Pausanias Analysis

Passage 6.4.1 Class: Non-skeptical

ἔχεται δὲ τοῦ Λυσάνδρου τῆς εἰκόνος Ἐφέσιός τε πύκτης τοὺς ἐλθόντας κρατήσας τῶν παίδων---ὄνομα δέ οἱ ἦν Ἀθήναιος---καὶ Σικυώνιος Σώστρατος παγκρατιαστὴς ἀνήρ, ἐπίκλησις δὲ ἦν Ἀκροχερσίτης αὐτῷ· παραλαμβανόμενος γὰρ ἄκρων τοῦ ἀνταγωνιζομένου τῶν χειρῶν ἔκλα, καὶ οὐ πρότερον ἀνίει πρὶν ἢ αἴσθοιτο ἀπαγορεύσαντος.

Proper Nouns:

Λύσανδρος Σικυώνιος Σώστρατος Ἀθήναιος Ἀκροχερσίτης Ἐφέσιος

Next to the statue of Lysander stands an Ephesian boxer who defeated all comers among the boys—his name was Athenaios—and a Sicyonian man named Sostratos, a pancratiast nicknamed Akrochersites ("the finger-tips man"), because he would grasp the fingertips of his opponent's hands and break them; nor would he release them until he perceived that his opponent had admitted defeat.

Passage 6.4.2 Class: Non-skeptical

γεγόνασι δὲ αὐτῷ Νεμείων μὲν νῖκαι καὶ Ἰσθμίων ἀναμὶξ δυόδεκα, Ὀλυμπίασι δὲ καὶ Πυθοῖ, τῇ μὲν δύο, τρεῖς δὲ ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ. τὴν τετάρτην δὲ Ὀλυμπιάδα ἐπὶ ταῖς ἑκατόν---πρώτην γὰρ δὴ ἐνίκησεν ὁ Σώστρατος ταύτην---οὐκ ἀναγράφουσιν οἱ Ἠλεῖοι, διότι μὴ αὐτοὶ τὸν ἀγῶνα ἀλλὰ Πισαῖοι καὶ Ἀρκάδες ἔθεσαν ἀντʼ αὐτῶν.

Proper Nouns:

Νέμεα Πισαῖοι Πυθώ Σώστρατος Ἀρκάδες Ἠλεῖοι Ἰσθμός Ὀλυμπία Ὀλυμπία Ὀλυμπιάς

He gained altogether twelve victories in succession at Nemea and at the Isthmus, two at Delphi, and three at Olympia. The Eleans, however, do not record his Olympic victory at the one hundred and fourth Olympiad—although Sostratos won his first at that time—since it was not they themselves but the Pisatans and Arcadians who presided over the games instead of them.

Passage 6.4.3 Class: Non-skeptical

παρὰ δὲ τὸν Σώστρατον παλαιστὴς ἀνὴρ πεποίηται Λεοντίσκος, ἐκ Σικελίας τε ὢν γένος καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ἐν τῷ πορθμῷ Μεσσήνης· στεφανωθῆναι δὲ ὑπό τε Ἀμφικτυόνων καὶ δὶς ὑπὸ Ἠλείων, εἶναι δὲ αὐτῷ λέγεται τὴν πάλην καθὰ δὴ καὶ τὸ παγκράτιον τῷ Σικυωνίῳ Σωστράτῳ· καὶ γὰρ τὸν Λεοντίσκον καταβαλεῖν μὲν οὐκ ἐπίστασθαι τοὺς παλαίοντας, νικᾶν δὲ αὐτὸν κλῶντα τοὺς δακτύλους.

Proper Nouns:

Λεοντίσκος Λεοντίσκος Μεσσήνη Σικελία Σικυών Σώστρατος Σώστρατος Ἀμφικτύονες Ἠλεῖοι

Next to Sostratos is depicted the wrestler Leontiskos, who was from Sicily, specifically from Messene on the straits. He is said to have been crowned victor by the Amphiktyones and twice by the Eleans. His style of wrestling, it is claimed, was similar to that of the Sicyonian Sostratos in pankration. Indeed, wrestlers found it impossible to throw Leontiskos down; he would defeat them instead by bending their fingers.

Passage 6.4.4 Class: Skeptical

τὸν δὲ ἀνδριάντα Πυθαγόρας ἐποίησεν ὁ Ῥηγῖνος, εἴπερ τις καὶ ἄλλος ἀγαθὸς τὰ ἐς πλαστικήν. διδαχθῆναι δὲ παρὰ Κλεάρχῳ φασὶν αὐτόν, Ῥηγίνῳ μὲν καὶ αὐτῷ, μαθητῇ δὲ Εὐχείρου· τὸν δὲ Εὔχειρον εἶναι Κορίνθιον, φοιτῆσαι δὲ ὡς Συάδραν τε καὶ Χάρταν Σπαρτιάτας.

Proper Nouns:

Εὔχειρος Εὔχειρος Κλέαρχος Κόρινθος Πυθαγόρας Σπαρτιάτης Συάδρας Χάρτας Ῥηγῖνος Ῥηγῖνος

The statue was made by Pythagoras of Rhegium, who was an artist of exceptional skill in sculpture, if indeed anyone was. It is said that he was taught by Clearchus, who was himself a native of Rhegium and a pupil of Eucheirus. Eucheirus was from Corinth but had studied under the Spartans Syadras and Chartas.

Passage 6.4.5 Class: Skeptical

ὁ δὲ παῖς ὁ ἀναδούμενος ταινίᾳ τὴν κεφαλὴν ἐπεισήχθω μοι καὶ οὗτος ἐς τὸν λόγον Φειδίου τε ἕνεκα καὶ τῆς ἐς τὰ ἀγάλματα τοῦ Φειδίου σοφίας, ἐπεὶ ἄλλως γε οὐκ ἴσμεν ὅτου τὴν εἰκόνα ὁ Φειδίας ἐποίησε. Σάτυρος δὲ Ἠλεῖος Λυσιάνακτος πατρός, γένους δὲ τοῦ Ἰαμιδῶν, ἐν Νεμέᾳ πεντάκις ἐνίκησε πυκτεύων καὶ Πυθοῖ τε δὶς καὶ δὶς ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ· τέχνη δὲ Ἀθηναίου Σιλανίωνος ὁ ἀνδριάς ἐστι. πλάστης δὲ ἄλλος τῶν Ἀττικῶν Πολυκλῆς , Σταδιέως μαθητὴς Ἀθηναίου, πεποίηκε παῖδα Ἐφέσιον παγκρατιαστήν, Ἀμύνταν Ἑλλανίκου.

Proper Nouns:

Λυσίαναξ Νεμέα Πολύκλειος Πυθώ Σάτυρος Σιλανίων Σταδίευς Φειδίας Ἀθηναῖος Ἀμύντας Ἐφέσιος Ἑλλάνικος Ἠλεῖος Ἰαμίδαι Ὀλυμπία

Let me also include in my account the boy whose head is bound with a ribbon, because of Pheidias and the excellence of Pheidias concerning statues, since otherwise we do not know whose image Pheidias made. Satyros, an Elean, the son of Lysianax and belonging to the family of the Iamidae, won five boxing victories at Nemea, two at Pytho, and two at Olympia; the statue is the work of the Athenian sculptor Silanion. Another Athenian sculptor, Polykles, a student of Stadieus of Athens, made a statue of an Ephesian boy, Amyntas the son of Hellanikos, a winner in the pankration.

Passage 6.4.6 Class: Non-skeptical

Χίλωνι δὲ Ἀχαιῷ Πατρεῖ δύο μὲν Ὀλυμπικαὶ νῖκαι πάλης ἀνδρῶν, μία δὲ ἐγένετο ἐν Δελφοῖς, τέσσαρες δὲ ἐν Ἰσθμῷ καὶ Νεμείων τρεῖς· ἐτάφη δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ κοινοῦ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν, καί οἱ καὶ τοῦ βίου συνέπεσεν ἐν πολέμῳ τὴν τελευτὴν γενέσθαι. μαρτυρεῖ δέ μοι καὶ τὸ ἐπίγραμμα τὸ ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ· μουνοπάλης νικῶ δὶς Ὀλύμπια Πύθιά τʼ ἄνδρας, τρὶς Νεμέᾳ, τετράκις δʼ Ἰσθμῷ ἐν ἀγχιάλῳ, Χίλων Χίλωνος Πατρεύς, ὃν λαὸς Ἀχαιῶν ἐν πολέμῳ φθίμενον θάψʼ ἀρετῆς ἕνεκεν. τὸ μὲν δὴ ἐπίγραμμα ἐπὶ τοσοῦτο ἐδήλωσεν·

Proper Nouns:

Δελφοί Νεμέα Νεμέα Πατρεύς Πατρεύς Πύθια Χίλων Χίλων Χίλων Ἀχαιοί Ἀχαιός Ἰσθμός Ὀλυμπία Ὀλυμπία

Chilon the Achaean, a man of Patrae, won two Olympic victories in wrestling at Olympia, one victory at Delphi, four at the Isthmus, and three at the Nemean Games. He was buried by the commonwealth of the Achaeans, and it befell him to meet his end in war. An inscription in Olympia also provides testimony: "I, Chilon, son of Chilon, of Patrae, twice victorious at Olympia, and at Delphi against men at wrestling, Three times at Nemea, four times at seaside Isthmus compete and prevail. Him, Chilon, when fallen in war, the people of the Achaeans buried for the sake of his excellence." Thus far does the epigram inform us of him.

Passage 6.4.7 Class: Skeptical

εἰ δὲ Λυσίππου τοῦ ποιήσαντος τὴν εἰκόνα τεκμαιρόμενον τῇ ἡλικίᾳ συμβαλέσθαι δεῖ με τὸν πόλεμον ἔνθα ὁ Χίλων ἔπεσεν, ἤτοι ἐς Χαιρώνειαν Ἀχαιοῖς τοῖς πᾶσιν ὁμοῦ στρατεύσασθαι ἢ ἰδίᾳ κατʼ ἀρετήν τε καὶ τόλμαν Ἀχαιῶν μόνος Ἀντιπάτρου μοι καὶ Μακεδόνων ἐναντία ἀγωνίσασθαι περὶ Λάμιαν φαίνεται τὴν ἐν Θεσσαλίᾳ.

Proper Nouns:

Θεσσαλία Λάμία Λύσιππος Μακεδόνες Χίλων Χαιρώνεια Ἀντίπατρος Ἀχαιοί Ἀχαιοί

If I am to draw a conclusion from the age of Chilon based on the statue made by Lysippus, the war in which he fell appears to be either the campaign at Chaeronea, where all the Achaeans fought collectively, or else, standing alone among the Achaeans in valor and daring, he faced Antipater and the Macedonians by Lamia in Thessaly.

Passage 6.4.8 Class: Non-skeptical

ἐφεξῆς δὲ τοῦ Χίλωνος δύο ἀνάκεινται· τῷ μὲν Μολπίων ἐστὶν ὄνομα, στεφανωθῆναι δὲ τὸ ἐπίγραμμά φησιν αὐτὸν ὑπὸ Ἠλείων· τὸν δὲ ἕτερον, ὅτῳ μηδέν ἐστιν ἐπίγραμμα, μνημονεύουσιν ὡς Ἀριστοτέλης ἐστὶν ὁ ἐκ τῶν Θρᾳκίων Σταγείρων, καὶ αὐτὸν ἤτοι μαθητὴς ἢ καὶ στρατιωτικὸς ἀνέθηκεν ἀνὴρ ἅτε παρὰ Ἀντιπάτρῳ καὶ πρότερον ἰσχύσαντα παρὰ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ.

Proper Nouns:

Μολπίων Στάγειρα Χίλων Ἀλέξανδρος Ἀντίπατρος Ἀριστοτέλης Ἠλεῖοι

Next after the statue of Chilon stand two others. One of these is named Molpion, and the inscription says that the Eleans crowned him. The other, which bears no inscription at all, is remembered as being Aristotle, who came from the Thracian town of Stageira; and it is said that either a pupil of his, or indeed a military man dedicated the statue, since Aristotle had gained influence first with Alexander and afterward also with Antipater.

Passage 6.4.9 Class: Skeptical

Σωδάμας δὲ ἐξ Ἀσσοῦ τῆς ἐν τῇ Τρῳάδι, κειμένης δὲ ὑπὸ τῇ Ἴδῃ, πρῶτος Αἰολέων τῶν ταύτῃ στάδιον Ὀλυμπίασιν ἐνίκησεν ἐν παισίν. παρὰ δὲ Σωδάμαν Ἀρχίδαμος ἕστηκεν ὁ Ἀγησιλάου, Λακεδαιμονίων βασιλεύς. πρὸ δὲ τοῦ Ἀρχιδάμου τούτου βασιλέως εἰκόνα οὐδενὸς ἔν γε τῇ ὑπερορίᾳ Λακεδαιμονίους ἀναθέντας εὕρισκον· Ἀρχιδάμου δὲ ἄλλων τε καὶ τῆς τελευτῆς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν ἕνεκα ἀνδριάντα ἐς Ὀλυμπίαν ἀπέστειλαν, ὅτι ἐν βαρβάρῳ τε ἐπέλαβεν αὐτὸν τὸ χρεὼν καὶ βασιλέων μόνος τῶν ἐν Σπάρτῃ δῆλός ἐστιν ἁμαρτὼν τάφου.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰολεῖς Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λακεδαιμόνιοι Σπάρτη Σωδάμας Σωδάμας Τρωάς Ἀγησίλαος Ἀρχίδαμος Ἀρχίδαμος Ἄσσος Ἴδη Ὀλυμπία Ὀλυμπία

Sodamas, of Assos in the Troad, situated beneath Ida, was the first of the Aeolians from that region to have gained an Olympic victory in the foot-race for boys. Beside Sodamas stands Archidamus, the son of Agesilaus, king of the Lacedaemonians. Prior to this King Archidamus, I cannot find that the Lacedaemonians ever dedicated an image at Olympia of any ruler who died in a foreign land. But they sent this statue of Archidamus, it seems to me, chiefly because of the exceptional circumstances of his death: fate overtook him in a foreign country, and he alone, of all the Spartan kings, is known to have been denied proper burial.

Passage 6.4.10 Class: Non-skeptical

ταῦτα μὲν δὴ καὶ ἐν τοῖς Σπαρτιατικοῖς λόγοις ἐς πλέον ἡμῖν δεδήλωται· Εὐάνθει δὲ Κυζικηνῷ γεγόνασι πυγμῆς νῖκαι, μία μὲν ἐν ἀνδράσιν Ὀλυμπική, Νεμείων δὲ ἐν παισὶ καὶ Ἰσθμίων. πεποίηται δὲ παρὰ τὸν Εὐάνθην ἀνήρ τε ἱπποτρόφος καὶ τὸ ἅρμα, ἀναβεβηκυῖα δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ ἅρμα παῖς παρθένος· ὄνομα μὲν Λάμπος τῷ ἀνδρί, πατρὶς δὲ ἦν αὐτῷ νεωτάτη τῶν ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ πόλεων, καλουμένη δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ οἰκιστοῦ Φιλίππου τοῦ Ἀμύντου.

Proper Nouns:

Εὐάνθης Κυζικηνός Λάμπος Μακεδονία Νέμεα Σπαρτιατικοί Φίλιππος Ἀμύντας Ἰσθμία Ὀλυμπία

These things indeed have been explained by me more fully in my account of Spartan matters. As for Evanthes of Cyzicus, he achieved victories in boxing, one Olympic victory among men, and victories at Nemea and the Isthmus in the boys' competitions. Next to Evanthes, a chariot has been represented along with a man tending horses, and standing upon the chariot is a maiden girl. The name of the man is Lampos, and his homeland was the youngest city in Macedonia, named after its founder Philip, the son of Amyntas.

Passage 6.4.11 Class: Skeptical

Κυνίσκῳ δὲ τῷ ἐκ Μαντινείας πύκτῃ παιδὶ ἐποίησε Πολύκλειτος τὴν εἰκόνα. Ἐργοτέλης δὲ ὁ Φιλάνορος δολίχου δύο ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ νίκας, τοσαύτας δὲ ἄλλας Πυθοῖ καὶ ἐν Ἰσθμῷ τε καὶ Νεμείων ἀνῃρημένος, οὐχ Ἱμεραῖος εἶναι τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς, καθάπερ γε τὸ ἐπίγραμμα τὸ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ φησι, Κρὴς δὲ εἶναι λέγεται Κνώσσιος· ἐκπεσὼν δὲ ὑπὸ στασιωτῶν ἐκ Κνωσσοῦ καὶ ἐς Ἱμέραν ἀφικόμενος πολιτείας τʼ ἔτυχε καὶ πολλὰ εὕρετο ἄλλα ἐς τιμήν. ἔμελλεν οὖν ὡς τὸ εἰκὸς Ἱμεραῖος ἐν τοῖς ἀγῶσιν ἀναγορευθήσεσθαι.

Proper Nouns:

Κνώσσιος Κνῶσος Κρής Κυνίσκος Μαντινεία Νεμέα Πολύκλειτος Πυθώ Φίλανορ Ἐργοτέλης Ἰσθμός Ἱμέρα Ἱμέραιος Ὀλυμπία

Polycleitus fashioned the statue of Cyniscus, the boxer from Mantinea, who won as a boy. Ergoteles, son of Philanor, who achieved two Olympic victories in the dolichos, and likewise gained twice as many other victories at Delphi, the Isthmus, and Nemea, was originally, as the inscription upon him states, not from Himera, but rather is said to have been a Cretan from Cnossus. Having been exiled from Cnossus due to political strife and having arrived in Himera, he obtained citizenship there and gained many other distinctions and honors. It was therefore natural that he would be proclaimed as Himeraean at the games.

Legend:

Chapter 6.4