Pausanias Analysis

Passage 7.6.1 Class: Non-skeptical

τότε δὲ ἀπεληλυθότων Ἰώνων τήν τε γῆν οἱ Ἀχαιοὶ τὴν Ἰώνων διελάγχανον καὶ ἐσῳκίζοντο ἐς τὰς πόλεις. αἱ δὲ δύο τε καὶ δέκα ἦσαν ἀριθμόν, ὁπόσαι γε καὶ ἐς ἅπαν τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν γνώριμοι, Δύμη μὲν πρὸς Ἤλιδος πρώτη, μετὰ δὲ αὐτὴν Ὤλενος καὶ Φαραὶ καὶ Τρίτεια καὶ Ῥύπες καὶ Αἴγιον καὶ Κερύνεια καὶ Βοῦρα, ἐπὶ ταύταις δὲ Ἑλίκη καὶ Αἰγαί τε καὶ Αἴγειρα καὶ Πελλήνη πρὸς τῆς Σικυωνίας ἐσχάτη· ἐς ταύτας οἱ Ἀχαιοὶ καὶ οἱ βασιλεῖς αὐτῶν ἐσῳκίζοντο πρότερον ἔτι ὑπὸ Ἰώνων οἰκουμένας.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγαί Αἴγειρα Αἴγιον Βοῦρα Δύμη Κερύνεια Πελλήνη Σικυωνία Τρίτεια Φαραί Ἀχαιοί Ἑλίκη Ἑλληνικόν Ἦλις Ἴωνες Ὤλενος Ῥύπες

At that time, after the departure of the Ionians, the Achaeans divided among themselves the land formerly belonging to the Ionians and began settling in their cities. These cities were twelve in number, all of them well-known among the Greeks: first Dyme, bordering on Elis; next, Olenos, Pharae, Triteia, Rhypes, Aigion, Keryneia, and Boura; and, following these, Helike, Aigai, Aigeira, and Pellene, which lies farthest toward Sikyon. Into these cities, previously inhabited by the Ionians, the Achaeans and their kings began to settle.

Passage 7.6.2 Class: Non-skeptical

ἦσαν δὲ οἱ τὸ μέγιστον ἐν τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς ἔχοντες κράτος οἵ τε Τισαμενοῦ παῖδες Δαϊμένης καὶ Σπάρτων καὶ Τέλλις τε καὶ Λεοντομένης· Κομήτης δὲ ὁ πρεσβύτατος τῶν Τισαμενοῦ παίδων πρότερον ἔτι διεβεβήκει ναυσὶν ἐς τὴν Ἀσίαν. οὗτοί τε δὴ τηνικαῦτα ἐν τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς ἐδυνάστευον καὶ Δαμασίας ὁ Πενθίλου τοῦ Ὀρέστου, τοῖς Τισαμενοῦ παισὶν ἀνεψιὸς πρὸς πατρός. ἴσχυον δὲ ἐπʼ ἴσης τοῖς κατειλεγμένοις καὶ Ἀχαιῶν τῶν ἐκ Λακεδαίμονος Πρευγένης καὶ ὁ υἱός, ὄνομα δέ οἱ ἦν Πατρεύς· καί σφισιν ὑπὸ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἐδόθη κτίσασθαι πόλιν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ, καὶ τὸ ὄνομα ἀπὸ τοῦ Πατρέως ἐτέθη τῇ πόλει.

Proper Nouns:

Δαμασίας Δαϊμένης Κομήτης Λακεδαίμων Λεοντομένης Πατρεύς Πατρεύς Πενθίλος Πρευγένης Σπάρτων Τέλλις Τισαμενός Ἀσία Ἀχαιοί Ἀχαιοί Ὀρέστης

Those who possessed the greatest authority among the Achaeans were the sons of Tisamenus: Daimenes, Sparton, Tellis, and Leontomenes; however, Cometes, the eldest of Tisamenus' sons, had previously crossed over by ships to Asia. At that time, these men held dominion over the Achaeans, along with Damasias, son of Penthilus, son of Orestes, who was their cousin on his father's side. Equal in power to these named men were Preugenes and his son, called Patreus, who were Achaeans from Lacedaemon. The Achaeans granted them the right to found a city in their territory, and the city took its name, Patrae, from Patreus.

Passage 7.6.3 Class: Non-skeptical

τὰ δὲ ἐς πόλεμον τοιάδε ἦν τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς. κατὰ μὲν τὴν ἐς Ἴλιον ἐπιστρατείαν Ἀγαμέμνονος Λακεδαίμονα ἔτι καὶ Ἄργος οἰκοῦντες μεγίστη τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ μοῖρα ἦσαν· κατὰ δὲ τὴν Ξέρξου καὶ Μήδων ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ὁδὸν οὔτε Λεωνίδᾳ τῆς ἐξόδου τῆς ἐς Θερμοπύλας εἰσὶν οἱ Ἀχαιοὶ δῆλοι μετεσχηκότες οὔτε Ἀθηναίοις ὁμοῦ καὶ Θεμιστοκλεῖ πρὸς Εὐβοίᾳ καὶ Σαλαμῖνι ναυμαχήσαντες, οὐδὲ σφᾶς κατάλογος συμμάχων ἔχει Λακωνικὸς ἢ Ἀττικός.

Proper Nouns:

Εὔβοια Θεμιστοκλῆς Θερμοπύλαι Λακεδαίμων Λακωνική Λεωνίδας Μῆδοι Ξέρξης Σαλαμίς Ἀγαμέμνων Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀττικός Ἀχαιοί Ἀχαιοί Ἄργος Ἑλλάς Ἕλληνες Ἴλιος

The Achaeans' role in warfare was as follows. At the time of Agamemnon's expedition against Ilium, when they still inhabited Lacedaemon and Argos, they formed the greatest portion of the Greek forces. However, during the invasion by Xerxes and the Medes into Greece, the Achaeans are nowhere recorded to have participated either in Leonidas' expedition to Thermopylae or in the sea battles alongside the Athenians and Themistocles near Euboea and Salamis; nor do they appear in the lists of allies made by the Lacedaemonians or the Athenians.

Passage 7.6.4 Class: Skeptical

ὑστέρησαν δὲ καὶ ἔργου τοῦ Πλαταιᾶσι· δῆλα γὰρ δὴ ὅτι ἐπὶ τῷ ἀναθήματι τῷ ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ τῶν Ἑλλήνων μετῆν ἂν καὶ Ἀχαιοῖς γεγράφθαι. δοκεῖν δέ μοι τὰς πατρίδας τε ὑπολειφθέντες ἕκαστοι τὰς αὑτῶν ἔσωζον καὶ ἅμα διὰ τὸ ἔργον τὸ πρὸς Τροίαν Λακεδαιμονίους Δωριεῖς ἀπηξίουν σφίσιν ἡγεῖσθαι. ἐδήλωσαν δὲ καὶ ἀνὰ χρόνον· Λακεδαιμονίων γὰρ ἐς τὸν πρὸς Ἀθηναίους πόλεμον καταστάντων ὕστερον, ἐς τὴν συμμαχίαν ἦσαν οἱ Ἀχαιοὶ πρόθυμοι Πατρεῦσι, καὶ ἐς τοὺς Ἀθηναίους οὐχ ἧσσον εἶχον γνώμην.

Proper Nouns:

Δωριεῖς Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λακεδαιμόνιοι Πάτραι Πλαταιαί Τροία Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀχαιοί Ἀχαιοί Ἕλληνες Ὀλυμπία

They were also absent from the military action at Plataea; indeed, it is evident that if they had been present, the Achaeans too would certainly have been inscribed on the Greek offering at Olympia. I suspect that they each remained behind to guard their own territory, and moreover, considering the experience of the Trojan War, they regarded the Lacedaemonians—the Dorians—as unworthy to command them. They clearly demonstrated this attitude again in later times. For afterwards, when the Lacedaemonians found themselves at war with the Athenians, the Achaeans willingly allied themselves with the people of Patrae and were no less favorably inclined toward the Athenians.

Passage 7.6.5 Class: Skeptical

πολέμων δὲ τῶν πολεμηθέντων ὕστερον ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἕλλησι κοινοῦ τοῦ μὲν ἐν Χαιρωνείᾳ Φιλίππου τε ἐναντία καὶ Μακεδόνων οἱ Ἀχαιοὶ μετέσχον, ἐς δὲ τὴν Θεσσαλίαν καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν πρὸς Λαμίᾳ καλούμενον πόλεμον οὔ φασιν ἐκστρατεύσασθαι, οὐ γάρ πω μετὰ τὸ πταῖσμα ἀνενηνοχέναι τὸ ἐν Βοιωτοῖς· ὁ δὲ τῶν ἐπιχωρίων Πατρεῦσιν ἐξηγητὴς τὸν παλαιστὴν Χίλωνα Ἀχαιῶν μόνον μετασχεῖν ἔφασκε τοῦ ἔργου τοῦ περὶ Λάμιαν.

Proper Nouns:

Βοιωτοί Θεσσαλία Λάμια Λάμια Μακεδόνες Πάτραι Φίλιππος Χίλων Χαιρώνεια Ἀχαιοὶ Ἀχαιοὶ Ἕλληνες

Of the wars later fought collectively by the Greeks, the Achaeans participated in the battle at Chaeronea against Philip and the Macedonians; but they say that they did not march into Thessaly nor join in the so-called Lamian War, because they had not yet recovered from the disaster in Boeotia. However, a local guide among the people of Patrae claimed that the wrestler Chilon alone among the Achaeans took part in the events near Lamia.

Passage 7.6.6 Class: Skeptical

οἶδα δὲ καὶ ἄνδρα αὐτὸς Λυδὸν Ἄδραστον ἰδίᾳ καὶ οὐκ ἀπὸ τοῦ κοινοῦ τοῦ Λυδῶν ἀμύναντα Ἕλλησι· τοῦ δὲ Ἀδράστου τούτου χαλκῆν εἰκόνα ἀνέθεσαν οἱ Λυδοὶ πρὸ ἱεροῦ Περσικῆς Ἀρτέμιδος, καὶ ἔγραψαν ἐπίγραμμα ὡς τελευτήσειεν ὁ Ἄδραστος ἐναντίον Λεοννάτῳ μαχόμενος ὑπὲρ Ἑλλήνων.

Proper Nouns:

Λεοννάτης Λυδοί Λυδοί Λυδός Περσικὴ Ἄρτεμις Ἄδραστος Ἕλληνες Ἕλληνες ἱερὸν Περσικῆς Ἀρτέμιδος

I myself also know of a Lydian man, Adrastus, who aided the Greeks privately and not through any public policy by the Lydians as a people. The Lydians dedicated a bronze statue of this Adrastus in front of the sanctuary of Persian Artemis, and they wrote an inscription stating that Adrastus died fighting against Leonnatus in defense of the Greeks.

Passage 7.6.7 Class: Non-skeptical

ἡ δὲ ἐς Θερμοπύλας ἐπὶ τὴν Γαλατῶν στρατιὰν ἔξοδος καὶ τοῖς πᾶσιν ὁμοίως παρώφθη Πελοποννησίοις· ἅτε γὰρ πλοῖα οὐκ ἐχόντων τῶν βαρβάρων, δεινὸν ἔσεσθαί σφισιν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν οὐδὲν ἤλπιζον, εἰ τὸν Κορινθίων ἰσθμὸν ἐκ θαλάσσης τῆς κατὰ Λέχαιον ἀποτειχίσειαν ἐς τὴν ἑτέραν τὴν ἐπὶ Κεγχρέαις θάλασσαν.

Proper Nouns:

Γάλται Θερμοπύλαι Κεγχρεαί Κορίνθιοι Λέχαιον Πελοποννήσιοι

The Peloponnesians likewise neglected entirely the campaign against the Galatians at Thermopylae. Since the barbarians had no ships, the Peloponnesians thought they had nothing serious to fear from them, assuming they fortified the Isthmus of Corinth from the sea facing Lechaeum to the other sea facing Cenchreae.

Passage 7.6.8 Class: Non-skeptical

τοῦτο μὲν δὴ Πελοποννησίων ἦν τότε ἁπάντων βούλευμα· ἐπεὶ δὲ Γαλάται ναυσὶν ὅντινα δὴ τρόπον διαβεβήκεσαν ἐς τὴν Ἀσίαν, ἐνταῦθα εἶχεν οὕτω τὰ Ἑλλήνων. προεστήκεσαν κατʼ ἰσχὺν οὐδένες ἔτι τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ· Λακεδαιμονίους μὲν γὰρ τὸ ἐν Λεύκτροις πταῖσμα καὶ ἅμα οἵ τε Ἀρκάδες συνεληλυθότες ἐς Μεγάλην πόλιν καὶ οἱ Μεσσήνιοι παροικοῦντες ἀνασώσασθαι τὴν προτέραν ἔτι εὐδαιμονίαν ἐκώλυον·

Proper Nouns:

Γαλάται Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λεῦκτρα Μεγάλη πόλις Μεσσήνιοι Πελοποννήσιοι Ἀρκάδες Ἀσία Ἑλληνικόν Ἕλληνες

Such was indeed at that time the common resolution of all the Peloponnesians. But after the Gauls had somehow crossed by ship into Asia, the situation among the Greeks stood thus: None of the Greek states any longer maintained its former strength. For the Spartans were hindered from recovering their previous prosperity by the disaster at Leuctra, as well as by the Arcadians who had united in a single great city and by the Messenians dwelling as their neighbors.

Passage 7.6.9 Class: Non-skeptical

Θηβαίοις δὲ ἐς τοσοῦτο ἠρήμωσεν Ἀλέξανδρος τὴν πόλιν, ὡς ἔτεσιν ὕστερον οὐ πολλοῖς καταχθέντας ὑπὸ Κασσάνδρου μηδὲ σώζειν τὰ οἰκεῖα ἀξιόχρεως εἶναι· Ἀθηναίοις δὲ εὔνοια μὲν παρὰ τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ τῶν ἔργων μάλιστα ὑπῆρχε τῶν ὕστερον, ἀναπαύσασθαι δὲ οὔ ποτε ἐκ τοῦ Μακεδόνων πολέμου παρῆν αὐτοῖς.

Proper Nouns:

Θηβαῖοι Κάσσανδρος Μακεδόνες Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀλέξανδρος Ἑλληνικόν

Alexander utterly devastated the city of the Thebans to such a degree that, when Cassander later restored its inhabitants after not many years, they were no longer able even to preserve their own possessions. As for the Athenians, they indeed enjoyed the goodwill of the Greek people, especially due to their subsequent actions, but they never found any respite from their war against the Macedonians.

Legend:

Chapter 7.6