Pausanias Analysis

Passage 7.8.1 Class: Non-skeptical

τότε δὲ ἥκων ὁ Φλαμίνιος Ἐρέτριάν τε διήρπασε, τοὺς φρουροῦντας Μακεδόνων μάχῃ νικήσας, καὶ αὖθις ἐλάσας ἐπὶ Κόρινθον κατεχομένην ὑπὸ Φιλίππου φρουρᾷ αὐτός τε προσεκάθητο πολιορκῶν καὶ παρὰ Ἀχαιοὺς ἅμα ἀποστέλλων ἐπήγγελλέ σφισιν ἀφικνεῖσθαι πρὸς Κόρινθον στρατιᾷ, συμμάχους τε ἀξιωθησομένους καλεῖσθαι Ῥωμαίων καὶ ἅμα εὐνοίᾳ τῇ ἐς τὸ Ἑλληνικόν.

Proper Nouns:

Κόρινθος Μακεδόνες Φίλιππος Φλαμίνιος Ἀχαιοί Ἐρέτρια Ἑλληνικόν Ῥωμαῖοι

At that time, Flaminius arrived and sacked Eretria, having defeated in battle the Macedonian troops defending it. Then, advancing toward Corinth, which was occupied by a garrison of Philip, he personally laid siege to it and simultaneously sent envoys to the Achaeans, urging them to come with their forces to Corinth. He promised that they would be considered allies of the Romans and would share in Rome’s goodwill toward the Greek nation.

Passage 7.8.2 Class: Non-skeptical

Ἀχαιοὶ δὲ ἐποιοῦντο μὲν μεγάλως καὶ αὐτὸν ἐν αἰτίᾳ Φλαμίνιον καὶ ἔτι πρότερον Ὀτίλιον, οἳ μετεχειρίσαντο ὠμῶς οὕτω πόλεις Ἑλληνίδας καὶ ἀρχαίας, ἀναμαρτήτους τε οὔσας πρὸς Ῥωμαίους καὶ οὐ κατὰ γνώμην ὑπὸ Μακεδόνων ἀρχομένας· προεωρῶντο δὲ καὶ ὡς ἀντὶ Φιλίππου καὶ Μακεδόνων Ῥωμαῖοι σφίσι τε ἥκοιεν καὶ τῷ Ἑλληνικῷ δεσπόται προστάττειν. ῥηθέντων δὲ ἐν τῷ συνεδρίῳ πολλῶν καὶ ἐναντίων ἀλλήλοις, τέλος οἱ εὖνοι Ῥωμαίοις ἐνίκησαν καὶ Ἀχαιοὶ Φλαμινίῳ Κόρινθον συνεπολιόρκησαν.

Proper Nouns:

Κόρινθος Μακεδόνες Φίλιππος Φλαμίνιος Ἀχαιοί Ἑλλάς Ἑλληνικόν Ὀτίλιος Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥωμαῖοι

The Achaeans held Flaminius himself largely accountable—as well as previously Otilius—for dealing so cruelly with Greek cities of ancient heritage, even though these cities had not wronged Rome in any way and were governed unwillingly by Macedon. Moreover, they clearly foresaw that the Romans, instead of Philip and the Macedonians, would become overlords issuing commands both to them and to the broader Greek world. But after much contradictory debate in the assembly, the party favorable to Rome eventually prevailed, and the Achaeans joined Flaminius in laying siege to Corinth.

Passage 7.8.3 Class: Non-skeptical

Κορίνθιοι δὲ ἀπὸ Μακεδόνων ἐλευθερωθέντες μετέσχον αὐτίκα συνεδρίου τοῦ Ἀχαιῶν, μετασχόντες καὶ πρότερον, ὅτε Ἄρατος καὶ Σικυώνιοι φρουρὰν ἐκ τοῦ Ἀκροκορίνθου τὴν πᾶσαν ἐξήλασαν καὶ ἀπέκτειναν Περσαῖον ὑπὸ Ἀντιγόνου ταχθέντα ἐπὶ τῇ φρουρᾷ. Ἀχαιοὶ δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ τούτου σύμμαχοί τε ὠνομάζοντο Ῥωμαίων καὶ ἐς τὰ πάντα ἦσαν πρόθυμοι· καί σφισιν εἵποντο μὲν ἐς Μακεδονίαν καὶ ἐπὶ Φίλιππον, μετέσχον δὲ καὶ στρατείας ἐς Αἰτωλούς, τρίτα δὲ ὁμοῦ Ῥωμαίοις ἐμαχέσαντο ἐναντία Ἀντιόχου καὶ Σύρων.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰτωλοί Κορίνθιος Μακεδονία Μακεδών Περσαῖος Σικυώνιοι Σύροι Φίλιππος Ἀκροκόρινθος Ἀντίγονος Ἀντίοχος Ἀχαιοί Ἀχαιοί Ἄρατος Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥωμαῖοι

The Corinthians, having been freed from the Macedonians, immediately joined the federation of the Achaeans. They had previously participated as well, at the time when Aratus and the Sicyonians drove out the entire garrison from Acrocorinth and killed Persaeus, whom Antigonus had appointed governor of the fortress. From this point forward the Achaeans were called allies of the Romans and were enthusiastic in every respect. They followed them into Macedonia against Philip, took part in the campaign against the Aetolians, and thirdly, fought alongside the Romans against Antiochus and the Syrians.

Passage 7.8.4 Class: Non-skeptical

ὅσα μὲν δὴ Ἀχαιοὶ Μακεδόσιν ἢ στρατιᾷ τῇ Σύρων ἐναντία ἐτάξαντο, φιλίᾳ τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἔπραξαν· ἐς δὲ Αἰτωλοὺς ἐκ παλαιοῦ σφισιν ἦν οἰκεῖα ἐγκλήματα. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἡ Νάβιδος ἐν Σπάρτῃ τυραννὶς κατελέλυτο, ἐς πλείστην ὠμότητα ἀνδρὸς ἀφικομένου, τὰ ἐς τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους αὐτίκα ἐνεπεπτώκει·

Proper Nouns:

Αἰτωλοί Λακεδαιμόνιοι Μακεδόνες Νάβις Σπάρτη Σῦροι Ἀχαιοί Ῥωμαῖοι

Indeed, in all their confrontations arranged against the Macedonians or the Syrian army, the Achaeans acted in friendship with the Romans; but against the Aetolians they had longstanding personal grievances. After the tyranny of Nabis in Sparta had been overthrown—his rule having brought about extreme cruelty—the Achaeans immediately turned their attention toward the Lacedaemonians.

Passage 7.8.5 Class: Non-skeptical

καὶ σφᾶς ὑπὸ τὸν χρόνον οἱ Ἀχαιοὶ τοῦτον ἐς σύλλογον ὑπάγονται τὸν Ἀχαϊκὸν καὶ δίκας τε ἐδίκαζόν σφισιν ἐς τὸ ἀκριβέστατον καὶ τὰ τείχη τῆς Σπάρτης καταβάλλουσιν ἐς ἔδαφος, οἰκοδομηθέντα μὲν καὶ πρότερον ἔτι αὐτοσχεδίως καὶ ἐπί τε τῆς Δημητρίου καὶ ὕστερον τῆς Πύρρου καὶ Ἠπειρωτῶν στρατείας, ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς τυραννίδος τῆς Νάβιδος καὶ ἐς τὸ ἀσφαλέστατον ὀχυρωθέντα. τά τε οὖν τείχη τῆς Σπάρτης οἱ Ἀχαιοὶ καθεῖλον καὶ τὰ ἐς μελέτην τοῖς ἐφήβοις ἐκ τῶν Λυκούργου νόμων καταλύσαντες ἐπέταξαν τοῖς Ἀχαιῶν ἐφήβοις τὰ αὐτὰ ἐπιτηδεύειν.

Proper Nouns:

Δημήτριος Λυκοῦργος Νάβις Πύρρος Σπάρτη Ἀχαιοί Ἀχαιοί Ἀχαϊκός σύλλογος Ἠπειρῶται

Around this time the Achaeans brought them into the Achaean League assembly, judged their legal cases with the utmost strictness, and demolished completely the walls of Sparta—walls that had previously been hastily built during the campaigns of Demetrios and later again during those of Pyrrhus and the Epeirotes, and had been especially strengthened and fortified securely under the tyranny of Nabis. Thus the Achaeans tore down the city walls, abolished the athletic practices for youth established by the laws of Lycurgus, and compelled the Spartan youths to adopt instead the same customs used by the youths of Achaea.

Passage 7.8.6 Class: Non-skeptical

ταῦτα μὲν δὴ καὶ ἐς πλέον ἐπέξεισιν αὖθίς μοι τὰ ἐς Ἀρκάδας· Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ ἅτε μεγάλως τοῖς ἐπιτάγμασιν ἀχθόμενοι τοῖς Ἀχαιῶν καταφεύγουσιν ἐπὶ Μέτελλον καὶ ὅσοι σὺν Μετέλλῳ κατὰ πρεσβείαν ἧκον ἐκ Ῥώμης. ἀφίκοντο δὲ οὗτοι Φιλίππῳ καὶ Μακεδόσι πόλεμον μὲν οὐδένα ἐπάξοντες ἅτε εἰρήνης πρότερον ἔτι Φιλίππῳ καὶ Ῥωμαίοις ὀμωμοσμένης, ὁπόσα δὲ ἢ Θεσσαλοῖς ἢ τῶν ἐξ Ἠπείρου τισὶν ἐγκλήματα ἦν ἐς Φίλιππον, ταῦτα ἧκον οἱ ὁμοῦ Μετέλλῳ κρινοῦντες.

Proper Nouns:

Θεσσαλοί Λακεδαιμόνιοι Μέτελλος Μέτελλος Μακεδόνες Φίλιππος Φίλιππος Ἀρκάδες Ἀχαιοί Ἤπειρος Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥώμη

I shall return again later to relate these matters concerning the Arcadians at greater length. But the Lacedaemonians, greatly displeased by the commands of the Achaeans, turned for refuge to Metellus and to those who had arrived from Rome with him on an embassy. Although Metellus and his colleagues had come to wage no war against Philip and the Macedonians—for peace had previously been sworn between Philip and the Romans—they had arrived in order to judge the charges brought against Philip by the Thessalians and certain Epirotes.

Passage 7.8.7 Class: Non-skeptical

ἔργῳ μὲν δὴ Φίλιππός τε αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ Μακεδόνων ἀκμὴ καθῄρητο ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων---μαχεσάμενος γὰρ Φλαμινίου καὶ Ῥωμαίων ἐναντία Φίλιππος ἐν Κυνὸς καλουμέναις κεφαλαῖς ἐν λόγοις τὸ ἧττον ἠνέγκατο, ἀλλʼ ἅτε δὴ κατὰ δύναμιν ἀγωνισάμενος αὐτὸς οὗτος ὁ Φίλιππος τοσοῦτον ἐκρατήθη τῇ συμβολῇ, ὡς στρατιᾶς τε ἣν ἦγεν ἀποβαλεῖν τὸ πολὺ καὶ ἐκ τῶν πόλεων, ὅσας εἷλεν ἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι πολέμῳ παραστησάμενος, ἐξήγαγεν ἐξ ἁπασῶν τὰς φρουρὰς κατὰ ὁμολογίαν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους---

Proper Nouns:

Κυνὸς Κεφαλαί Μακεδόνες Φίλιππος Φλαμίνιος Ἑλλάς Ῥωμαῖοι

Indeed, Philip himself and the flower of Macedonia's power had already been overthrown in battle by the Romans; for Philip fought unsuccessfully against Flamininus and the Romans at the place called Cynoscephalae. Although verbally he minimized the defeat, nevertheless, since Philip himself had fought as strenuously as he was able, he was so decisively beaten in this engagement that he lost most of the army he had led, and was compelled, in accordance with his agreement with the Romans, to withdraw his garrisons from all the cities he had previously captured in his war in Greece.

Passage 7.8.8 Class: Non-skeptical

κατὰ μέντοι τοῦ λόγου τὸ εὐπρεπὲς παρὰ Ῥωμαίων εὕρητο εἰρήνην δεήσεσί τε παντοίαις καὶ δαπάναις χρημάτων μεγάλαις. τὰ δὲ ἐς Μακεδόνας δύναμίν τε, ἣν ἐπὶ Φιλίππου περιεβάλοντο τοῦ Ἀμύντου, καὶ ὡς ἐπὶ Φιλίππου τοῦ ὑστέρου τὰ πράγματά σφισιν ἐφθάρη, Σίβυλλα οὐκ ἄνευ θεοῦ προεθέσπισεν· ἔχει δὲ οὕτω τὰ χρησθέντα·

Proper Nouns:

Μακεδόνες Σίβυλλα Φίλιππος Ἀμύντας Ῥωμαῖοι

However, according to the story, the Romans had discovered the honorable way of peace at the cost of diverse entreaties and great expenditures of money. But regarding the power attained by the Macedonians during the reign of Philip, son of Amyntas, and how their fortunes later declined under the subsequent Philip, the Sibyl had foretold this, inspired by divine power. The prophecy was as follows:

Passage 7.8.9 Class: Non-skeptical

αὐχοῦντες βασιλεῦσι Μακεδόνες Ἀργεάδῃσιν, ὑμῖν κοιρανέων ἀγαθὸν καὶ πῆμα Φίλιππος. ἤτοι ὁ μὲν πρότερος πόλεσιν λαοῖσί τʼ ἄνακτας θήσει· ὁ δʼ ὁπλότερος τιμὴν ἀπὸ πᾶσαν ὀλέσσει, δμηθεὶς ἑσπερίοισιν ὑπʼ ἀνδράσιν ἠῴοις τε. Ῥωμαῖοί τε δὴ τὰ πρὸς ἑσπέραν νεμόμενοι τῆς Εὐρώπης καθεῖλον τὴν Μακεδόνων ἀρχὴν καὶ τῶν ἐς τὸ συμμαχικὸν ταχθέντων Ἄτταλος τῆς ἐκ Περγάμου συλλεχθείσης ἡγεμὼν καὶ ἔτι ἐκ Μυσίας στρατιᾶς· πρὸς δὲ ἀνίσχοντα ἥλιον μᾶλλόν τι ἡ Μυσία τέτραπται.

Proper Nouns:

Εὐρώπη Μακεδών Μακεδών Μυσία Μυσία Πέργαμος Φίλιππος Ἀργεάδαι Ἄτταλος Ῥωμαῖος

Macedonians, you who boast in your Argead kings, Philip will be both a blessing and a disaster to those who rule over you. Indeed, the first shall establish rulers over cities and peoples; the younger shall utterly destroy all honor, defeated by men both from the west and from the east. Indeed, the Romans, dwelling in the western parts of Europe, overthrew the Macedonian sovereignty, and among those allies marshaled against them was Attalus, commander of the force gathered from Pergamum and of the army from Mysia. Mysia itself lies rather more toward the rising sun.

Legend:

Chapter 7.8