Pausanias Analysis

Passage 8.5.1 Class: Skeptical

Λυκούργου δὲ ἀποθανόντος Ἔχεμος ὁ Ἀερόπου τοῦ Κηφέως τοῦ Ἀλέου τὴν Ἀρκάδων ἔσχεν ἀρχήν. ἐπὶ τούτου Δωριεῖς κατιόντας ἐς Πελοπόννησον ὑπὸ ἡγεμόνι Ὕλλῳ τῷ Ἡρακλέους Ἀχαιοὶ περὶ ἰσθμὸν τὸν Κορινθίων κρατοῦσι μάχῃ, καὶ Ἔχεμος ἀποκτίννυσιν Ὕλλον μονομαχήσαντά οἱ κατὰ πρόκλησιν. τάδε γὰρ ἐφαίνετο εἰκότα εἶναί μοι μᾶλλον ἢ ὁ πρότερος λόγος, ἐν ᾧ βασιλεύειν τε Ἀχαιῶν τηνικαῦτα Ὀρέστην ἔγραψα καὶ Ὕλλον καὶ Ὀρέστου βασιλεύοντος ἀποπειρᾶσαι καθόδου τῆς ἐς Πελοπόννησον. φαίνοιτο δʼ ἂν τῷ ὑστέρῳ τῶν λόγων καὶ Τιμάνδρα συνοικήσασα ἡ Τυνδάρεω τῷ ἀποκτείναντι Ὕλλον Ἐχέμῳ.

Proper Nouns:

Δωριεῖς Κηφεύς Κορίνθιοι Λυκοῦργος Πελοπόννησος Τιμάνδρα Τυνδάρεως Ἀέροπος Ἀλεύς Ἀρκάδες Ἀχαιοὶ Ἔχεμος Ἔχεμος Ἡρακλῆς ἰσθμός Ὀρέστης Ὀρέστης Ὕλλος

After the death of Lycurgus, the Arcadians were ruled by Echemus son of Aeropus, son of Cepheus, who was the son of Aleus. In his reign, the Dorians under the leadership of Hyllus, the son of Heracles, attempted to invade the Peloponnese. The Achaeans engaged them in battle near the Isthmus of Corinth, and Echemus, accepting a challenge to single combat, killed Hyllus. This version of the event seems to me more plausible than an earlier account I wrote, in which I said Orestes was then king of the Achaeans and that Hyllus tried to invade the Peloponnese during Orestes' reign. The later account might also be confirmed by Timandra, daughter of Tyndareus, who is said to have married Echemus, the slayer of Hyllus.

Passage 8.5.2 Class: Non-skeptical

Ἀγαπήνωρ δὲ ὁ Ἀγκαίου τοῦ Λυκούργου μετὰ Ἔχεμον βασιλεύσας ἐς Τροίαν ἡγήσατο Ἀρκάσιν. Ἰλίου δὲ ἁλούσης ὁ τοῖς Ἕλλησι κατὰ τὸν πλοῦν τὸν οἴκαδε ἐπιγενόμενος χειμὼν Ἀγαπήνορα καὶ τὸ Ἀρκάδων ναυτικὸν κατήνεγκεν ἐς Κύπρον, καὶ Πάφου τε Ἀγαπήνωρ ἐγένετο οἰκιστὴς καὶ τῆς Ἀφροδίτης κατεσκευάσατο ἐν Παλαιπάφῳ τὸ ἱερόν· τέως δὲ ἡ θεὸς παρὰ Κυπρίων τιμὰς εἶχεν ἐν Γολγοῖς καλουμένῳ χωρίῳ.

Proper Nouns:

Γολγοί Κύπριοι Κύπρος Λυκοῦργος Πάφος Παλαιπάφος Τροία Ἀγαπήνωρ Ἀγκαῖος Ἀρκάδες Ἀφροδίτη Ἔχεμος Ἕλληνες Ἴλιον

Agapenor, the son of Ancaeus who was the son of Lycurgus, became king after Echemus and led the Arcadians to Troy. When Troy fell, a storm arose during the Greeks' voyage homeward and carried Agapenor along with the Arcadian fleet to Cyprus. There Agapenor became the founder of Paphos and built the sanctuary of Aphrodite in old Paphos. Previously, the goddess had received honors among the Cypriots in a place called Golgoi.

Passage 8.5.3 Class: Non-skeptical

χρόνῳ δὲ ὕστερον Λαοδίκη γεγονυῖα ἀπὸ Ἀγαπήνορος ἔπεμψεν ἐς Τεγέαν τῇ Ἀθηνᾷ τῇ Ἀλέᾳ πέπλον· τὸ δὲ ἐπὶ τῷ ἀναθήματι ἐπίγραμμα καὶ αὐτῆς Λαοδίκης ἅμα ἐδήλου τὸ γένος· Λαοδίκης ὅδε πέπλος· ἑᾷ δʼ ἀνέθηκεν Ἀθηνᾷ πατρίδʼ ἐς εὐρύχορον Κύπρου ἀπὸ ζαθέας. Ἀγαπήνορος δὲ οὐκ ἀνασωθέντος οἴκαδε ἐξ Ἰλίου,

Proper Nouns:

Κύπρος Λαοδίκη Τεγέα Ἀγαπήνωρ Ἀθηνᾶ Ἀλέα Ἴλιον

Later in time, Laodice, a descendant of Agapenor, sent a robe to Athena Alea at Tegea. The inscription on this dedication also indicated Laodice's lineage, reading as follows: "This is the robe of Laodice; she dedicated it to her own Athena, having come from sacred Cyprus with its broad dancing grounds." For Agapenor had not returned home safely from Troy.

Passage 8.5.4 Class: Non-skeptical

παρέλαβε τὴν ἀρχὴν Ἱππόθους Κερκυόνος τοῦ Ἀγαμήδους τοῦ Στυμφήλου. καὶ τῷ μὲν ἐπιφανὲς συμβῆναι παρὰ τὸν βίον φασὶν οὐδέν, πλὴν ὅσον οὐκ ἐν Τεγέᾳ τὴν βασιλείαν κατεστήσατο ἀλλὰ ἐν Τραπεζοῦντι· Αἴπυτος δὲ ὁ Ἱππόθου μετὰ τὸν πατέρα ἔσχε τὴν ἀρχήν, καὶ Ὀρέστης ὁ Ἀγαμέμνονος κατὰ μαντείαν τοῦ ἐν Δελφοῖς Ἀπόλλωνος μετῴκησεν ἐς Ἀρκαδίαν ἐκ Μυκηνῶν.

Proper Nouns:

Αἴπυτος Δελφοί Κερκύων Μυκῆναι Στύμφηλος Τεγέα Τραπεζούς Ἀγαμέμνων Ἀγαμήδης Ἀπόλλων Ἀρκαδία Ἱππόθοος Ὀρέστης

Hippothous inherited the kingdom, the son of Cercyon, who was the son of Agamedes, the son of Stymphalos. It is said that no notable event marked his life, except that he chose to establish his royal seat not in Tegea but in Trapezous. After Hippothous, Aepytus, his son, succeeded to the rule, and Orestes, the son of Agamemnon, following an oracle of Apollo at Delphi, migrated from Mycenae to Arcadia.

Passage 8.5.5 Class: Non-skeptical

Αἰπύτῳ δὲ τῷ Ἱππόθου παρελθεῖν ἐς τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος τὸ ἐν Μαντινείᾳ τολμήσαντι--- ἔσοδος δὲ ἀνθρώποις οὔτε τότε ἐς αὐτὸ ἦν οὔτε ἄχρι ἡμῶν ἔστιν---, ἐς τοῦτο ἐσελθόντι τυφλωθῆναι καὶ οὐ μετὰ πολὺ τῆς συμφορᾶς τελευτῆσαί οἱ τὸν βίον ἐγένετο.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰπύτης Μαντίνεια Ποσειδῶν Ἱππόθους

When Aepytus, son of Hippothous, dared to enter the sanctuary of Poseidon in Mantineia—into which it was forbidden for people to enter, neither then nor at any time up until our own day—he was struck blind upon entering, and not long after this misfortune, his life came to an end.

Passage 8.5.6 Class: Non-skeptical

Κυψέλου δὲ τοῦ Αἰπύτου βασιλεύοντος μετὰ Αἴπυτον, ὁ Δωριέων στόλος οὐ διὰ τοῦ Κορινθίων ἰσθμοῦ, καθὰ ἐπὶ τρεῖς τὰς πρότερον γενεάς, ναυσὶ δὲ κατὰ τὸ ὀνομαζόμενον Ῥίον κάτεισιν ἐς Πελοπόννησον· πυνθανόμενός τε τὰ ἐς αὐτοὺς ὁ Κύψελος, ὃν τῶν Ἀριστομάχου παίδων οὐκ ἔχοντά πω γυναῖκα εὕρισκε, τούτῳ τὴν θυγατέρα ἐκδοὺς καὶ οἰκειωσάμενος τὸν Κρεσφόντην αὐτός τε καὶ οἱ Ἀρκάδες ἐκτὸς ἑστήκεσαν δείματος.

Proper Nouns:

Αἴπυτος Δωριεῖς Κορίνθιοι Κρεσφόντης Κύψελος Κύψελος Πελοπόννησος Ἀριστόμαχος Ἀρκάδες Ῥίον

When Cypselus, the son of Aepytus, succeeded Aepytus as king, the Dorian army entered the Peloponnese—not by way of the Isthmus of Corinth, as had happened three generations earlier—but sailed along the place called Rhium. Cypselus, upon learning about their intentions, discovered that Cresphontes, one of the sons of Aristomachus, did not yet have a wife; thus he gave him his daughter in marriage, and having formed this alliance with Cresphontes, both he himself and the Arcadians remained free from fear.

Passage 8.5.7 Class: Skeptical

Ὁλαίας δὲ ἦν Κυψέλου παῖς, ὃς καὶ τῆς ἀδελφῆς τὸν παῖδα Αἴπυτον, σὺν δὲ αὐτῷ καὶ οἱ ἐκ Λακεδαίμονος καὶ Ἄργους Ἡρακλεῖδαι κατάγουσιν ἐς Μεσσήνην. τοῦ δὲ ἦν Βουκολίων, τοῦ δὲ Φίαλος, ὃς τὸν Λυκάονος Φίγαλον οἰκιστὴν ὄντα ἀφελόμενος τὴν τιμὴν Φιαλίαν τὸ ὄνομα τῇ πόλει μετέθετο ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ· οὐ μὴν καὶ ἐς ἅπαν γε ἐξενίκησεν.

Proper Nouns:

Αἴπυτος Βουκολίων Κύψελος Λακεδαίμων Λυκάων Μεσσήνη Φίαλος Φίγαλος Φιαλία Ἄργος Ἡρακλεῖδαι Ὁλαίας

Olaeas was the son of Cypselus. Along with Aepytus, the son of his sister, and together with the Heracleidae from Lacedaemon and Argos, he led a return to Messene. Olaeas had a son, Bucolion, whose son was Phialus. This Phialus robbed Phigalus, the founder and son of Lycaon, of his honor, renaming the city after himself—Phialia. Nevertheless, he was not entirely successful in asserting this new name.

Passage 8.5.8 Class: Non-skeptical

ἐπὶ δὲ Σίμου τοῦ Φιάλου βασιλεύοντος ἠφανίσθη Φιγαλεῦσιν ὑπὸ πυρὸς τῆς Μελαίνης Δήμητρος τὸ ἀρχαῖον ξόανον· ἐσήμαινε δὲ ἄρα οὐ μετὰ πολὺ ἔσεσθαι καὶ αὐτῷ Σίμῳ τοῦ βίου τὴν τελευτήν. Πόμπου δὲ ἐκδεξαμένου τοῦ Σίμου τὴν ἀρχήν, Αἰγινῆται κατὰ ἐμπορίαν ἐσέπλεον ναυσὶν ἐς Κυλλήνην, ἐκεῖθεν δὲ ὑποζυγίοις τὰ φορτία ἀνῆγον παρὰ τοὺς Ἀρκάδας. ἀντὶ τούτου ἐτίμησεν ὁ Πόμπος μεγάλως, καὶ δὴ καὶ ὄνομα Αἰγινήτην τῷ παιδὶ ἔθετο ἐπὶ τῶν Αἰγινητῶν τῇ φιλίᾳ.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγινήτης Αἰγινῆται Αἰγινῆται Κυλλήνη Μελαίνη Δήμητρα Πόμπος Πόμπος Σῖμος Σῖμος Φίαλος Φιγαλεῖς Ἀρκάδες

During the reign of Simus, son of Phialus, the ancient wooden image of Demeter Melaina at Phigalia was destroyed by fire; and this event soon signified the approaching end of Simus' own life. After Simus, Pompos succeeded to the throne. At that time, the Aeginetans sailed into Cyllene on trading voyages, and from there conveyed their goods by pack animals into Arcadia. Because of this commercial activity, Pompos honored them greatly, even going so far as to name his son "Aeginetes," in recognition of the friendship he had developed with the Aeginetans.

Passage 8.5.9 Class: Non-skeptical

μετὰ δὲ Αἰγινήτην Πολυμήστωρ ἐγένετο ὁ Αἰγινήτου βασιλεὺς Ἀρκάδων, καὶ Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ Χάριλλος πρῶτον τότε ἐς τὴν Τεγεατῶν ἐσβάλλουσι στρατιᾷ· καὶ σφᾶς αὐτοί τε οἱ Τεγεᾶται καὶ γυναῖκες ὅπλα ἐνδῦσαι μάχῃ νικῶσι, καὶ τόν τε ἄλλον στρατὸν καὶ αὐτὸν Χάριλλον ζῶντα αἱροῦσι. Χαρίλλου μὲν δὴ καὶ τῆς σὺν αὐτῷ στρατιᾶς ἐς πλέον μνήμην ποιησόμεθα ἐν τοῖς Τεγεατικοῖς·

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγινήτης Αἰγινήτης Λακεδαιμόνιοι Πολυμήστωρ Τεγεατικά Τεγεᾶται Τεγεᾶται Χάριλλος Χάριλλος Ἀρκάδες

After Aeginetes, Polymestor the son of Aeginetes became king of the Arcadians. During his reign, the Lacedaemonians together with Charillus invaded the territory of the Tegeans for the first time with an army. The Tegeans themselves, along with their women—who had put on armor—defeated them in battle and captured alive both Charillus himself and the rest of his force. We shall speak at greater length regarding Charillus and the army that accompanied him in our account of Tegea.

Passage 8.5.10 Class: Non-skeptical

Πολυμήστορι δὲ οὐ γενομένων παίδων παρέλαβεν Αἶχμις τὴν ἀρχήν, Βριάκα μὲν παῖς, Πολυμήστορος δὲ ἀδελφιδοῦς· Αἰγινήτου γὰρ ἦν καὶ Βριάκας, νεώτερος δὲ ἦν Πολυμήστορος. Αἴχμιδος δὲ βασιλεύσαντος Λακεδαιμονίοις ἐγένετο ὁ πρὸς Μεσσηνίους πόλεμος· τοῖς δὲ Ἀρκάσιν ὑπῆρχε μὲν ἐς τοὺς Μεσσηνίους εὔνοια ἐξ ἀρχῆς, τότε δὲ καὶ ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίους ἐμαχέσαντο μετὰ Ἀριστοδήμου βασιλεύοντος ἐν Μεσσήνῃ.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγινήτης Αἶχμις Αἶχμις Βριάκας Βριάκας Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λακεδαιμόνιοι Μεσσήνη Μεσσήνιοι Πολυμήστωρ Πολυμήστωρ Ἀριστοδήμος Ἀρκάδες

Since Polymestor had no sons, Aechmis inherited the kingship. He was the son of Briacas and cousin to Polymestor; for Briacas, too, was the son of Aeginetes, though younger than Polymestor. It was under Aechmis's rule over the Lacedaemonians that the war with the Messenians occurred. From the start the Arcadians felt goodwill toward the Messenians, but at that time they openly joined battle against the Lacedaemonians, siding with Aristodemus, who was then king in Messene.

Passage 8.5.11 Class: Non-skeptical

Ἀριστοκράτης δὲ ὁ Αἴχμιδος τάχα μέν που καὶ ἄλλα ἐς τοὺς Ἀρκάδας ὕβρισεν· ἃ δὲ ἀνοσιώτατα ἔργων ἐς θεοὺς ἐργασάμενον οἶδα αὐτόν, ἐπέξεισί μοι ταῦτα ὁ λόγος. ἔστιν Ἀρτέμιδος ἱερὸν Ὑμνίας ἐπίκλησιν. τοῦτο ἐν ὅροις μέν ἐστιν Ὀρχομενίων, πρὸς δὲ τῇ Μαντινικῇ· σέβουσιν ἐκ παλαιοτάτου καὶ οἱ πάντες Ἀρκάδες Ὑμνίαν Ἄρτεμιν. ἐλάμβανε δὲ τὴν ἱερωσύνην τῆς θεοῦ τότε ἔτι κόρη παρθένος.

Proper Nouns:

Αἴχμις Μαντινική θεός Ἀριστοκράτης Ἀρκάδες Ἀρκάδες Ἄρτεμις Ἄρτεμις Ὀρχομένιος Ὑμνία Ὑμνία

Aristocrates, the son of Aichmis, likely committed other offenses against the Arcadians as well; however, I will relate those deeds of his against the gods which I know to have been most unholy. There is a sanctuary of Artemis surnamed Hymnia situated within the territory of Orchomenus, close to Mantinean land; from very ancient times all Arcadians have revered Artemis Hymnia. The priesthood of the goddess was at that time always held by a virgin maiden.

Passage 8.5.12 Class: Non-skeptical

Ἀριστοκράτης δέ, ὥς οἱ πειρῶντι τὴν παρθένον ἀντέβαινεν ἀεὶ τὰ παρʼ αὐτῆς, τέλος καταφυγοῦσαν ἐς τὸ ἱερὸν παρὰ τῇ Ἀρτέμιδι ᾔσχυνεν. ὡς δὲ ἐς ἅπαντας ἐξηγγέλθη τὸ τόλμημα, τὸν μὲν καταλιθοῦσιν οἱ Ἀρκάδες, μετεβλήθη δὲ ἐξ ἐκείνου καὶ ὁ νόμος· ἀντὶ γὰρ παρθένου διδόασι τῇ Ἀρτέμιδι ἱέρειαν γυναῖκα ὁμιλίας ἀνδρῶν ἀποχρώντως ἔχουσαν.

Proper Nouns:

Ἀριστοκράτης Ἀρκάδες Ἄρτεμις

But Aristokrates, finding the maiden continually resisting his advances, finally dishonored her as she fled for refuge into the sanctuary of Artemis. When this outrageous act became known among all, the Arcadians stoned him to death, and from that time onward the law was changed. Instead of a maiden, they appointed as priestess of Artemis a woman who had already had sufficient intercourse with men.

Passage 8.5.13 Class: Non-skeptical

τούτου δὲ υἱὸς ἐγένετο Ἱκέτας, Ἱκέτα δὲ Ἀριστοκράτης ἄλλος ὁμώνυμός τε τῷ προγόνῳ καὶ δὴ καὶ τοῦ βίου τὴν αὐτὴν ἔσχεν ἐκείνῳ τελευτήν· κατελίθωσαν γὰρ καὶ τοῦτον οἱ Ἀρκάδες, φωράσαντες δῶρα ἐκ Λακεδαίμονος εἰληφότα καὶ Μεσσηνίοις τὸ ἐπὶ τῇ Μεγάλῃ τάφρῳ πταῖσμα προδοσίαν τοῦ Ἀριστοκράτους οὖσαν. αὕτη δὲ ἡ ἀδικία καὶ τῷ γένει τῷ ἀπὸ Κυψέλου παντὶ παρέσχεν αἰτίαν παυσθῆναι τῆς ἀρχῆς.

Proper Nouns:

Κύψελος Λακεδαίμων Μεγάλη Τάφρος Μεσσήνιοι Ἀριστοκράτης Ἀριστοκράτης Ἀρκάδες Ἱκέτας Ἱκέτας

The son of this man was Hicetas, and the son of Hicetas was another Aristocrates, who shared his ancestor's name and, indeed, met with the same fate in the course of his life: for the Arcadians stoned him to death also, once they discovered that he had accepted bribes from Sparta, and that the disaster of the Messenians at the Great Trench was due to Aristocrates' treachery. This act of treachery provided grounds for depriving the whole family descended from Cypselus of their rule.

Legend:

Chapter 8.5