Pausanias Analysis

Passage 7.2.1 Class: Non-skeptical

ἔτεσι δὲ οὐ πολλοῖς ὕστερον Μέδων καὶ Νειλεὺς πρεσβύτατοι τῶν Κόδρου παίδων ἐστασίασαν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀρχῆς, καὶ οὐκ ἔφασκεν ὁ Νειλεὺς ἀνέξεσθαι βασιλευόμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ Μέδοντος, ὅτι ὁ Μέδων τὸν ἕτερον ἦν τῶν ποδῶν χωλός· δόξαν δέ σφισιν ἀνενεγκεῖν ἐς τὸ χρηστήριον τὸ ἐν Δελφοῖς, δίδωσι Μέδοντι ἡ Πυθία βασιλείαν τὴν Ἀθηναίων. οὕτω δὴ ὁ Νειλεὺς καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ τῶν Κόδρου παίδων ἐς ἀποικίαν ἀπεστάλησαν, ἀγαγόντες μὲν καὶ αὐτῶν Ἀθηναίων τὸν βουλόμενον, τὸ δὲ πλεῖστόν σφισιν ἦσαν τοῦ στρατεύματος οἱ Ἴωνες.

Proper Nouns:

Δελφοί Κόδρος Μέδων Νειλεύς Πυθία χρηστήριον Ἀθῆναι Ἴωνες

Not many years later, Medon and Neileus, the eldest of Codrus' sons, became involved in a dispute over rulership. Neileus declared he could not accept being ruled by Medon, since Medon was lame in one foot. Deciding to refer the matter to the oracle at Delphi, the Pythian priestess granted the sovereignty over Athens to Medon. Thus Neileus and the other sons of Codrus were sent out to found a colony, taking along whichever Athenians willingly wished to go with them; but the majority of their host consisted of Ionians.

Passage 7.2.2 Class: Non-skeptical

ἐκ δὲ τῆς Ἑλλάδος τρίτος δὴ οὗτος στόλος ὑπὸ βασιλεῦσιν ἀλλοίοις ὄχλοις τε ἀλλοίοις ἐστάλησαν. τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἀρχαιότατα Ἰόλαος Θηβαῖος, ἀδελφιδοῦς ὁ Ἡρακλέους, Ἀθηναίοις ἐς Σαρδὼ καὶ Θεσπιεῦσιν ἡγήσατο· γενεᾷ δὲ μιᾷ πρότερον ἢ ἐξέπλευσαν ἐξ Ἀθηνῶν Ἴωνες, Λακεδαιμονίους τε καὶ Μινύας τοὺς ἐκβληθέντας ὑπὸ Πελασγῶν ἐκ Λήμνου Θήρας ὁ Αὐτεσίωνος Θηβαῖος ἤγαγεν ἐς τὴν νῆσον τὴν νῦν μὲν ἀπὸ τοῦ Θήρα τούτου, πρότερον δὲ ὀνομαζομένην Καλλίστην.

Proper Nouns:

Αὐτεσίων Θήρας Θεσπιεῖς Θηβαῖος Καλλίστη Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λῆμνος Μινύαι Πελασγοί Σαρδώ Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀθῆναι Ἑλλάς Ἡρακλῆς Ἰόλαος Ἴωνες

This indeed was the third expedition sent from Greece, each under different leaders and composed of various groups. In the most ancient times, Iolaus of Thebes, nephew of Heracles, led the Athenians and the Thespians to Sardinia. A generation before the departure of the Ionians from Athens, Theras, son of Autesion, a Theban, conducted to the island then called Calliste—that which is now named Thera after himself—the Lacedaemonians and the Minyans expelled from Lemnos by the Pelasgians.

Passage 7.2.3 Class: Skeptical

τρίτον δὲ τότε οἱ Κόδρου παῖδες ἐπετάχθησαν Ἴωσιν ἄρχοντες, οὐδέν σφισι γένους τοῦ Ἴωνος μετόν, ἀλλὰ Μεσσήνιοι μὲν τῶν ἐκ Πύλου τὰ πρὸς Κόδρου καὶ Μελάνθου, Ἀθηναῖοι δὲ ὄντες τὰ πρὸς μητρός. Ἴωσι δὲ τοῦ στόλου μετασχόντες ἦσαν οἵδε Ἑλλήνων, Θηβαῖοί τε οἱ ὁμοῦ Φιλώτᾳ γεγονότι ἀπογόνῳ Πηνέλεω καὶ Ὀρχομένιοι Μινύαι συγγενείᾳ τῶν Κόδρου παίδων·

Proper Nouns:

Θηβαῖοι Κόδρος Μελάνθης Μεσσήνιοι Μινύαι Πηνέλεως Πύλος Φιλώτης Ἀθηναῖοι Ἕλληνες Ἴωνες Ἴωνες Ὀρχομένιοι

Then thirdly, the sons of Codrus were appointed rulers over the Ionians, although they themselves had no share in the lineage of Ion. Rather, they were Messenians from Pylos on their father's side, descended from Codrus and Melanthus, and Athenians on their mother’s. The following groups of Greeks participated alongside the Ionians in this expedition: the Thebans who joined with Philotas, a descendant of Peneleus; and the Minyan Orchomenians, who were related by blood to the sons of Codrus.

Passage 7.2.4 Class: Non-skeptical

μετέσχον δὲ καὶ Φωκεῖς οἱ ἄλλοι πλὴν Δελφῶν καὶ Ἄβαντες ἐξ Εὐβοίας. τοῖς δὲ Φωκεῦσι Φιλογένης καὶ Δάμων οἱ Εὐκτήμονος Ἀθηναῖοι ναῦς τε διδόασιν ἐς τὸν πλοῦν καὶ αὐτοί σφισιν ἐς τὴν ἀποικίαν ἐγένοντο ἡγεμόνες· ὡς δὲ ταῖς ναυσὶν ἐς τὴν Ἀσίαν κατῆραν, ἐπʼ ἄλλην ἐτρέποντο ἄλλοι τῶν ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ πόλεων, Νειλεὺς δὲ καὶ ἡ σὺν αὐτῷ μοῖρα ἐς Μίλητον.

Proper Nouns:

Δάμων Δελφοί Εὐκτήμων Εὔβοια Μίλητος Νειλεύς Φιλογένης Φωκεῖς Φωκεῖς Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀσία Ἄβαντες

The rest of the Phocians also took part, except for the Delphians, and the Abantes from Euboea participated as well. To the Phocians, Philogenes and Damon, the sons of Euctemon, Athenians, supplied ships for the voyage and themselves acted as leaders for the settlers. When the fleet made its landing in Asia, the various groups turned toward different coastal cities, Neileus and his contingent directing their course towards Miletus.

Passage 7.2.5 Class: Non-skeptical

Μιλήσιοι δὲ αὐτοὶ τοιάδε τὰ ἀρχαιότατά σφισιν εἶναι λέγουσιν· ἐπὶ γενεὰς μὲν δύο Ἀνακτορίαν καλεῖσθαι τὴν γῆν Ἄνακτός τε αὐτόχθονος καὶ Ἀστερίου βασιλεύοντος τοῦ Ἄνακτος, Μιλήτου δὲ κατάραντος στόλῳ Κρητῶν ἥ τε γῆ τὸ ὄνομα μετέβαλεν ἀπὸ τοῦ Μιλήτου καὶ ἡ πόλις. ἀφίκετο δὲ ἐκ Κρήτης ὁ Μίλητος καὶ ὁ σὺν αὐτῷ στρατὸς Μίνω τὸν Εὐρώπης φεύγοντες, οἱ δὲ Κᾶρες οἱ πρότερον νεμόμενοι τὴν χώραν σύνοικοι τοῖς Κρησὶν ἐγένοντο·

Proper Nouns:

Εὐρώπη Κρήτη Κρῆτες Κρῆτες Κᾶρες Μίλητος Μίλητος Μίνως Μιλήσιοι Ἀνακτορία Ἀστέριος Ἄναξ

The Milesians themselves relate the following very ancient traditions concerning them: for two generations the land was called Anaktoria, when Anax, who was autochthonous, ruled, and after him Asterios, the son of Anax. But when Miletos arrived leading an expedition of Cretans, both the land and the city changed their name after him. Miletos and the army accompanying him had come from Crete, fleeing from Minos, the son of Europa; and the Carians, who formerly inhabited the region, coexisted with the Cretans.

Passage 7.2.6 Class: Non-skeptical

τότε δὲ ὡς ἐκράτησαν τῶν ἀρχαίων Μιλησίων οἱ Ἴωνες, τὸ μὲν γένος πᾶν τὸ ἄρσεν ἀπέκτειναν πλὴν ὅσοι τῆς πόλεως ἁλισκομένης ἐκδιδράσκουσι, γυναῖκας δὲ καὶ θυγατέρας τὰς ἐκείνων γαμοῦσι. τοῦ δὲ Νειλέως ὁ τάφος ἰόντων ἐς Διδύμους ἐστὶν οὐ πόρρω τῶν πυλῶν ἐν ἀριστερᾷ τῆς ὁδοῦ· τὸ δὲ ἱερὸν τὸ ἐν Διδύμοις τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος καὶ τὸ μαντεῖόν ἐστιν ἀρχαιότερον ἢ κατὰ τὴν Ἰώνων ἐσοίκησιν, πολλῷ δὲ πρεσβύτερα ἔτι ἢ κατὰ Ἴωνας τὰ ἐς τὴν Ἄρτεμιν τὴν Ἐφεσίαν ἐστίν.

Proper Nouns:

Δίδυμοι Δίδυμοι Μιλήσιος Νείλευς Ἀπόλλων Ἄρτεμις Ἐφεσία Ἴωνες Ἴωνες Ἴωνες

At that time, after the Ionians had overcome the ancient Milesians, they slew all the males of the race except those who escaped when the city was captured, and married their wives and daughters. The tomb of Neileus is located on the left side of the road as one travels toward Didyma, not far from the city gates. The sanctuary of Apollo at Didyma and its oracle existed before the settlement of the Ionians, and are still more ancient, by far, than even the rites practiced among the Ionians in honor of Artemis at Ephesus.

Passage 7.2.7 Class: Skeptical

οὐ μὴν πάντα γε τὰ ἐς τὴν θεὸν ἐπύθετο ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν Πίνδαρος, ὃς Ἀμαζόνας τὸ ἱερὸν ἔφη τοῦτο ἱδρύσασθαι στρατευομένας ἐπὶ Ἀθήνας τε καὶ Θησέα. αἱ δὲ ἀπὸ Θερμώδοντος γυναῖκες ἔθυσαν μὲν καὶ τότε τῇ Ἐφεσίᾳ θεῷ, ἅτε ἐπιστάμεναι τε ἐκ παλαιοῦ τὸ ἱερόν, καὶ ἡνίκα Ἡρακλέα ἔφυγον, αἱ δὲ καὶ Διόνυσον τὰ ἔτι ἀρχαιότερα, ἱκέτιδες ἐνταῦθα ἐλθοῦσαι· οὐ μὴν ὑπὸ Ἀμαζόνων γε ἱδρύθη, Κόρησος δὲ αὐτόχθων καὶ Ἔφεσος---Καΰστρου δὲ τοῦ ποταμοῦ τὸν Ἔφεσον παῖδα εἶναι νομίζουσιν---, οὗτοι τὸ ἱερόν εἰσιν οἱ ἱδρυσάμενοι, καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἐφέσου τὸ ὄνομά ἐστι τῇ πόλει.

Proper Nouns:

Διόνυσος Θερμώδων Θησεύς Καΰστρος Κόρησος Πίνδαρος Ἀθῆναι Ἀμαζόνες Ἀμαζόνες Ἐφεσία θεός Ἔφεσος Ἔφεσος Ἔφεσος Ἡρακλῆς

But Pindar, it seems to me, did not accurately learn all concerning the goddess when he asserted that the sanctuary was founded by the Amazons during their campaign against Athens and Theseus. Women from the Thermodon did indeed sacrifice then to the goddess of Ephesus, since they had long been familiar with the sanctuary; they did likewise when fleeing from Heracles, and earlier still, some had come as suppliants fleeing Dionysus. However, the founders were certainly not the Amazons, but rather the indigenous figures Coresus and Ephesus; the latter is believed to be the son of the river Cayster. These are the ones who founded the sanctuary, and from Ephesus the city takes its name.

Passage 7.2.8 Class: Non-skeptical

Λέλεγες δὲ τοῦ Καρικοῦ μοῖρα καὶ Λυδῶν τὸ πολὺ οἱ νεμόμενοι τὴν χώραν ἦσαν· ᾤκουν δὲ καὶ περὶ τὸ ἱερὸν ἄλλοι τε ἱκεσίας ἕνεκα καὶ γυναῖκες τοῦ Ἀμαζόνων γένους. Ἄνδροκλος δὲ ὁ Κόδρου---οὗτος γὰρ δὴ ἀπεδέδεικτο Ἰώνων τῶν ἐς Ἔφεσον πλευσάντων βασιλεύς---Λέλεγας μὲν καὶ Λυδοὺς τὴν ἄνω πόλιν ἔχοντας ἐξέβαλεν ἐκ τῆς χώρας· τοῖς δὲ περὶ τὸ ἱερὸν οἰκοῦσι δεῖμα ἦν οὐδέν, ἀλλὰ Ἴωσιν ὅρκους δόντες καὶ ἀνὰ μέρος παρʼ αὐτῶν λαβόντες ἐκτὸς ἦσαν πολέμου. ἀφείλετο δὲ καὶ Σάμον Ἄνδροκλος Σαμίους, καὶ ἔσχον Ἐφέσιοι χρόνον τινὰ Σάμον καὶ τὰς προσεχεῖς νήσους·

Proper Nouns:

Καρικός Κόδρος Λέλεγες Λέλεγες Λυδοί Λυδοί Σάμιοι Σάμος Ἀμαζόνες Ἄνδροκλος Ἐφέσιοι Ἔφεσος Ἴωνες Ἴωνες

The region was inhabited largely by Leleges, a division of the Carian people, and by Lydia’s people for the most part. Others also settled near the sanctuary, some seeking sanctuary, along with women of Amazon descent. Androclus, son of Codrus—who indeed had been named king of the Ionians who sailed to Ephesus—expelled from the territory the Leleges and Lydians, who held the upper city. Those who dwelt around the sanctuary, however, had nothing to fear; after exchanging oaths with the Ionians, they remained untouched by warfare. Androclus also took Samos from the Samians, and the Ephesians possessed for some time Samos and the nearby islands.

Passage 7.2.9 Class: Non-skeptical

Σαμίων δὲ ἤδη κατεληλυθότων ἐπὶ τὰ οἰκεῖα Πριηνεῦσιν ἤμυνεν ἐπὶ τοὺς Κᾶρας ὁ Ἄνδροκλος, καὶ νικῶντος τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ ἔπεσεν ἐν τῇ μάχῃ. Ἐφέσιοι δὲ ἀνελόμενοι τοῦ Ἀνδρόκλου τὸν νεκρὸν ἔθαψαν τῆς σφετέρας ἔνθα δείκνυται καὶ ἐς ἐμὲ ἔτι τὸ μνῆμα κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν τὴν ἐκ τοῦ ἱεροῦ παρὰ τὸ Ὀλυμπιεῖον καὶ ἐπὶ πύλας τὰς Μαγνήτιδας· ἐπίθημα δὲ τῷ μνήματι ἀνήρ ἐστιν ὡπλισμένος.

Proper Nouns:

Κᾶρες Μαγνήτιδες πύλαι Πριήνη Σάμιοι Ἄνδροκλος Ἄνδροκλος Ἐφέσιοι Ἕλληνες Ὀλυμπιεῖον

Androclus aided the people of Priene against the Carians, after the Samians had already returned to their own lands. While the Greeks were prevailing, he fell in battle. The Ephesians recovered Androclus' body and buried him in their own land, where even in my time his tomb is still shown along the road that leads from the sanctuary, past the Olympieion, towards the Magnesian Gates. The monument is surmounted by an armed warrior.

Passage 7.2.10 Class: Non-skeptical

οἱ δὲ Ἴωνες οἱ Μυοῦντα ἐσοικισάμενοι καὶ Πριήνην, Κᾶρας μὲν καὶ οὗτοι τὰς πόλεις ἀφείλοντο· οἰκισταὶ δὲ Μυοῦντος μὲν Κυάρητος ἐγένετο ὁ Κόδρου, Πριηνεῖς δὲ Ἴωσιν ἀναμεμιγμένοι Θηβαῖοι Φιλώταν τε τὸν ἀπόγονον Πηνέλεω καὶ Αἴπυτον Νειλέως παῖδα ἔσχον οἰκιστάς. Πριηνεῖς μὲν δὴ ὑπὸ Ταβούτου τε τοῦ Πέρσου καὶ ὕστερον ὑπὸ Ἱέρωνος ἀνδρὸς ἐπιχωρίου κακωθέντες ἐς τὸ ἔσχατον ὅμως τελοῦσιν ἐς Ἴωνας· Μυοῦντος δὲ οἱ οἰκήτορες ἐπὶ τύχῃ τοιᾷδε ἐξέλιπον τὴν πόλιν.

Proper Nouns:

Αἴπυτος Θηβαῖοι Κυάρητος Κόδρος Κᾶρες Μυοῦντος Μυοῦντος Νείλεως Πέρσης Πηνέλεως Πριήνη Πριηνεῖς Ταβοῦτος Φιλώτας Ἱέρων Ἴωνες Ἴωνες Ἴωνες

The Ionians who settled Myus and Priene likewise seized these cities from the Carians. The founder of Myus was Cyaretus, the son of Codrus. As for the settlers of Priene, they were Thebans mingled with Ionians, and had as their founders Philotas, a descendant of Peneleus, and Aepytus, the son of Neileus. The people of Priene suffered severely, first under the Persian Tabutus, and afterwards under Hiero, a native of the region; yet even at the extremity they remained part of the Ionian community. The inhabitants of Myus, however, abandoned their city owing to the following misfortune.

Passage 7.2.11 Class: Non-skeptical

κατὰ τὴν Μυουσίαν χώραν θαλάσσης κόλπος ἐσεῖχεν οὐ μέγας· τοῦτον λίμνην ὁ ποταμὸς ἐποίησεν ὁ Μαίανδρος, ἀποτεμόμενος τὸν ἔσπλουν τῇ ἰλύι· ὡς δὲ ἐνόστησε τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ οὐκέτι ἦν θάλασσα, οἱ κώνωπες ἄπειρον πλῆθος ἐγίνοντο ἐκ τῆς λίμνης, ἐς ὃ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἠνάγκασαν ἐκλιπεῖν τὴν πόλιν. ἀπεχώρησαν δὲ ἐς Μίλητον Μυούσιοι τά τε ἄλλα ἀγώγιμα καὶ τῶν θεῶν φερόμενοι τὰ ἀγάλματα, καὶ ἦν κατʼ ἐμὲ οὐδὲν ἐν Μυοῦντι ὅτι μὴ Διονύσου ναὸς λίθου λευκοῦ· Μυουσίοις δέ γε κατέλαβεν ἐοικότα καὶ Ἀταρνείτας παθεῖν τοὺς ὑπὸ Περγάμῳ.

Proper Nouns:

Διόνυσος Μίλητος Μαίανδρος Μυουσία Μυούσιοι Μυοῦνς Πέργαμος Ἀταρνεύς

In the territory of Myous, a small gulf once extended inland from the sea. The river Maeander, by blocking its entrance with mud, turned this gulf into a lake; when the water became stagnant and was no longer the sea, countless mosquitoes bred in the lake, compelling the local inhabitants to abandon their city. Thus the people of Myous withdrew to Miletos, taking with them their movable possessions and the statues of their gods. By my time nothing was left in Myous except a temple of Dionysos made of white stone. The inhabitants of Myous thus experienced a fate similar to that of the Atarneitai who dwelt beneath Pergamon.

Legend:

Chapter 7.2