Pausanias Analysis

Passage 7.15.1 Class: Non-skeptical

Ῥωμαῖοι δὲ παρά τε τῶν ἀνδρῶν διδαχθέντες οὓς ἐς τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἀπέστειλαν καὶ ἐκ τῶν γραμμάτων ἃ Μέτελλος ἐπέστελλεν, ἀδικεῖν Ἀχαιῶν κατέγνωσαν· καὶ ἦν γὰρ Μόμμιός σφισιν ὕπατος τότε ᾑρημένος, τοῦτον ναῦς τε καὶ στρατιὰν πεζὴν ἐκέλευον ἐπʼ Ἀχαιοὺς ἄγειν. Μέτελλος δὲ παραυτίκα ἐπέπυστο ὡς Μόμμιος καὶ ὁ σὺν αὐτῷ στρατὸς ἐπὶ Ἀχαιοὺς ἀφίκοιτο· καὶ ἐποιεῖτο σπουδήν, εἰ ἐπιθεὶς αὐτὸς πέρας τῷ πολέμῳ φανῇ πρὶν ἢ Μόμμιον ἐς τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἀφῖχθαι.

Proper Nouns:

Μέτελλος Μόμμιός Μόμμιός Ἀχαιοὶ Ἀχαιοὶ Ἑλλάς Ῥωμαῖοι

The Romans, having learned from the men whom they had dispatched to Greece and from the letters sent by Metellus, concluded that the Achaeans were acting unjustly. Therefore, as Mummius was at that time chosen consul, they instructed him to lead both a fleet and an infantry force against the Achaeans. Metellus soon learned that Mummius and his army were coming against the Achaeans; thus he hurried to bring the war quickly to a conclusion himself, hoping to end it before Mummius reached Greece.

Passage 7.15.2 Class: Non-skeptical

ἀγγέλους οὖν παρὰ τοὺς Ἀχαιοὺς ἀπέστελλεν, ἀφιέναι κελεύων σφᾶς συντελείας Λακεδαιμονίους καὶ πόλεις ἄλλας ὁπόσας εἴρητο ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων, τῆς τε ἐκ τοῦ χρόνου τοῦ προτέρου σφίσιν ἀπειθείας οὐδεμίαν παρὰ Ῥωμαίων ὑπισχνεῖτο ὀργὴν γενήσεσθαι. ἅμα τε δὴ ταῦτα ἐπεκηρυκεύετο καὶ ἤλαυνεν ἐκ Μακεδονίας τὸν στρατόν, διὰ Θεσσαλίας τὴν πορείαν καὶ παρὰ τὸν Λαμιακὸν ποιούμενος κόλπον. Κριτόλαος δὲ καὶ Ἀχαιοὶ λόγον μὲν φέροντα ἐς σύμβασιν προσίεντο οὐδένα, Ἡράκλειαν δὲ προσεκάθηντο πολιορκοῦντες οὐ βουλομένους ἐς τὸ Ἀχαϊκὸν συντελεῖν.

Proper Nouns:

Θεσσαλία Κριτόλαος Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λαμιακός κόλπος Μακεδονία Ἀχαιοί Ἀχαιοί Ἀχαϊκόν Ἡράκλεια Ῥωμαῖοι

Therefore he sent envoys to the Achaeans, ordering them to release from their confederacy Sparta and the other cities specified by the Romans, and promising that, despite their previous disobedience, they would incur no anger from the Romans. While making these proclamations, he simultaneously advanced his army from Macedonia through Thessaly, moving along the coast by the gulf of Lamia. Critolaus and the Achaeans, however, rejected all overtures toward reconciliation, and proceeded instead to besiege Heracleia, which refused to join the Achaean League.

Passage 7.15.3 Class: Non-skeptical

τότε δὲ ὡς παρὰ τῶν κατασκόπων ἐπυνθάνετο ὁ Κριτόλαος Μέτελλον καὶ Ῥωμαίους διαβεβηκέναι τὸν Σπερχειόν, ἀπέφευγεν ἐς Σκάρφειαν τὴν Λοκρῶν, οὐδὲ κατὰ τὸ στενὸν τὸ Ἡρακλείας τε μεταξὺ καὶ Θερμοπυλῶν τοὺς Ἀχαιοὺς τάξας ἐτόλμησεν ὑπομεῖναι Μέτελλον· ἀλλὰ ἐς τοσοῦτο ἀφίκετο δείματος ὡς μηδὲ αὐτὸ ποιήσασθαι τὸ χωρίον πρὸς ἀμείνονος ἐλπίδος, ἔνθα ἦν μὲν Λακεδαιμονίοις ὑπὲρ τῶν Ἑλλήνων τὰ ἐς Μήδους, ἦν δὲ καὶ Ἀθηναίοις τὰ ἐς Γαλάτας οὐδὲν ἀφανέστερα ἐκείνων τολμήματα.

Proper Nouns:

Γαλάται Θερμοπύλαι Κριτόλαος Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λοκροί Μέτελλος Μῆδοι Σκάρφεια Σπερχειός Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀχαιοὶ Ἕλληνες Ἡράκλεια Ῥωμαῖοι

Then, when Critolaus learned from his spies that Metellus and the Romans had crossed the Spercheius, he retreated to Scarpheia in Locris; nor did he venture to arrange the Achaeans and await Metellus at the narrow pass lying between Heraclea and Thermopylae. Indeed, such fear overtook him that he did not even attempt to make a stand at a site where there might have been a better hope, the very place where the Spartans had fought for Greece against the Persians, and where the Athenians had performed deeds no less remarkable against the Gauls.

Passage 7.15.4 Class: Skeptical

ὑποφεύγοντας δὲ Κριτόλαον καὶ Ἀχαιοὺς αἱροῦσιν ὀλίγον πρὸ τῆς Σκαρφείας οἱ ὁμοῦ τῷ Μετέλλῳ, καὶ ἀπέκτεινάν τε πλήθει πολλοὺς καὶ ἔλαβον ζῶντας ὅσον χιλίους. Κριτόλαος δὲ οὔτε ὤφθη ζῶν μετὰ τὴν μάχην οὔτε ἐν τοῖς νεκροῖς εὑρέθη· εἰ δὲ ἐτόλμησε τῆς πρὸς τῇ Οἴτῃ θαλάσσης ἐς ταύτης καταδῦναι τὸ τέλμα, παντάπασιν ἔμελλεν ἄγνωστός τε καὶ ἄπυστος οἰχήσεσθαι κατὰ τοῦ βυθοῦ.

Proper Nouns:

Κριτόλαος Μετέλλος Οἴτη Σκάρφεια Ἀχαιοὶ

While Critolaus and the Achaeans were fleeing, those accompanying Metellus overtook them a little before the city of Scarphaea, killing a great number, and capturing alive about a thousand men. Critolaus himself was neither seen alive after the battle nor found among the dead. If indeed he ventured into the marsh beside the sea near Mount Oeta, he must have utterly vanished, unknown and unheard of, into its depths.

Passage 7.15.5 Class: Skeptical

ἐς μὲν οὖν τὴν Κριτολάου τελευτὴν καὶ ἄλλα πάρεστιν εἰκάζειν· Ἀρκάδων δὲ ἐξεστρατευμένοι λογάδες χίλιοι, οἳ Κριτολάῳ τοῦ ἔργου μετέσχον, προῆλθον μὲν ἄχρι Ἐλατείας τῆς Φωκέων καὶ ἐς τὴν πόλιν ὑπʼ αὐτῶν κατὰ συγγένειαν δή τινα παλαιὰν ἐδέχθησαν· ὡς δὲ τοῖς Φωκεῦσιν ἡ Κριτολάου συμφορὰ καὶ Ἀχαιῶν ἀπηγγέλλετο, ἀπελθεῖν ἐκ τῆς Ἐλατείας κελεύουσι τοὺς Ἀρκάδας.

Proper Nouns:

Κριτόλαος Φωκεῖς Φωκεῖς Ἀρκάδες Ἀρκάδες Ἀχαιοί Ἐλάτεια

Regarding, therefore, the manner of Critolaus' end, there are indeed other possibilities one may conjecture. A chosen force of a thousand Arcadians, who had joined Critolaus' enterprise, advanced as far as Elateia in Phocis, and were admitted into the city by the inhabitants themselves because of some ancient kinship. But when the disaster of Critolaus and the Achaeans was reported to the Phocians, they commanded the Arcadians to depart from Elateia.

Passage 7.15.6 Class: Non-skeptical

ἀπιοῦσι δὲ ὀπίσω σφίσιν ἐς τὴν Πελοπόννησον Μέτελλος καὶ Ῥωμαῖοι περὶ Χαιρώνειαν ἐπιφαίνονται· ἔνθα δὴ ἐπελάμβανε τοὺς Ἀρκάδας ἐκ θεῶν δίκη τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν, οἳ ἐν Χαιρωνείᾳ Φιλίππου καὶ Μακεδόνων ἐναντία ἀγωνιζομένους ἐγκαταλιπόντες Ἕλληνας τότε ἐν χωρίῳ τῷ αὐτῷ ἐκτείνοντο ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων.

Proper Nouns:

Μέτελλος Μακεδόνες Πελοπόννησος Φίλιππος Χαιρώνεια Χαιρώνεια Ἀρκάδες Ἕλληνες Ἕλληνες Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥωμαῖοι

On their retreat back toward the Peloponnesus, Metellus and the Romans attacked them near Chaeroneia. Here indeed divine justice overtook the Arcadians for their betrayal of the Greek cause; having deserted the Greeks at Chaeroneia when they fought against Philip and the Macedonians, they were now laid low by the Romans in the very same place.

Passage 7.15.7 Class: Non-skeptical

Ἀχαιοῖς δὲ αὖθις ἐπὶ τὴν ἡγεμονίαν τοῦ στρατεύματος παρῄει Δίαιος· καὶ δούλους τε ἐς ἐλευθερίαν ἠφίει, τὸ Μιλτιάδου καὶ Ἀθηναίων βούλευμα τὸ πρὸ τοῦ ἔργου τοῦ ἐν Μαραθῶνι μιμούμενος, καὶ Ἀχαιῶν συνέλεγε καὶ Ἀρκάδων ἀπὸ τῶν πόλεων τοὺς ἐν ἡλικίᾳ· ἐγένετο δέ, ἀναμεμιγμένων ὁμοῦ καὶ οἰκετῶν, τὸ ἀθροισθὲν ἐς ἑξακοσίους μὲν μάλιστα ἀριθμὸν ἱππεῖς, τὸ δὲ ὁπλιτεῦον τετρακισχίλιοί τε καὶ μύριοι.

Proper Nouns:

Δίαιος Μαραθών Μιλτιάδης Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀρκάδες Ἀχαιός Ἀχαιός

Once again the leadership of the army among the Achaeans devolved upon Diaeus. He granted freedom to slaves, imitating the policy adopted previously by Miltiades and the Athenians before the battle of Marathon. Additionally, he gathered all the men in their prime from among the cities of the Achaeans and Arcadians. The assembled army, including the slaves now mingled within it, amounted approximately to six hundred cavalry and fourteen thousand infantrymen.

Passage 7.15.8 Class: Non-skeptical

ἐνταῦθα ὁ Δίαιος ἐς ἅπαν ἀφίκετο ἀνοίας, ὃς Κριτόλαον καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν Ἀχαιῶν ἐπιστάμενος παρασκευὴν κακῶς οὕτως ἀγωνισαμένην πρὸς Μέτελλον ἀπέλεξεν αὐτὸς ὅσον τετρακισχιλίους· καὶ ἄρχοντα ἐπʼ αὐτοῖς ἔταξεν Ἀλκαμένην. ἀπεστέλλοντο δὲ ἐς Μέγαρα φρουρά τε εἶναι Μεγαρεῦσι τοῦ ἄστεως καί, ἢν Μέτελλος ἐπίῃ καὶ οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι, τοῦ πρόσω σφᾶς κωλύειν.

Proper Nouns:

Δίαιος Κριτόλαος Μέγαρα Μέτελλος Μέτελλος Μεγαρεῖς ἄστυ Ἀλκαμένης Ἀχαιοί Ῥωμαῖοι

At this point, Diaeus reached the extreme of folly; for though fully aware that Critolaus and all the forces of the Achaeans had fought disastrously against Metellus, he himself chose out about four thousand men and appointed Alcamenes as commander over them. They were sent off to Megara both to guard the city for the Megarians and, in case Metellus and the Romans advanced, to prevent their further progress.

Passage 7.15.9 Class: Non-skeptical

Μέτελλος δὲ ὡς οἱ περὶ Χαιρώνειαν λογάδες κατέστρωντο οἱ Ἀρκάδων, ἀναστήσας τὸ στράτευμα ἤλαυνεν ἐπὶ τὰς Θήβας· Ἡράκλειάν τε γὰρ ἐπολιόρκησαν οἱ Θηβαῖοι μετὰ Ἀχαιῶν καὶ ἀγῶνος τοῦ πρὸς Σκάρφειαν μετεσχήκεσαν. τότε δὲ αὐτοί τε καὶ γυναῖκες ἐκλελοιπότες πᾶσα ἡλικία τὴν πόλιν ἐπλανῶντο ἀνὰ τὴν Βοιωτίαν καὶ ἐς τῶν ὀρῶν τὰ ἄκρα ἀνέφευγον.

Proper Nouns:

Βοιωτία Θηβαῖοι Θῆβαι Μέτελλος Σκάρφεια Χαιρώνεια Ἀρκάδες Ἀχαιοί Ἡράκλεια

When Metellus saw that the chosen Arcadian troops near Chaeroneia had been cut down, he set his army in motion and marched against Thebes. For the Thebans, in alliance with the Achaeans, had been besieging Heracleia and had taken part in the battle at Scarphaea. Now, however, the Thebans themselves—men and women of every age—abandoned their city and wandered helplessly throughout Boeotia, taking refuge on the highest peaks of the mountains.

Passage 7.15.10 Class: Non-skeptical

Μέτελλος δὲ οὔτε ἱερὰ ἐμπιπράναι θεῶν οὔτε οἰκοδομήματα καθαιρεῖν εἴα, Θηβαίων τε τῶν ἄλλων μήτε ἀποκτεῖναι μηδένα μήτε αἱρεῖν φεύγοντα ἀπηγόρευε· Πυθέαν δὲ ἢν ἕλωσιν, ἀνάγειν ἐκέλευσεν ὡς αὐτόν· ἐξεύρητό τε δὴ αὐτίκα ὁ Πυθέας καὶ ἀναχθεὶς δίκην εἶχεν. ὡς δὲ πλησίον Μεγάρων ἐγίνετο ὁ στρατός, οὔτε ὑπέμειναν οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἀλκαμένην καὶ αὐτίκα ἐς Κόρινθον παρὰ τὸ στρατόπεδον τὸ Ἀχαιῶν ᾤχοντο φεύγοντες.

Proper Nouns:

Θηβαῖοι Κόρινθος Μέγαρα Μέτελλος Πυθεύς Πυθεύς θεοί Ἀλκαμένης Ἀχαιοί

But Metellus would allow neither the burning of temples of gods nor the destruction of buildings, and he forbade anyone to kill or even seize in flight any of the other Thebans. However, he gave orders that, if they captured Pytheas, they should bring him before himself. Pytheas was immediately discovered and, upon being brought, stood trial. As the army was approaching Megara, the forces with Alcamenes did not await them, but immediately fled toward Corinth to the encampment of the Achaeans.

Passage 7.15.11 Class: Non-skeptical

καὶ Μεγαρεῖς μὲν παραδιδόασιν ἀμαχεὶ Ῥωμαίοις τὴν πόλιν, Μέτελλος δὲ ὡς ἀφίκετο παρὰ τὸν ἰσθμόν, ἐπεκηρυκεύετο καὶ τότε Ἀχαιοῖς ἐς εἰρήνην καὶ ὁμολογίας προκαλούμενος· ἰσχυρὸς γάρ τις ἐνέκειτο αὐτῷ πόθος τὰ ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ τε ὁμοῦ καὶ τὰ Ἀχαιῶν κατεργασθῆναι διʼ αὐτοῦ. τούτῳ μὲν ταῦτα ἐσπευκότι Δίαιος ἠναντιοῦτο ὑπὸ ἀγνωμοσύνης·

Proper Nouns:

Δίαιος Μέτελλος Μακεδονία Μεγαρεῖς Ἀχαιοὶ Ἀχαιοῖ Ἰσθμός Ῥωμαῖοι

The Megarians surrendered their city to the Romans without a fight, and when Metellus arrived at the Isthmus, once more he sent envoys to the Achaeans, urging them toward peace and offering terms; for he was strongly possessed by a desire personally to bring under his own control affairs in Macedonia as well as those involving the Achaeans. Yet against this eagerness, Diaeus stubbornly opposed out of reckless obstinacy.

Legend:

Chapter 7.15