Pausanias Analysis

Passage 7.5.1 Class: Non-skeptical

Σμύρναν δὲ ἐν ταῖς δώδεκα πόλεσιν οὖσαν Αἰολέων καὶ οἰκουμένην τῆς χώρας, καθʼ ἃ καὶ ἐς ἐμὲ ἔτι πόλιν ἣν καλοῦσιν ἀρχαίαν, Ἴωνες ἐκ Κολοφῶνος ὁρμηθέντες ἀφελόμενοι τοὺς Αἰολεῖς ἔσχον· χρόνῳ δὲ ὕστερον καὶ Ἴωνες μετέδοσαν Σμυρναίοις τοῦ ἐν Πανιωνίῳ συλλόγου. Ἀλέξανδρος δὲ ὁ Φιλίππου τῆς ἐφʼ ἡμῶν πόλεως ἐγένετο οἰκιστὴς κατʼ ὄψιν ὀνείρατος·

Proper Nouns:

Αἰολεῖς Αἰολεῖς Κολοφών Πανιώνιον Σμυρναῖοι Σμύρνα Φίλιππος Ἀλέξανδρος Ἴωνες

Smyrna, which was counted among the twelve Aeolian cities and which occupied the land that includes even to my own time the town called the Old City, was conquered from the Aeolians by the Ionians who had set out from Colophon. Later, with the passing of time, the Ionians granted the Smyrnaeans membership in the assembly held in the Panionion. Alexander, son of Philip, founded the city that exists in our day, having been guided by a vision in a dream.

Passage 7.5.2 Class: Non-skeptical

Ἀλέξανδρον γὰρ θηρεύοντα ἐν τῷ ὄρει τῷ Πάγῳ, ὡς ἐγένετο ἀπὸ τῆς θήρας, ἀφικέσθαι πρὸς Νεμέσεων λέγουσιν ἱερόν, καὶ πηγῇ τε ἐπιτυχεῖν αὐτὸν καὶ πλατάνῳ πρὸ τοῦ ἱεροῦ, πεφυκυίᾳ δὲ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὕδατος. καὶ ὑπὸ τῇ πλατάνῳ καθεύδοντι κελεύειν φασὶν αὐτῷ τὰς Νεμέσεις ἐπιφανείσας πόλιν ἐνταῦθα οἰκίζειν καὶ ἄγειν ἐς αὐτὴν Σμυρναίους ἀναστήσαντα ἐκ τῆς προτέρας·

Proper Nouns:

Νέμεσις Πάγος Σμυρναῖοι Ἀλέξανδρος

For they say that Alexander, when hunting on Mount Pagus, after finishing his chase, arrived at a sanctuary of the Nemeses, and there happened upon a spring and a plane-tree standing before the temple, which grew above the water. As he slept beneath this plane-tree, the Nemeses, appearing to him, commanded him, it is said, to establish a city there and to bring to it the Smyrnaeans, removing them from their former settlement.

Passage 7.5.3 Class: Non-skeptical

ἀποστέλλουσιν οὖν ἐς Κλάρον θεωροὺς οἱ Σμυρναῖοι περὶ τῶν παρόντων σφίσιν ἐρησομένους, καὶ αὐτοῖς ἔχρησεν ὁ θεός· τρὶς μάκαρες κεῖνοι καὶ τετράκις ἄνδρες ἔσονται, οἳ Πάγον οἰκήσουσι πέρην ἱεροῖο Μέλητος. οὕτω μετῳκίσαντο ἐθελονταὶ καὶ δύο Νεμέσεις νομίζουσιν ἀντὶ μιᾶς καὶ μητέρα αὐταῖς φασιν εἶναι Νύκτα, ἐπεὶ Ἀθηναῖοί γε τῇ ἐν Ῥαμνοῦντι θεῷ πατέρα λέγουσιν εἶναι Ὠκεανόν.

Proper Nouns:

Κλάρος Μήλητος Νέμεσις Νύξ Πάγος Σμυρναῖος Ἀθηναῖος Ὠκεανός Ῥαμνοῦς

Thus, the Smyrnaeans dispatched envoys to Claros to consult the oracle regarding their present circumstances; and the god answered them: "Thrice blessed and four times happy indeed will be those who dwell on Pagos beyond sacred Meles." Accordingly, they willingly relocated, and now venerate two Nemeses rather than one, maintaining that Night is their mother, whereas the Athenians, concerning the goddess at Rhamnous, assert Oceanus to be her father.

Passage 7.5.4 Class: Non-skeptical

Ἴωσι δὲ ἔχει μὲν ἐπιτηδειότατα ὡρῶν κράσεως ἡ χώρα, ἔχει δὲ καὶ ἱερὰ οἷα οὐχ ἑτέρωθι, πρῶτον μὲν τὸ τῆς Ἐφεσίας μεγέθους τε ἕνεκα καὶ ἐπὶ τῷ ἄλλῳ πλούτῳ, δύο δὲ οὐκ ἐξειργασμένα Ἀπόλλωνος, τό τε ἐν Βραγχίδαις τῆς Μιλησίας καὶ ἐν Κλάρῳ τῇ Κολοφωνίων. δύο δὲ ἄλλους ἐν Ἰωνίᾳ ναοὺς ἐπέλαβεν ὑπὸ Περσῶν κατακαυθῆναι, τόν τε ἐν Σάμῳ τῆς Ἥρας καὶ ἐν Φωκαίᾳ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς· θαῦμα δὲ ὅμως ἦσαν καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρὸς λελυμασμένοι.

Proper Nouns:

Βράγχιδαι Κλάρος Κολοφών Μίλητος Πέρσαι Σάμος Φώκαια Ἀθηνᾶ Ἀπόλλων Ἐφεσία Ἥρα Ἰωνία Ἰωνία

The land of Ionia possesses an exceedingly favorable balance of seasons, and it also has sanctuaries such as are nowhere else found: first, the temple of the Ephesian goddess, noted for its size and its overall wealth. There are also two sanctuaries dedicated to Apollo, both unfinished, that at Branchidae in Milesian territory and that at Clarus in Colophonian lands. Two other temples in Ionia were burned down by the Persians, the sanctuary of Hera at Samos and that of Athena at Phocaea. Nevertheless, even devastated by fire, these temples remained objects of wonder.

Passage 7.5.5 Class: Skeptical

ἡσθείης δʼ ἂν καὶ τῷ ἐν Ἐρυθραῖς Ἡρακλείῳ καὶ Ἀθηνᾶς τῷ ἐν Πριήνῃ ναῷ, τούτῳ μὲν τοῦ ἀγάλματος ἕνεκα, Ἡρακλείῳ δὲ τῷ ἐν Ἐρυθραῖς κατὰ ἀρχαιότητα· τὸ δὲ ἄγαλμα οὔτε τοῖς καλουμένοις Αἰγιναίοις οὔτε τῶν Ἀττικῶν τοῖς ἀρχαιοτάτοις ἐμφερές, εἰ δέ τι καὶ ἄλλο, ἀκριβῶς ἐστιν Αἰγύπτιον. σχεδία γὰρ ἦν ξύλων, καὶ ἐπʼ αὐτῇ ὁ θεὸς ἐκ Τύρου τῆς Φοινίκης ἐξέπλευσε· καθʼ ἥντινα δὲ αἰτίαν, οὐδὲ αὐτοὶ τοῦτο οἱ Ἐρυθραῖοι λέγουσιν.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγινᾶιοι Αἰγύπτιος Πριήνη Τύρος Φοινίκη Ἀθηνᾶ Ἀττικοί Ἐρυθραί Ἐρυθραῖοι Ἡρακλεῖον

You would also be pleased by the temple of Heracles in Erythrae and that of Athena at Priene, the latter for the sake of its statue, and the Heracleion at Erythrae because of its antiquity. The statue there resembles neither the so-called Aeginetan nor the oldest Attic types; rather, it is entirely Egyptian, if anything at all. For it was upon a wooden raft that the god sailed out from Tyre in Phoenicia. But for what reason he did so, the Erythraeans themselves offer no explanation.

Passage 7.5.6 Class: Non-skeptical

ὡς δὲ ἐς τὴν θάλασσαν ἀφίκετο ἡ σχεδία τὴν Ἰώνων, φασὶν αὐτὴν ὁρμίσασθαι πρὸς ἄκρᾳ καλουμένῃ Μεσάτῃ· ἡ δὲ ἔστι μὲν τῆς ἠπείρου, τοῖς δὲ ἐκ τοῦ Ἐρυθραίων λιμένος ἐς νῆσον τὴν Χίων πλέουσι τοῦτό ἐστι μεσαίτατον. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἡ σχεδία κατὰ τὴν ἄκραν ἔσχεν, ἐνταῦθα πολὺν μὲν οἱ Ἐρυθραῖοι πόνον, οὐκ ἐλάσσονα δὲ ἔσχον οἱ Χῖοι ποιούμενοι σπουδὴν παρὰ σφᾶς καταγαγεῖν ἑκάτεροι τὸ ἄγαλμα·

Proper Nouns:

Μεσάτη Χῖοι Χῖοι Ἐρυθραῖοι Ἐρυθραῖοι Ἴωνες

When the raft of the Ionians reached the sea, it is said to have anchored by a headland called Mesate. This promontory is on the mainland, and it lies exactly midway for those who sail from the harbor of Erythrae to the island of Chios. As the raft stopped near this headland, the Erythraeans made great efforts, and the Chians no less exertion, each side anxiously striving to bring the statue to their own land.

Passage 7.5.7 Class: Non-skeptical

τέλος δὲ Ἐρυθραῖος ἄνθρωπος, ᾧ βίος μὲν ἦν ἀπὸ θαλάσσης γεγονὼς καὶ ἄγρας ἰχθύων, διέφθαρτο δὲ ὑπὸ νόσου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς, ὄνομα δέ οἱ Φορμίων ἦν, οὗτος ὁ ἁλιεὺς εἶδεν ὄψιν ὀνείρατος ὡς τὰς Ἐρυθραίων γυναῖκας ἀποκείρασθαι δέοι τὰς κόμας καὶ οὕτω τοὺς ἄνδρας πλεξαμένους κάλον ἐκ τῶν τριχῶν τὴν σχεδίαν παρὰ σφᾶς κατάξειν. αἱ μὲν δὴ ἀσταὶ τῶν γυναικῶν οὐδαμῶς ὑπακούειν τῷ ὀνείρατι ἐβούλοντο·

Proper Nouns:

Φορμίων Ἐρυθραῖοι Ἐρυθραῖος

At last, a man from Erythrae, who earned his living by the sea and the catching of fish, but whose eyes had been destroyed by disease—his name was Phormion—this fisherman saw a vision in a dream that required the women of Erythrae to cut off their hair, so that the men might weave from the hair a rope and thus draw the raft to their shores. But the citizen women were by no means willing to obey the dream's command.

Passage 7.5.8 Class: Skeptical

ὁπόσαι δὲ τοῦ Θρᾳκίου γένους ἐδούλευον καὶ οὔσαις σφίσιν ἐλευθέραις ἦν ἐνταῦθα βίος, ἀποκεῖραι παρέχουσιν αὑτάς· καὶ οὕτως οἱ Ἐρυθραῖοι τὴν σχεδίαν καθέλκουσιν. ἔσοδός τε δὴ ταῖς Θρᾴσσαις ἐς τὸ Ἡράκλειόν ἐστι γυναικῶν μόναις, καὶ τὸ καλῴδιον τὸ ἐκ τῶν τριχῶν καὶ ἐς ἐμὲ ἔτι οἱ ἐπιχώριοι φυλάσσουσι· καὶ δὴ καὶ τὸν ἁλιέα οἱ αὐτοὶ οὗτοι ἀναβλέψαι τε καὶ ὁρᾶν τὸ λοιπὸν τοῦ βίου φασίν.

Proper Nouns:

Θρᾴσσαι Θρᾷξ Ἐρυθραῖοι Ἡράκλειον

All the Thracian women who were slaves and who, despite their servitude, lived there a life of freedom, willingly shear their own hair. After this is done, the people of Erythrae launch their raft. Now, entrance into the sanctuary of Heracles is permitted to these Thracian women alone among women, and the locals even in my time preserve the cable made from their hair. Indeed, these same people say that afterward the fisherman regained his vision and saw clearly for the remainder of his life.

Passage 7.5.9 Class: Non-skeptical

ἔστι δὲ ἐν Ἐρυθραῖς καὶ Ἀθηνᾶς Πολιάδος ναὸς καὶ ἄγαλμα ξύλου μεγέθει μέγα καθήμενόν τε ἐπὶ θρόνου καὶ ἠλακάτην ἐν ἑκατέρᾳ τῶν χειρῶν ἔχει καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς πόλον· τοῦτο Ἐνδοίου τέχνην καὶ ἄλλοις ἐτεκμαιρόμεθα εἶναι καὶ ἐς τὴν ἐργασίαν ὁρῶντες ἔνδον τοῦ ἀγάλματος καὶ οὐχ ἥκιστα ἐπὶ ταῖς Χάρισί τε καὶ Ὥραις, αἳ πρὶν ἐσελθεῖν ἑστήκασιν ἐν ὑπαίθρῳ λίθου λευκοῦ. ἐποιήθη δὲ καὶ κατʼ ἐμὲ Σμυρναίοις ἱερὸν Ἀσκληπιοῦ μεταξὺ Κορυφῆς τε ὄρους καὶ θαλάσσης ἀμιγοῦς ὕδατι ἀλλοίῳ.

Proper Nouns:

Κορυφή Σμυρναῖοι Χάριτες Ἀθηνᾶ Πολιάς Ἀσκληπιός Ἐνδόιος Ἐρυθραί Ὥραι

In Erythrae there is also a temple of Athena Polias and a large wooden statue seated upon a throne. In each hand she holds a distaff, and upon her head is a polos. We inferred this to be a work of Endoeus, partly from seeing his artistic techniques present elsewhere, but especially from the manner of workmanship observed within the statue, and from the Graces and the Hours standing in the open air, sculpted from white marble, before one enters the temple. In my time, also, a temple of Asclepius was built by the Smyrnaeans, located between the peak of the mountain and the sea, on a site free of other water.

Passage 7.5.10 Class: Non-skeptical

ἡ δὲ Ἰωνία παρὲξ τῶν τε ἱερῶν καὶ τῆς τοῦ ἀέρος κράσεως παρέχεται καὶ ἄλλα ἐς συγγραφήν, ἡ μέν γε Ἐφεσία χώρα τόν τε Κέγχριον ποταμὸν καὶ τοῦ Πίονος τοῦ ὄρους τὴν φύσιν καὶ πηγὴν τὴν Ἁλιταίαν· ἐν δὲ τῇ Μιλησίᾳ πηγή τέ ἐστι Βιβλὶς καὶ ὅσα ἐς τῆς Βιβλίδος τὸν ἔρωτα ᾄδουσιν· ἐν δὲ τῇ Κολοφωνίων ἄλσος τε τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος, δένδρα μελίαι, καὶ οὐ πόρρω τοῦ ἄλσους Ἄλης ποταμὸς ψυχρότατος τῶν ἐν Ἰωνίᾳ.

Proper Nouns:

Βιβλὶς Βιβλὶς Κέγχριος Κολοφαίων Μίλητος Πίων Ἀπόλλων Ἁλιταία Ἄλης Ἐφεσία χώρα Ἰωνία

Ionia, beyond its temples and the temperate quality of its air, provides other subjects worthy of description. The Ephesian territory, for instance, includes the river Cenchrius, the nature of Mount Pion, and the Halitaea spring. In the Milesian land there is the spring called Byblis, together with all that poets recount concerning the love of Byblis. Near Colophon stands the grove of Apollo with ash trees, and not far from the grove flows the river Ales, the coldest of all rivers in Ionia.

Passage 7.5.11 Class: Non-skeptical

Λεβεδίοις δὲ τὰ λουτρὰ ἐν τῇ γῇ θαῦμα ἀνθρώποις ὁμοῦ καὶ ὠφέλεια γίνεται· ἔστι δὲ καὶ Τηίοις ἐπὶ τῇ ἄκρᾳ λουτρὰ τῇ Μακρίᾳ, τὰ μὲν ἐπὶ τῷ κλύδωνι ἐν πέτρας χηραμῷ, τὰ δὲ καὶ ἐς ἐπίδειξιν πλούτου πεποιημένα. Κλαζομενίοις δὲ λουτρά ἐστιν---ἐν δὲ αὐτοῖς Ἀγαμέμνων ἔχει τιμάς---καὶ ἄντρον μητρός σφισι Πύρρου καλούμενον, καὶ λόγον ἐπὶ τῷ Πύρρῳ λέγουσι τῷ ποιμένι·

Proper Nouns:

Κλαζομεναί Λεβεδία Μάκρις Πύρρος Τῆος Ἀγαμέμνων

At Lebedus, the baths located there provide both amazement and benefit to mankind; and likewise at Teos there are baths situated on the promontory called Macria. Some of these baths are formed naturally by the waves in the clefts of rocks, whereas others have been constructed to display luxury. The Clazomenians also possess baths, in which Agamemnon receives honors. They have, moreover, a cave called the "Mother of Pyrrhus," and they recount a legend about Pyrrhus the shepherd.

Passage 7.5.12 Class: Skeptical

Ἐρυθραίοις δὲ ἔστι μὲν χώρα Χαλκίς, ἀφʼ ἧς καὶ τῶν φυλῶν σφισιν ἡ τρίτη τὸ ὄνομα ἔσχηκεν, ἔστι δὲ τῆς Χαλκίδος κατατείνουσα ἐς τὸ πέλαγος ἄκρα καὶ ἐν αὐτῇ λουτρὰ θαλάσσια, μάλιστα τῶν ἐν Ἰωνίᾳ λουτρῶν ὠφέλιμα ἀνθρώποις. Σμυρναίοις δὲ ποταμὸς Μέλης ὕδωρ ἐστὶ κάλλιστον καὶ σπήλαιον ἐπὶ ταῖς πηγαῖς, ἔνθα Ὅμηρον ποιῆσαι τὰ ἔπη λέγουσι·

Proper Nouns:

Μέλης Σμυρναῖοι Χαλκίς Χαλκίς Ἐρυθραῖοι Ἰωνία Ὅμηρος

The Erythraeans have a region called Chalkis, from which their third tribe has also taken its name. Extending from Chalkis into the sea is a headland, upon which there are sea-baths, the most beneficial to mankind of all such baths in Ionia. As for the Smyrnaeans, they have the river Meles, whose water is exceedingly beautiful, and a cave near its springs, in which, they say, Homer composed his poems.

Passage 7.5.13 Class: Non-skeptical

Χίοις δὲ ὁ τοῦ Οἰνοπίωνος τάφος θέαν τε παρέχεται καί τινας καὶ λόγους ἐς τοῦ Οἰνοπίωνος τὰ ἔργα· Σαμίοις δὲ κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν τὴν ἐς τὸ Ἡραῖον τὸ Ῥαδίνης καὶ Λεοντίχου μνῆμά ἐστι, καὶ τοῖς ὑπὸ ἔρωτος ἀνιωμένοις εὔχεσθαι καθέστηκεν ἰοῦσιν ἐπὶ τὸ μνῆμα. τὰ μὲν δὴ ἐν Ἰωνίᾳ θαύματα πολλά τε καὶ οὐ πολλῷ τινι τῶν ἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι ἀποδέοντά ἐστιν·

Proper Nouns:

Λεοντίχος Οἰνοπίων Σάμιοι Χῖοι Ἑλλάς Ἡραῖον Ἰωνία Ῥαδίνης

The Chians have the tomb of Oenopion, which is worth seeing, and some traditions concerning the deeds of Oenopion. The Samians have, along the road leading to the Heraion, the monument of Rhadine and Leontichus; and it is their custom that persons distressed by love go there to pray at the tomb. In fact, the marvels found in Ionia are numerous and scarcely inferior at all to those in Greece itself.

Legend:

Chapter 7.5