Pausanias Analysis

Passage 6.6.1 Class: Non-skeptical

τούτῳ μὲν ἐνταῦθα ἐγένετο ἡ τελευτή· ἐν δὲ Ὀλυμπίᾳ παρὰ τοῦ Πουλυδάμαντος τὸν ἀνδριάντα δύο τε ἐκ τῆς Ἀρκάδων καὶ Ἀττικὸς ὁ τρίτος ἕστηκεν ἀθλητής. τὸν μὲν δὴ Μαντινέα Πρωτόλαον Διαλκοῦς πυγμῇ παῖδας κρατήσαντα ὁ Ῥηγῖνος Πυθαγόρας , Ναρυκίδαν δὲ τὸν Δαμαρέτου παλαιστὴν ἄνδρα ἐκ Φιγαλίας Σικυώνιος Δαίδαλος , Καλλίᾳ δὲ Ἀθηναίῳ παγκρατιαστῇ τὸν ἀνδριάντα ἀνὴρ Ἀθηναῖος Μίκων ἐποίησεν ὁ ζωγράφος. Νικοδάμου δὲ ἔργον τοῦ Μαιναλίου παγκρατιαστής ἐστιν ἐκ Μαινάλου, δύο νίκας ἐν ἀνδράσιν ἀνελόμενος, Ἀνδροσθένης Λοχαίου.

Proper Nouns:

Δαίδαλος Δαμάρετος Διάλκως Καλλίας Λοχαῖος Μίκων Μαίναλον Μαιναλίος Μαντινεύς Ναρυκίδας Νικόδαμος Πουλυδάμας Πρωτόλαος Πυθαγόρας Σικυώνιος Φιγαλία Ἀθηναῖος Ἀνδροσθένης Ἀρκάδες Ἀττικός Ὀλυμπία Ῥηγῖνος

This man ended his life in this place. At Olympia, next to the statue of Polydamas, there stand statues of two Arcadian athletes and a third from Attica. Pythagoras of Rhegium made the statue of Protolaus, son of Dialkes, a victor from Mantinea who won in boys' boxing; Daidalos of Sikyon made that of Narykidas, son of Damaretos, a wrestler from Phigalia; and Mikon, the painter, an Athenian, was the maker of the statue of Kallias of Athens, a victor in pankration. The statue of Androsthenes, son of Lochaios, a native of Mainalos who won twice in men's pankration competitions, is the work of Nikodamos of Mainalos.

Passage 6.6.2 Class: Non-skeptical

ἐπὶ δὲ τούτοις Εὐκλῆς ἀνάκειται Καλλιάνακτος, γένος μὲν Ῥόδιος, οἴκου δὲ τοῦ Διαγοριδῷν· θυγατρὸς γὰρ Διαγόρου παῖς ἦν, ἐν δὲ ἀνδράσι πυγμῆς ἔσχεν Ὀλυμπικὴν νίκην. τούτου μὲν δὴ ἡ εἰκὼν Ναυκύδους ἐστὶν ἔργον· Πολύκλειτος δὲ Ἀργεῖος, οὐχ ὁ τῆς Ἥρας τὸ ἄγαλμα ποιήσας, μαθητὴς δὲ Ναυκύδους, παλαιστὴν παῖδα εἰργάσατο Θηβαῖον Ἀγήνορα. ἀνετέθη δὲ ἡ εἰκὼν ὑπὸ τοῦ Φωκέων κοινοῦ· Θεόπομπος γὰρ ὁ πατὴρ τοῦ Ἀγήνορος πρόξενος τοῦ ἔθνους ἦν αὐτῶν.

Proper Nouns:

Διαγορίδαι Διαγόρας Εὐκλῆς Θεόπομπος Θῆβαι Καλλίαναξ Ναύκυδος Πολύκλειτος Φωκεῖς Ἀγήνωρ Ἄργος Ἥρα Ὀλυμπία Ῥόδος

After these stands Eukles, the son of Kallianax; he was by birth a Rhodian, from the family of the Diagoridae; for he was the son of a daughter of Diagoras, and won an Olympic victory in boxing among the men. The statue of Eukles is the work of Naukydes. The Argive Polykleitos—not the one who made the image of Hera, but a pupil of Naukydes—created the statue of Agenor, a young wrestler from Thebes. This statue was dedicated by the commonwealth of the Phocians, for Agenor's father, Theopompos, was their state's proxenos.

Passage 6.6.3 Class: Non-skeptical

Νικόδαμος δὲ ὁ πλάστης ὁ ἐκ Μαινάλου Δαμοξενίδαν ἄνδρα πύκτην ἐποίησεν ἐκ Μαινάλου. ἕστηκε δὲ καὶ Λαστρατίδα παιδὸς εἰκὼν Ἠλείου, πάλης ἀνελομένου στέφανον· ἐγένετο δὲ αὐτῷ καὶ Νεμείων ἔν τε παισὶ καὶ ἀγενείων ἑτέρα νίκη. Παραβάλλοντι δὲ τῷ Λαστρατίδα πατρὶ ὑπῆρξε μὲν διαύλου παρελθεῖν δρόμῳ, ὑπελίπετο δὲ καὶ ἐς τοὺς ἔπειτα φιλοτιμίαν, τῶν νικησάντων Ὀλυμπίασι τὰ ὀνόματα ἀναγράψας ἐν τῷ γυμνασίῳ τῷ ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ.

Proper Nouns:

Δαμοξενίδης Λαστρατίδας Μαίναλον Νεμέα Νικόδαμος Ἠλεῖος Ὀλυμπία Ὀλυμπία

Nicodamus, the sculptor from Mainalos, made a statue representing Damoxenidas, a boxer, who was also from Mainalos. There also stands a statue of Lastratidas, a boy from Elis, who won the crown in wrestling. He moreover achieved another victory at Nemea, both as a boy and later as a youth (agenios). His father, Paraballon, attained victory in the diaulos running race, and he further demonstrated his ambition toward subsequent generations by inscribing in the gymnasium at Olympia the names of those who won victories at Olympia.

Passage 6.6.4 Class: Skeptical

τὰ μὲν δὴ ἐς τούτους εἶχεν οὕτω· τὰ δὲ ἐς Εὔθυμον τὸν πύκτην, οὔ με εἰκὸς ὑπερβαίνειν ἦν τὰ ἐς τὰς νίκας αὐτῷ καὶ τὰ ἐς δόξαν ὑπάρχοντα τὴν ἄλλην. γένος μὲν δὴ ἦν ὁ Εὔθυμος ἐκ τῶν ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ Λοκρῶν, οἳ χώραν τὴν πρὸς τῷ Ζεφυρίῳ τῇ ἄκρᾳ νέμονται, πατρὸς δὲ ἐκαλεῖτο Ἀστυκλέους· εἶναι δὲ αὐτὸν οὐ τούτου, ποταμοῦ δὲ οἱ ἐπιχώριοι τοῦ Καικίνου φασίν, ὃς τὴν Λοκρίδα καὶ Ῥηγίνην ὁρίζων τὸ ἐς τοὺς τέττιγας παρέχεται θαῦμα. οἱ μὲν γὰρ τέττιγες οἱ ἐντὸς τῆς Λοκρίδος ἄχρι τοῦ Καικίνου κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις τέττιξιν ᾄδουσι· διαβάντων δὲ τὸν Καικίνην οὐδεμίαν ἔτι οἱ ἐν τῇ Ῥηγίνῃ τέττιγες ἀφιᾶσι τὴν φωνήν.

Proper Nouns:

Εὔθυμος Ζέφυριον Καικῖνος Λοκρίς Λοκροί Ἀστυκλέης Ἰταλία Ῥήγινον

Thus were the matters concerning these figures. As for Euthymus the boxer, I ought not omit the mention of his victories and his overall renown. Euthymus was, by origin, from the Locrians in Italy, who dwell in the region near the promontory called Zephyrium. Though his father was named Astycles, according to local tradition Euthymus was not really his son; rather, he was said to be the son of the river Caecinus, which marks the boundary between Locri and Rhegium and presents a singular marvel concerning cicadas. For on the Locrian side of the Caecinus, the cicadas sing just like other cicadas; yet when one crosses this river into the territory of Rhegium, the cicadas there no longer produce voice of any kind.

Passage 6.6.5 Class: Non-skeptical

τούτου μὲν δὴ παῖδα εἶναι λέγεται τὸν Εὔθυμον· ἀνελομένῳ δέ οἱ πυγμῆς ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ νίκην τετάρτῃ πρὸς ταῖς ἑβδομήκοντα Ὀλυμπιάδι οὐ κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ ἐς τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν Ὀλυμπιάδα ἔμελλε χωρήσειν· Θεαγένης γὰρ ὁ Θάσιος Ὀλυμπιάδι ἐθέλων τῇ αὐτῇ πυγμῆς τε ἀνελέσθαι καὶ παγκρατίου νίκας ὑπερεβάλετο πυκτεύων τὸν Εὔθυμον, οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ ὁ Θεαγένης ἐπὶ τῷ παγκρατίῳ λαβεῖν ἐδυνήθη τὸν κότινον ἅτε προκατεργασθεὶς τῇ μάχῃ πρὸς τὸν Εὔθυμον.

Proper Nouns:

Εὔθυμος Θάσος Θεαγένης Θεαγένης Ὀλυμπία Ὀλυμπιάς

It is said that Euthymus was the son of this man. When he had won the boxing victory at Olympia in the seventy-fourth Olympiad, he was not destined to gain victory again at the next Olympiad. For Theagenes of Thasos, desiring in the same Olympiad to achieve victories in both boxing and the pankration, overcame Euthymus in boxing. Yet not even Theagenes himself was able to obtain the olive wreath in the pankration, as he had already been weakened by his previous fight against Euthymus.

Passage 6.6.6 Class: Non-skeptical

ἐπὶ τούτῳ δὲ ἐπιβάλλουσιν οἱ Ἑλλανοδίκαι τῷ Θεαγένει τάλαντον μὲν ἱερὰν ἐς τὸν θεὸν ζημίαν, τάλαντον δὲ βλάβης τῆς ἐς Εὔθυμον, ὅτι ἐπηρείᾳ τῇ ἐς ἐκεῖνον ἐδόκει σφίσιν ἐπανελέσθαι τὸ ἀγώνισμα τῆς πυγμῆς· τούτων ἕνεκα καταδικάζουσιν αὐτὸν ἐκτῖσαι καὶ ἰδίᾳ τῷ Εὐθύμῳ χρήματα. ἕκτῃ δὲ Ὀλυμπιάδι ἐπὶ ταῖς ἑβδομήκοντα τὸ μὲν τῷ θεῷ τοῦ ἀργυρίου γινόμενον ἐξέτισεν ὁ Θεαγένης, καὶ ἀμειβόμενος αὐτὸν οὐκ ἐσῆλθεν ἐπὶ τὴν πυγμήν· καὶ ἐπʼ ἐκείνης τε αὐτῆς καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς μετʼ ἐκείνην Ὀλυμπιάδος τὸν ἐπὶ πυγμῇ στέφανον ἀνείλετο ὁ Εὔθυμος. ὁ δέ οἱ ἀνδριὰς τέχνη τέ ἐστι Πυθαγόρου καὶ θέας ἐς τὰ μάλιστα ἄξιος.

Proper Nouns:

Εὔθυμος Εὔθυμος Εὔθυμος Θεαγένης Θεαγένης Πυθαγόρας θεός θεός Ἑλλανοδίκης Ὀλυμπιάς

For this reason the Eleans imposed upon Theagenes a sacred fine of one talent payable to the god, and another talent as compensation for damages to Euthymus, because they judged that he regained the boxing prize by deliberately injuring his opponent. Accordingly they condemned him to pay the money to Euthymus privately as well. At the seventy-sixth Olympiad Theagenes paid the fine due to the god, but in resentment refused to enter the boxing contest. Thus Euthymus won the crown for boxing both at this Olympiad itself and at the succeeding one. Euthymus' statue is the work of Pythagoras and is most worthy of being seen.

Passage 6.6.7 Class: Skeptical

ἐπανήκων δὲ ἐς Ἰταλίαν τότε δὴ ἐμαχέσατο πρὸς τὸν Ἥρω· τὰ δὲ ἐς αὐτὸν εἶχεν οὕτως. Ὀδυσσέα πλανώμενον μετὰ ἅλωσιν τὴν Ἰλίου κατενεχθῆναί φασιν ὑπὸ ἀνέμων ἔς τε ἄλλας τῶν ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ καὶ Σικελίᾳ πόλεων, ἀφικέσθαι δὲ καὶ ἐς Τεμέσαν ὁμοῦ ταῖς ναυσί· μεθυσθέντα οὖν ἐνταῦθα ἕνα τῶν ναυτῶν παρθένον βιάσασθαι καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν ἐπιχωρίων ἀντὶ τούτου καταλευσθῆναι τοῦ ἀδικήματος.

Proper Nouns:

Σικελία Τέμεσα Ἥρως Ἰταλία Ἰταλία Ἴλιον Ὀδυσσεύς

Returning again to Italy, he then fought against the Hero. The circumstances concerning him were as follows: they say that Odysseus, wandering after the fall of Troy, was driven by winds to various cities both in Italy and Sicily, and came also to Temesa together with his ships. Here, one of his sailors, becoming intoxicated, seized and assaulted a maiden, and on account of this crime was stoned to death by the local inhabitants.

Passage 6.6.8 Class: Skeptical

Ὀδυσσέα μὲν δὴ ἐν οὐδενὶ λόγῳ θέμενον αὐτοῦ τὴν ἀπώλειαν ἀποπλέοντα οἴχεσθαι, τοῦ καταλευσθέντος δὲ ἀνθρώπου τὸν δαίμονα οὐδένα ἀνιέναι καιρὸν ἀποκτείνοντά τε ὁμοίως τοὺς ἐν τῇ Τεμέσῃ καὶ ἐπεξερχόμενον ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ἡλικίαν, ἐς ὃ ἡ Πυθία τὸ παράπαν ἐξ Ἰταλίας ὡρμημένους φεύγειν Τεμέσαν μὲν ἐκλιπεῖν οὐκ εἴα, τὸν δὲ Ἥρω σφᾶς ἐκέλευσεν ἱλάσκεσθαι τέμενός τε ἀποτεμομένους οἰκοδομήσασθαι ναόν, διδόναι δὲ κατὰ ἔτος αὐτῷ γυναῖκα τῶν ἐν Τεμέσῃ παρθένων τὴν καλλίστην.

Proper Nouns:

Πυθία Τέμεσσα Τέμεσσα Ἥρως Ἰταλία Ὀδυσσεύς

Odysseus, holding his companion's loss as of no account, sailed away without concern. But the spirit of the slain man gave the people no rest, destroying indiscriminately the townsfolk of Temesa and setting upon inhabitants of every age, until finally the Pythian oracle forbade the people, though greatly desiring to flee Italy altogether, to abandon Temesa entirely, and instead commanded that they propitiate the Hero by consecrating to him a precinct and building him a temple. Furthermore, they were instructed each year to give him as a wife the fairest maiden among the daughters of Temesa.

Passage 6.6.9 Class: Non-skeptical

τοῖς μὲν δὴ τὰ ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ προστεταγμένα ὑπουργοῦσι δεῖμα ἀπὸ τοῦ δαίμονος ἐς τἄλλα ἦν οὐδέν· Εὔθυμος δὲ--- ἀφίκετο γὰρ ἐς τὴν Τεμέσαν, καί πως τηνικαῦτα τὸ ἔθος ἐποιεῖτο τῷ δαίμονι---πυνθάνεται τὰ παρόντα σφίσι, καὶ ἐσελθεῖν τε ἐπεθύμησεν ἐς τὸν ναὸν καὶ τὴν παρθένον ἐσελθὼν θεάσασθαι. ὡς δὲ εἶδε, τὰ μὲν πρῶτα ἐς οἶκτον, δεύτερα δὲ ἀφίκετο καὶ ἐς ἔρωτα αὐτῆς· καὶ ἡ παῖς τε συνοικήσειν κατώμνυτο αὐτῷ σώσαντι αὐτὴν καὶ ὁ Εὔθυμος ἐνεσκευασμένος ἔμενε τὴν ἔφοδον τοῦ δαίμονος.

Proper Nouns:

Εὔθυμος Τέμεσα

For those who carried out the commands imposed by the god, there was nothing further to fear from the spirit. Now Euthymos—for he had come to Temesa at precisely the time when they were performing their customary rites for the demon—learned upon his arrival of their present situation, and wished to enter the shrine and to see the maiden once he had gone in. On beholding her, at first he felt pity, but afterward he came to love her as well; and the girl herself swore an oath that she would marry him if he saved her. Euthymos, having armed himself, awaited the arrival of the demon.

Passage 6.6.10 Class: Skeptical

ἐνίκα τε δὴ τῇ μάχῃ καὶ ---ἐξηλαύνετο γὰρ ἐκ τῆς γῆς---ὁ Ἥρως ἀφανίζεταί τε καταδὺς ἐς θάλασσαν καὶ γάμος τε ἐπιφανὴς Εὐθύμῳ καὶ ἀνθρώποις τοῖς ἐνταῦθα ἐλευθερία τοῦ λοιποῦ σφισιν ἦν ἀπὸ τοῦ δαίμονος. ἤκουσα δὲ καὶ τοιόνδε ἔτι ἐς τὸν Εὔθυμον, ὡς γήρως τε ἐπὶ μακρότατον ἀφίκοιτο καὶ ὡς ἀποθανεῖν ἐκφυγὼν αὖθις ἕτερόν τινα ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἄλλον ἀπέλθοι τρόπον· οἰκεῖσθαι δὲ τὴν Τεμέσαν καὶ ἐς ἐμὲ ἀνδρὸς ἤκουσα πλεύσαντος κατὰ ἐμπορίαν.

Proper Nouns:

Εὔθυμος Τέμεσα Ἥρως

Indeed he was victorious in the fight, and—the Hero was driven out from the land—he disappeared, plunging into the sea; after this a celebrated marriage came to Euthymus, and henceforth the inhabitants of that place had freedom from the daemon. And I heard also this further account concerning Euthymus: that he lived to a most advanced old age, and having escaped death, departed from mankind in a different manner. And I heard from a merchant who sailed there that Temesa was inhabited even in my own time.

Passage 6.6.11 Class: Skeptical

τόδε μὲν ἤκουσα, γραφῇ δὲ τοιάδε ἐπιτυχὼν οἶδα· ἦν δὲ αὕτη γραφῆς μίμημα ἀρχαίας. νεανίσκος Σύβαρις καὶ Κάλαβρός τε ποταμὸς καὶ Λύκα πηγή, πρὸς δὲ ἡρῷόν τε καὶ Τεμέσα ἦν ἡ πόλις, ἐν δέ σφισι καὶ δαίμων ὅντινα ἐξέβαλεν ὁ Εὔθυμος, χρόαν τε δεινῶς μέλας καὶ τὸ εἶδος ἅπαν ἐς τὰ μάλιστα φοβερός, λύκου δὲ ἀμπίσχετο δέρμα ἐσθῆτα· ἐτίθετο δὲ καὶ ὄνομα Λύκαν τὰ ἐπὶ τῇ γραφῇ γράμματα.

Proper Nouns:

Εὔθυμος Κάλαβρος Λύκας Λύκη Σύβαρις Τεμέσα

This indeed I heard; but I also know, because I came upon such a picture. And this was evidently a copy of an ancient painting. In it was depicted a young man named Sybaris, a river named Calabrus, and a spring called Lyca. Near them was a hero-shrine and the city of Temesa; and among these figures was the daemon whom Euthymus expelled. He was terribly dark in complexion and altogether extremely fearful in form, clothed in a wolf skin as a garment. The inscription upon the painting gave him the name Lycas.

Legend:

Chapter 6.6