασχὼν Κύρῳ πολεμιωτάτῳ τοῦ δήμου· καθήμενος γὰρ ἐν Σάρδεσιν ὁ Κῦρος Λυσάνδρῳ τῷ Ἀριστοκρίτου καὶ Λακεδαιμονίοις χρήματα ἀνήλισκεν ἐς τὰς ναῦς. ἀντὶ τούτων μὲν Ξενοφῶντι ἐγένετο φυγή, κατοικήσας δὲ ἐν Σκιλλοῦντι τέμενός τε καὶ ἱερὸν καὶ ναὸν Ἀρτέμιδι ᾠκοδομήσατο Ἐφεσίᾳ.

Proper Nouns:

Γρύλος Κῦρος Κῦρος Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λύσανδρος Ξενοφῶν Ξενοφῶν Πέρσαι Σάρδεις Σκιλλοῦς Σκιλλοῦς Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀθῆναι Ἀριστοκρίτης Ἄρτεμις Ἐφεσία Ἠλεία

Later the Lacedaemonians, having separated Scillus from Elis, gave it to Xenophon, the son of Grylus, who had already become an exile from Athens. Xenophon had been banished by the Athenians because he had joined an expedition led by Cyrus, who was the people's greatest enemy, and who was regarded as favoring the Persian king against them. For Cyrus, staying at Sardis, had provided financial support to Lysander, the son of Aristocritus, and to the Lacedaemonians for the equipment of their fleet. On account of these things Xenophon was exiled; afterwards, having settled at Scillus, he established there a precinct, a shrine, and a temple dedicated to Artemis of Ephesus.

Passage 5.6.6 Class: Skeptical

παρέχεται δὲ ὁ Σκιλλοῦς καὶ ἄγρας θηρίων, ὑῶν τε ἀγρίων καὶ ἐλάφων· καὶ τὴν γῆν τὴν Σκιλλουντίαν Σελινοῦς ποταμὸς διέξεισιν. οἱ δὲ Ἠλείων ἐξηγηταὶ κομίσασθαί τε αὖθις Σκιλλοῦντα Ἠλείους ἔλεγον, καὶ Ξενοφῶντα, ὅτι ἔλαβε παρὰ Λακεδαιμονίων τὴν γῆν, κριθῆναι μὲν ἐν τῇ Ὀλυμπικῇ βουλῇ, τυχόντα δὲ παρὰ Ἠλείων συγγνώμης ἀδεῶς ἐν Σκιλλοῦντι οἰκῆσαι. καὶ δὴ καὶ ὀλίγον ἀπωτέρω τοῦ ἱεροῦ μνῆμά τε ἐδείκνυτο καὶ τῆς Πεντελῆσίν ἐστι λιθοτομίας εἰκὼν ἐπὶ τῷ τάφῳ· εἶναι δὲ αὐτὸ Ξενοφῶντος λέγουσιν οἱ προσοικοῦντες.

Proper Nouns:

Λακεδαιμόνιοι Ξενοφῶν Ξενοφῶν Πεντέλη Σελινοῦς Σκιλλουντία Σκιλλοῦς Σκιλλοῦς Σκιλλοῦς Ἠλεῖοι Ἠλεῖοι Ὀλυμπική

Skillous provides hunting grounds for wild beasts, including wild boars and deer; and the river Selinous flows through the land of Skillous. The Elean interpreters declare that the Eleans recovered Skillous, and that Xenophon, having received the land from the Lacedaemonians, was put on trial before the Olympic council, but was pardoned by the Eleans and allowed to continue dwelling securely at Skillous. Indeed, a little distance away from the temple, a tomb was also shown, and upon it was placed a statue carved from Pentelic marble; local residents say that this statue represents Xenophon himself.

Passage 5.6.7 Class: Skeptical

κατὰ δὲ τὴν ἐς Ὀλυμπίαν ὁδόν, πρὶν ἢ διαβῆναι τὸν Ἀλφειόν, ἔστιν ὄρος ἐκ Σκιλλοῦντος ἐρχομένῳ πέτραις ὑψηλαῖς ἀπότομον· ὀνομάζεται δὲ Τυπαῖον τὸ ὄρος. κατὰ τούτου τὰς γυναῖκας Ἠλείοις ἐστὶν ὠθεῖν νόμος, ἢν φωραθῶσιν ἐς τὸν ἀγῶνα ἐλθοῦσαι τὸν Ὀλυμπικὸν ἢ καὶ ὅλως ἐν ταῖς ἀπειρημέναις σφίσιν ἡμέραις διαβᾶσαι τὸν Ἀλφειόν. οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ ἁλῶναι λέγουσιν οὐδεμίαν, ὅτι μὴ Καλλιπάτειραν μόνην· εἰσὶ δὲ οἳ τὴν αὐτὴν ταύτην Φερενίκην καὶ οὐ Καλλιπάτειραν καλοῦσιν.

Proper Nouns:

Καλλιπάτειρα Σκιλλοῦς Τυπαῖον Φερενίκη Ἀλφειός Ἠλεῖοι Ὀλυμπία Ὀλυμπικός

On the road to Olympia, before crossing the Alpheios, there is, coming from Skillous, a mountain with high, precipitous rocks; this mountain is called Typaion. According to local law, from this mountain the Eleans cast down any women who are caught having come to watch the Olympic games, or even those found to have crossed the Alpheios river at all during the days that are forbidden to them. Nevertheless, they say that no woman has ever been caught, except only Kallipateira; though there are indeed some who say this same woman was named Pherenike, and not Kallipateira.

Passage 5.6.8 Class: Non-skeptical

αὕτη προαποθανόντος αὐτῇ τοῦ ἀνδρός, ἐξεικάσασα αὑτὴν τὰ πάντα ἀνδρὶ γυμναστῇ, ἤγαγεν ἐς Ὀλυμπίαν τὸν υἱὸν μαχούμενον· νικῶντος δὲ τοῦ Πεισιρόδου, τὸ ἔρυμα ἐν ᾧ τοὺς γυμναστὰς ἔχουσιν ἀπειλημμένους, τοῦτο ὑπερπηδῶσα ἡ Καλλιπάτειρα ἐγυμνώθη. φωραθείσης δὲ ὅτι εἴη γυνή, ταύτην ἀφιᾶσιν ἀζήμιον καὶ τῷ πατρὶ καὶ ἀδελφοῖς αὐτῆς καὶ τῷ παιδὶ αἰδῶ νέμοντες---ὑπῆρχον δὴ ἅπασιν αὐτοῖς Ὀλυμπικαὶ νῖκαι---, ἐποίησαν δὲ νόμον ἐς τὸ ἔπειτα ἐπὶ τοῖς γυμνασταῖς γυμνοὺς σφᾶς ἐς τὸν ἀγῶνα ἐσέρχεσθαι.

Proper Nouns:

Καλλιπάτειρα Πεισίροδος Ὀλυμπία

After her husband had died, she disguised herself completely, taking on the likeness of a male trainer, and she brought her son to Olympia to compete. When her son Peisirodus was victorious, Callipateira jumped over the barrier that enclosed the trainers, and her clothing came loose, revealing her as a woman. Once she was discovered to be female, they acquitted her without punishment, out of respect for her father, her brothers, and her son, all of whom were Olympic victors. However, they established a law for the future: that trainers must enter the competition area naked.

Legend:

Chapter 5.6