Pausanias Analysis

Passage 8.52.1 Class: Non-skeptical

καὶ ἤδη τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο ἐς ἀνδρῶν ἀγαθῶν φορὰν ἔληξεν ἡ Ἑλλάς. Μιλτιάδης μὲν γὰρ ὁ Κίμωνος τούς τε ἐς Μαραθῶνα ἀποβάντας τῶν βαρβάρων κρατήσας μάχῃ καὶ τοῦ πρόσω τὸν Μήδων ἐπισχὼν στόλον ἐγένετο εὐεργέτης πρῶτος κοινῇ τῆς Ἑλλάδος, Φιλοποίμην δὲ ὁ Κραύγιδος ἔσχατος· οἱ δὲ πρότερον Μιλτιάδου λαμπρὰ ἔργα ἀποδειξάμενοι, Κόδρος τε ὁ Μελάνθου καὶ ὁ Σπαρτιάτης Πολύδωρος καὶ Ἀριστομένης ὁ Μεσσήνιος καὶ εἰ δή τις ἄλλος, πατρίδας ἕκαστοι τὰς αὑτῶν καὶ οὐκ ἀθρόαν φανοῦνται τὴν Ἑλλάδα ὠφελήσαντες.

Proper Nouns:

Κίμων Κραύγις Κόδρος Μαραθών Μελάνθης Μεσσήνιος Μιλτιάδης Μιλτιάδης Μῆδοι Πολύδωρος Σπαρτιάτης Φιλοποίμην Ἀριστομένης Ἑλλάς Ἑλλάς Ἑλλάς

After this time Greece ceased to produce successive generations of truly noble men. For Miltiades, son of Kimon, who conquered in battle the barbarians that had landed at Marathon and thus held back from advancing farther the expedition of the Medes, was the first man who served as a benefactor to Greece as a whole, while Philopoemen, son of Kraugis, was the last. Others before Miltiades—such as Kodros, son of Melanthos, and the Spartan Polydoros, and Aristomenes of Messenia and perhaps a few more—each individually achieved distinguished deeds, but they benefited their own native cities and did not in any united way benefit Greece collectively.

Passage 8.52.2 Class: Non-skeptical

Μιλτιάδου δὲ ὕστερον Λεωνίδας ὁ Ἀναξανδρίδου καὶ Θεμιστοκλῆς ὁ Νεοκλέους ἀπώσαντο ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος Ξέρξην, ὁ μὲν ταῖς ναυμαχίαις ἀμφοτέραις, Λεωνίδας δὲ ἀγῶνι τῷ ἐν Θερμοπύλαις. Ἀριστείδην δὲ τὸν Λυσιμάχου καὶ Παυσανίαν τὸν Κλεομβρότου Πλαταιᾶσιν ἡγησαμένους, τὸν μὲν τὰ ὕστερον ἀφείλετο ἀδικήματα εὐεργέτην μὴ ὀνομασθῆναι τῆς Ἑλλάδος, Ἀριστείδην δὲ ὅτι ἔταξε φόρους τοῖς τὰς νήσους ἔχουσιν Ἕλλησι· πρὸ Ἀριστείδου δὲ ἦν ἅπαν τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν ἀτελὲς φόρων.

Proper Nouns:

Θεμιστοκλῆς Θερμοπύλαι Κλεομβρότος Λεωνίδας Λυσίμαχος Μιλτιάδης Νεοκλῆς Ξέρξης Παυσανίας Πλαταιαί Ἀναξάνδριδος Ἀριστείδης Ἀριστείδης Ἑλλάς Ἑλληνικόν

After Miltiades, Leonidas, the son of Anaxandrides, and Themistocles, the son of Neocles, repelled Xerxes from Greece, the latter through two naval battles, Leonidas through the conflict at Thermopylae. As for Aristides, the son of Lysimachus, and Pausanias, the son of Cleombrotus, who commanded at Plataea, the former was later prevented, owing to subsequent misconduct, from being esteemed a benefactor of Greece, while Aristides was similarly denied credit because he had imposed tribute upon those Greeks occupying the islands. Before Aristides, all of Hellas had been free from tribute.

Passage 8.52.3 Class: Skeptical

Ξάνθιππος δὲ ὁ Ἀρίφρονος καὶ Κίμων, ὁ μὲν ὁμοῦ Λεωτυχίδῃ τῷ βασιλεύοντι ἐν Σπάρτῃ τὸ Μήδων ναυτικὸν ἔφθειρεν ἐν Μυκάλῃ, Κίμωνι δὲ πολλὰ καὶ ἄξια ζήλου κατειργασμένα ἐστὶν ὑπὲρ τῶν Ἑλλήνων. τοὺς δὲ ἐπὶ τοῦ Πελοποννησιακοῦ πρὸς Ἀθηναίους πολέμου, καὶ μάλιστα αὐτῶν τοὺς εὐδοκιμήσαντας, φαίη τις ἂν αὐτόχειρας καὶ ὅτι ἐγγύτατα καταποντιστὰς εἶναι σφᾶς τῆς Ἑλλάδος.

Proper Nouns:

Κίμων Κίμων Λεωτυχίδης Μυκάλη Μῆδοι Ξάνθιππος Πελοποννησιακός Σπάρτη Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀρίφρων Ἑλλάς Ἕλληνες

Xanthippus, the son of Ariphron, along with King Leotychides of Sparta, destroyed the Persian fleet at Mycale, while Cimon achieved many exploits worthy of admiration on behalf of the Greeks. But as for those who led the Athenians during the Peloponnesian war, someone might readily call them responsible for bringing ruin and nearly drowning all Greece, especially those among them who enjoyed the greatest reputation.

Passage 8.52.4 Class: Non-skeptical

κεκακωμένον δὲ ἤδη τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν Κόνων ὁ Τιμοθέου καὶ Ἐπαμινώνδας ἀνεκτήσατο ὁ Πολύμνιδος, ὁ μὲν ἐκ τῶν νήσων καὶ ὅσα ἐγγυτάτω θαλάσσης, Ἐπαμινώνδας δὲ ἐκ τῶν πόλεων τῶν ἀπὸ θαλάσσης ἄνω Λακεδαιμονίων τὰς φρουρὰς καὶ ἁρμοστὰς ἐκβαλόντες καὶ δεκαδαρχίας καταπαύσαντες· Ἐπαμινώνδας δὲ καὶ πόλεσιν οὐκ ἀφανέσι, Μεσσήνῃ καὶ Μεγάλῃ πόλει τῇ Ἀρκάδων, λογιμωτέραν τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἐποίησεν.

Proper Nouns:

Κόνων Λακεδαιμόνιοι Μεγάλη πόλις Ἀρκάδων Μεσσήνη Πολύμνις Τιμόθεος Ἀρκάδες Ἐπαμινώνδας Ἑλλάς Ἑλληνικόν

After the Greeks had already suffered devastation, Conon, the son of Timotheus, and Epaminondas, the son of Polymnis, restored their fortunes. Conon recovered the islands and those areas which lay closest to the sea, while Epaminondas reclaimed the inland cities, driving out the Spartan garrisons and harmosts and abolishing the governing councils of ten men. Moreover, Epaminondas founded notable cities—Messene and the great city of the Arcadians—and thus made Greece more illustrious.

Passage 8.52.5 Class: Non-skeptical

εἶναι δὲ ἁπάντων Ἑλλήνων καὶ Λεωσθένην τίθεμαι καὶ Ἄρατον εὐεργέτας· ὁ μέν γε τὸ Ἑλλήνων μισθοφορικὸν τὸ καὶ ἐν Πέρσαις περὶ πέντε που μυριάδας ἐπὶ θάλασσαν καταβάντας ναυσὶν ἐς τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἀνέσωσε καὶ ἄκοντος Ἀλεξάνδρου· τὰ δὲ ἐς Ἄρατον ἐδήλωσε δή μοι τοῦ λόγου τὰ ἐς Σικυωνίους.

Proper Nouns:

Λεωσθένης Πέρσαι Σικυώνιοι Ἀλέξανδρος Ἄρατος Ἑλλάς Ἕλληνες

Among all Greeks, I regard both Leosthenes and Aratus as benefactors. The former succeeded in bringing safely back to Greece by ship the Greek mercenaries—about fifty thousand men—who had gone down to the sea in the Persian service, and did so even against Alexander's wishes. Regarding Aratus, my account of the Sicyonians has already made clear his achievements.

Passage 8.52.6 Class: Non-skeptical

τὸ δὲ ἐπίγραμμά ἐστιν ἐπὶ τῷ Φιλοποίμενι τὸ ἐν Τεγέᾳ· τοῦδʼ ἀρετὰ καὶ δόξα καθʼ Ἑλλάδα, πολλὰ μὲν ἀλκαῖς, πολλὰ δὲ καὶ βουλαῖς ἔργα πονησαμένου, Ἀρκάδος αἰχμητᾶ Φιλοποίμενος, ᾧ μέγα κῦδος ἕσπετʼ ἐνὶ πτολέμῳ δούρατος ἁγεμόνι. μανύει δὲ τρόπαια τετυγμένα δισσὰ τυράννων Σπάρτας· αὐξομέναν δʼ ἄρατο δουλοσύναν. ὧν ἕνεκεν Τεγέα μεγαλόφρονα Κραύγιδος υἱόν στᾶσεν, ἀμωμήτου κράντορʼ ἐλευθερίας. τοῦτο μὲν δὴ ἐνταῦθά ἐστιν ἐπίγραμμα·

Proper Nouns:

Κραύγις Σπάρτα Τεγέα Τεγέα Φιλοποίμην Ἀρκάς Ἑλλάς

The following is the inscription for Philopoemen at Tegea: "This man’s valour and glory spread throughout Greece, Who by strength of arms achieved many exploits, And many also through wise counsels— Philopoemen, spear-bearing son of Arcadia, Whose great renown accompanied him in war, Leader with the spear. Witness the twin trophies He raised over Sparta's tyrants and the bondage He lifted when it was growing heavier. For all this Tegea set up the magnanimous son of Craugis, Peerless champion and guardian of freedom." Such is the inscription found at this place.

Legend:

Chapter 8.52