Pausanias Analysis

Passage 8.4.1 Class: Non-skeptical

μετὰ δὲ Νύκτιμον ἀποθανόντα Ἀρκὰς ἐξεδέξατο ὁ Καλλιστοῦς τὴν ἀρχήν· καὶ τόν τε ἥμερον καρπὸν ἐσηγάγετο οὗτος παρὰ Τριπτολέμου καὶ τὴν ποίησιν ἐδίδαξε τοῦ ἄρτου καὶ ἐσθῆτα ὑφαίνεσθαι καὶ ἄλλα, τὰ ἐς ταλασίαν μαθὼν παρὰ Δρίστα. ἀπὸ τούτου δὲ βασιλεύσαντος Ἀρκαδία τε ἀντὶ Πελασγίας ἡ χώρα καὶ ἀντὶ Πελασγῶν Ἀρκάδες ἐκλήθησαν οἱ ἄνθρωποι.

Proper Nouns:

Δρῖστας Καλλιστώ Νύκτιμος Πελασγία Πελασγοί Τριπτόλεμος Ἀρκάδες Ἀρκάς Ἀρκαδία

After the death of Nyctimus, Arcas, the son of Callisto, assumed the rule. It was he who introduced cultivated crops from Triptolemus, taught people the making of bread, and instructed them in weaving garments and other skills related to spinning wool, having learned these arts from Dristas. From his reign onward, the land, formerly known as Pelasgia, was named Arcadia, and its inhabitants, previously called Pelasgians, were called Arcadians.

Passage 8.4.2 Class: Non-skeptical

συνοικῆσαι δὲ οὐ θνητῇ γυναικὶ αὐτόν, ἀλλὰ νύμφῃ Δρυάδι ἔλεγον· Δρυάδας γὰρ δὴ καὶ Ἐπιμηλιάδας, τὰς δὲ αὐτῶν ἐκάλουν Ναΐδας, καὶ Ὁμήρῳ γε ἐν τοῖς ἔπεσι Ναΐδων νυμφῶν μάλιστά ἐστι μνήμη. τὴν δὲ νύμφην ταύτην καλοῦσιν Ἐρατώ, καὶ ἐκ ταύτης φασὶν Ἀρκάδι Ἀζᾶνα καὶ Ἀφείδαντα γενέσθαι καὶ Ἔλατον·

Proper Nouns:

Δρυάς Δρυάς Ναΐς Ναΐς Ἀζᾶν Ἀρκάς Ἀφείδας Ἐπιμηλιάς Ἐρατώ Ἔλατος Ὅμηρος

They said that he married not a mortal woman, but a Dryad nymph. For indeed there are Dryads and Epimeliads, and of these some were called Naiads; it is notably the Naiad nymphs whom Homer expressly mentions in his verses. This particular nymph they call Erato, and from her, they say, Arkas had three sons—Azan, Apheidas, and Elatos.

Passage 8.4.3 Class: Non-skeptical

ἐγεγόνει δὲ αὐτῷ πρότερον ἔτι Αὐτόλαος νόθος. τοῖς δὲ παισίν, ὡς ηὐξήθησαν, διένειμεν Ἀρκὰς τριχῇ τὴν χώραν, καὶ ἀπὸ μὲν Ἀζᾶνος ἡ Ἀζανία μοῖρα ὠνομάσθη· παρὰ τούτων δὲ ἀποικισθῆναι λέγουσιν, ὅσοι περὶ τὸ ἄντρον ἐν Φρυγίᾳ τὸ καλούμενον Στεῦνος καὶ Πέγκαλαν ποταμὸν οἰκοῦσιν. Ἀφείδας δὲ Τεγέαν καὶ τὴν προσεχῆ ταύτης ἔλαχεν· ἐπὶ τούτῳ δὲ καὶ ποιηταὶ καλοῦσιν Ἀφειδάντειον κλῆρον τὴν Τεγέαν.

Proper Nouns:

Αὐτόλαος Πέγκαλος Στεῦνος Τεγέα Φρυγία Ἀζάν Ἀζανία Ἀρκάς Ἀφείδας Ἀφειδάντειος

Autolaus, an illegitimate son, had been born to him earlier still. When the genuine sons came of age, Arcas divided the land among them into three parts. The portion given to Azan was called Azania after him. They say it was from these people that colonists went forth to settle the region in Phrygia around the cave called Steunos and the river Pencalas. Apheidas obtained Tegea and the territory adjoining it; and because of him, the poets call the land of Tegea the "Apheidantian allotment."

Passage 8.4.4 Class: Non-skeptical

Ἔλατος δὲ ἔσχε τὸ ὄρος τὴν Κυλλήνην, ἔτι τότε οὖσαν ἀνώνυμον· χρόνῳ δὲ ὕστερον μετῴκησεν ὁ Ἔλατος ἐς τὴν νῦν καλουμένην Φωκίδα, καὶ τοῖς τε Φωκεῦσιν ἤμυνεν ὑπὸ Φλεγυῶν πολέμῳ πιεζομένοις καὶ Ἐλατείας πόλεως ἐγένετο οἰκιστής. παῖδα δὲ Ἀζᾶνι μὲν Κλείτορα, Ἀφείδαντι δὲ Ἄλεον, Ἐλάτῳ δέ φασιν εἶναι πέντε, Αἴπυτον Περέα Κυλλῆνα Ἴσχυν Στύμφηλον.

Proper Nouns:

Αἴπυτος Κλείτωρ Κυλλήνη Κυλλήνη Περέας Στύμφηλος Φλέγυες Φωκίς Φωκεύς Ἀζᾶν Ἀφείδας Ἄλεος Ἐλάτεια Ἔλατος Ἔλατος Ἴσχυς ὄρος

Elatus held the mountain of Cyllene, which at that time was still unnamed. Later, Elatus migrated to the region now called Phocis, aided the Phocians when they were oppressed in war by the Phlegyans, and became the founder of the city Elateia. It is said that Azan had a son named Cleitor, Apheidas a son Aleus, and Elatus five sons: Aepytus, Pereus, Cyllen, Ischys, and Stymphalus.

Passage 8.4.5 Class: Skeptical

ἐπὶ δὲ Ἀζᾶνι τῷ Ἀρκάδος τελευτήσαντι ἆθλα ἐτέθη πρῶτον· εἰ μὲν καὶ ἄλλα, οὐκ οἶδα, ἱπποδρομίας δὲ ἐτέθη. Κλείτωρ μὲν δὴ ὁ Ἀζᾶνος ἐν Λυκοσώρᾳ τε ᾤκει καὶ ἦν τῶν βασιλέων δυνατώτατος καὶ Κλείτορα ᾤκισεν ἀφʼ αὑτοῦ πόλιν, Ἄλεος δὲ εἶχε τὴν πατρῴαν λῆξιν·

Proper Nouns:

Κλείτωρ Κλείτωρ Λυκόσουρα Ἀζᾶν Ἀζᾶν Ἀρκάς Ἄλεος

After Azan, the son of Arcas, had died, funeral games were first established honoring him. Whether there were other contests, I do not know, but certainly a horse-race was instituted. This Azanian, Cleitor, lived in Lycosura, was the most powerful among the kings, and founded the city of Cleitor, naming it after himself. Aleus, meanwhile, inherited and held his ancestral territory.

Passage 8.4.6 Class: Skeptical

ἀπὸ δὲ Ἐλάτου τῶν παίδων Κυλλήνην τὸ ὄρος καλοῦσιν ἀπὸ Κυλλῆνος, καὶ ἀπὸ Στυμφήλου πηγή τε ὀνομάζεται καὶ πόλις Στύμφηλος ἐπὶ τῇ πηγῇ. τὰ δὲ ἐς τὸν θάνατον Ἴσχυος τοῦ Ἐλάτου πρότερον ἔτι ἐν τῇ συγγραφῇ τῇ Ἀργολίδι ἐδήλωσα. παῖδα δὲ Περεῖ ἄρρενα μέν φασιν οὐδένα, Νέαιραν δὲ γενέσθαι θυγατέρα· ταύτην γυναῖκα ἔσχεν Αὐτόλυκος, οἰκῶν μὲν ἐν τῷ ὄρει τῷ Παρνασσῷ, λεγόμενος δὲ Ἑρμοῦ παῖς εἶναι, Δαιδαλίωνος δὲ ὢν τῷ ἀληθεῖ λόγῳ.

Proper Nouns:

Αὐτόλυκος Δαιδαλίων Κυλλήν Κυλλήνη Νέαιρα Παρνασσός Πεύρης Στύμφηλος Στύμφηλος Ἀργολίς Ἐλατος Ἑρμῆς Ἴσχυς

From Elatus' children they call the mountain Cyllene, after Cyllen, and from Stymphalus a spring is named, as well as the city Stymphalus by the spring. Regarding the death of Ischys, son of Elatus, I have previously related this in my writings on Argolis. As for Pereus, they say he had no male child, but a daughter, Neaera. This woman became the wife of Autolycus, who lived on Mount Parnassus, and was reputed to be the son of Hermes, though in truth he was the son of Daedalion.

Passage 8.4.7 Class: Non-skeptical

Κλείτορι δὲ τῷ Ἀζᾶνος οὐ γενομένων παίδων, ἐς Αἴπυτον Ἐλάτου περιεχώρησεν ἡ Ἀρκάδων βασιλεία· τὸν δὲ Αἴπυτον ἐξελθόντα ἐς ἄγραν θηρίων μὲν τῶν ἀλκιμωτέρων οὐδέν, σὴψ δὲ οὐ προϊδόμενον ἀποκτίννυσι. τὸν δὲ ὄφιν τοῦτον καὶ αὐτός ποτε εἶδον· κατὰ ἔχιν ἐστὶ τὸν μικρότατον, τέφρᾳ ἐμφερής, στίγμασιν οὐ συνεχέσι πεποικιλμένος· κεφαλὴ δέ ἐστιν αὐτῷ πλατεῖα καὶ τράχηλος στενός, γαστέρα δὲ ἔχει μείζονα καὶ οὐρὰν βραχεῖαν· βαδίζει δὲ οὗτός τε καὶ ὄφις ἕτερος ὁ κεράστης καλούμενος ἐνδιδόντες ἐς τὰ πλάγια, ὥσπερ οἱ καρκίνοι.

Proper Nouns:

Αἴπυτος Κλείτωρ κεράστης Ἀζᾶν Ἀρκάδες Ἔλατος

Since Clitor, son of Azan, had no children, the royal power of the Arcadians passed to Aepytus, the son of Elatus. Aepytus, while hunting, was killed not by any of the fiercer beasts, but by a snake which he failed to discover beforehand. I myself have seen this serpent. It resembles in size the smallest viper; it is ash-colored and speckled with distinct, scattered spots. Its head is broad, the neck slender, the belly large, and its tail short. This serpent, as well as another snake called the horned serpent, moves sideways, just as crabs do.

Passage 8.4.8 Class: Non-skeptical

μετὰ δὲ Αἴπυτον ἔσχεν Ἄλεος τὴν ἀρχήν· Ἀγαμήδης μὲν γὰρ καὶ Γόρτυς οἱ Στυμφήλου τέταρτον γένος ἦσαν ἀπὸ Ἀρκάδος, Ἄλεος δὲ τρίτον ὁ Ἀφείδαντος. Ἄλεος δὲ τῇ τε Ἀθηνᾷ τῇ Ἀλέᾳ τὸ ἱερὸν ᾠκοδόμησεν ἐν Τεγέᾳ τὸ ἀρχαῖον καὶ αὐτῷ κατεσκεύαστο αὐτόθι ἡ βασιλεία· Γόρτυς δὲ ὁ Στυμφήλου πόλιν Γόρτυνα ᾤκισεν ἐπὶ ποταμῷ· καλεῖται δὲ Γορτύνιος καὶ ὁ ποταμός. Ἀλέῳ δὲ ἄρσενες μὲν παῖδες Λυκοῦργός τε καὶ Ἀμφιδάμας καὶ Κηφεύς, θυγάτηρ δὲ ἐγένετο Αὔγη.

Proper Nouns:

Αἴπυτος Αὖγή Γορτύνιος Γόρτυνα Γόρτυς Κηφεύς Λυκοῦργος Στύμφηλος Τεγέα Ἀγαμήδης Ἀθηνᾶ Ἀλέα Ἀμφιδάμας Ἀρκάς Ἀφείδας Ἄλεος

After Aepytus, Aleus gained the kingship. Agamedes and Gortys, sons of Stymphalus, were the fourth generation from Arcas, while Aleus, son of Apheidas, was the third. Aleus built the ancient sanctuary to Athena Alea in Tegea, and made there his royal residence. Gortys, son of Stymphalus, founded the city Gortys by a river, from which the river itself is called Gortynius. Aleus had sons Lycurgus, Amphidamas, and Cepheus, and a daughter, Auge.

Passage 8.4.9 Class: Non-skeptical

ταύτῃ τῇ Αὔγῃ τῷ Ἑκαταίου λόγῳ συνεγίνετο Ἡρακλῆς, ὁπότε ἀφίκοιτο ἐς Τεγέαν· τέλος δὲ καὶ ἐφωράθη τετοκυῖα ἐκ τοῦ Ἡρακλέους, καὶ αὐτὴν ὁ Ἄλεος ἐσθέμενος ὁμοῦ τῷ παιδὶ ἐς λάρνακα ἀφίησεν ἐς θάλασσαν, καὶ ἡ μὲν ἀφίκετο ἐς Τεύθραντα δυνάστην ἄνδρα ἐν Καΐκου πεδίῳ καὶ συνῴκησεν ἐρασθέντι τῷ Τεύθραντι· καὶ νῦν ἔστι μὲν Αὔγης μνῆμα ἐν Περγάμῳ τῇ ὑπὲρ τοῦ Καΐκου, γῆς χῶμα λίθου περιεχόμενον κρηπῖδι, ἔστι δὲ ἐν τῷ μνήματι ἐπίθημα χαλκοῦ πεποιημένον, γυνὴ γυμνή.

Proper Nouns:

Αὐγή Αὐγή Καΐκος Πέργαμος Τεγέα Τεύθραντας Τεύθραντας Ἄλεος Ἑκαταῖος Ἡρακλῆς Ἡρακλῆς

According to the account of Hecataeus, it was this Auge with whom Heracles consorted whenever he came to Tegea. Eventually, however, she was discovered to have given birth by Heracles, and Aleus, perceiving this, cast her together with the child into a chest and let it drift out to sea. She arrived at the court of Teuthras, a ruler in the plain of the river Caicus, who fell in love with her and married her. Even now there is a tomb of Auge in Pergamus above the Caicus, a mound of earth surrounded by a stone base, and on her tomb there is a bronze image of a naked woman.

Passage 8.4.10 Class: Non-skeptical

μετὰ δὲ Ἄλιον τελευτήσαντα Λυκοῦργος ὁ Ἀλέου τὴν βασιλείαν πρεσβεῖα ἔσχε· παρέσχετο δὲ ἐς μνήμην Ἀρηίθοον ἄνδρα πολεμικὸν δόλῳ καὶ οὐ σὺν τῷ δικαίῳ κτείνας. γενομένων δὲ αὐτῷ παίδων Ἀγκαίου τε καὶ Ἐπόχου, τὸν μὲν νοσήσαντα ἐπιλαμβάνει τὸ χρεών, Ἀγκαῖος δὲ Ἰάσονί τε τοῦ πλοῦ μετέσχεν ἐς Κόλχους καὶ ὕστερον ὁμοῦ Μελεάγρῳ τὸ ἐν Καλυδῶνι κατεργαζόμενος θηρίον ἀπέθανεν ὑπὸ τοῦ ὑός. Λυκοῦργος μὲν δὴ πορρωτάτω γήρως ἀφίκετο ἐπιδὼν τοὺς παῖδας ἀμφοτέρους τελευτήσαντας·

Proper Nouns:

Καλυδών Κολχοί Λυκοῦργος Μελέαγρος Ἀγκαῖος Ἀγκαῖος Ἀλεός Ἀρηίθοος Ἄλιος Ἐπόχος Ἰάσων

After the death of Aleus, Lycurgus, the son of Aleus, succeeded to the throne by right of seniority. But he was remembered for having killed Areithous, a warrior, through treachery and injustice rather than in fair combat. Lycurgus had two sons, Ancaeus and Epochus. Epochus was overtaken by sickness and fate, while Ancaeus participated in Jason's expedition to Colchis and afterward, while hunting with Meleager, was slain in Calydon by the boar. Lycurgus lived to an extremely old age, having witnessed the deaths of both his sons.

Legend:

Chapter 8.4