Pausanias Analysis

Passage 9.29.1 Class: Non-skeptical

ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ἔχοντά ἐστιν οὕτω, θῦσαι δὲ ἐν Ἑλικῶνι Μούσαις πρώτους καὶ ἐπονομάσαι τὸ ὄρος ἱερὸν εἶναι Μουσῶν Ἐφιάλτην καὶ Ὦτον λέγουσιν, οἰκίσαι δὲ αὐτοὺς καὶ Ἄσκρην· καὶ δὴ καὶ Ἡγησίνους ἐπὶ τῷδε ἐν τῇ Ἀτθίδι ἐποίησεν, Ἄσκρῃ δʼ αὖ παρέλεκτο Ποσειδάων ἐνοσίχθων, ἣ δή οἱ τέκε παῖδα περιπλομένων ἐνιαυτῶν Οἴοκλον, ὃς πρῶτος μετʼ Ἀλωέος ἔκτισε παίδων Ἄσκρην, ἥ θʼ Ἑλικῶνος ἔχει πόδα πιδακόεντα. Hegesinus Atthis, unknown location.

Proper Nouns:

Μοῦσαι Μοῦσαι Οἴοκλος Ποσειδῶν Ἀλωεύς Ἀτθίς Ἄσκρη Ἐφιάλτης Ἑλικών Ἑλικών Ἡγησῖνος Ὦτος

These things then stand thus. It is said that Ephialtes and Otus were the first to sacrifice to the Muses at Helicon, and to name the mountain sacred to the Muses. They are also said to have founded Ascra. Indeed, Hegesinus makes mention of this in his poem "Atthis": "To Ascra too did earthquake-shaking Poseidon lie nearby, who bore to him a son in revolving years, Oeoclus, who was first after Aloeus’ children to found Ascra, which rests at Helicon's spring-rich foot."

Passage 9.29.2 Class: Skeptical

ταύτην τοῦ Ἡγησίνου τὴν ποίησιν οὐκ ἐπελεξάμην, ἀλλὰ πρότερον ἄρα ἐκλελοιπυῖα ἦν πρὶν ἢ ἐμέ γενέσθαι· Κάλλιππος δὲ Κορίνθιος ἐν τῇ ἐς Ὀρχομενίους συγγραφῇ μαρτύρια ποιεῖται τῷ λόγῳ τὰ Ἡγησίνου ἔπη, ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ ἡμεῖς πεποιήμεθα παρʼ αὐτοῦ Καλλίππου διδαχθέντες. Ἄσκρης μὲν δὴ πύργος εἷς ἐπʼ ἐμοῦ καὶ ἄλλο οὐδὲν ἐλείπετο ἐς μνήμην, οἱ δὲ τοῦ Ἀλωέως παῖδες ἀριθμόν τε Μούσας ἐνόμισαν εἶναι τρεῖς καὶ ὀνόματα αὐταῖς ἔθεντο Μελέτην καὶ Μνήμην καὶ Ἀοιδήν.

Proper Nouns:

Κάλλιππος Κάλλιππος Κορίνθιος Μελέτη Μνήμη Μοῦσαι Ἀλωεύς Ἀοιδή Ἄσκρη Ἡγησίνος Ὀρχομενιοί

This poetry of Hegesinus I did not examine personally; rather, it had already disappeared before my time. However, Callippus of Corinth, in his treatise concerning Orchomenus, uses the verses of Hegesinus in support of his account. In the same manner, I myself have relied upon Callippus, having learned from him. In my day, Ascra had only a single tower remaining, nothing else was left as a memorial. The sons of Aloeus believed the Muses to be three in number, and gave them the names Melete, Mneme, and Aoide.

Passage 9.29.3 Class: Skeptical

χρόνῳ δὲ ὕστερόν φασι Πίερον Μακεδόνα, ἀφʼ οὗ καὶ Μακεδόσιν ὠνόμασται τὸ ὄρος, τοῦτον ἐλθόντα ἐς Θεσπιὰς ἐννέα τε Μούσας καταστήσασθαι καὶ τὰ ὀνόματα τὰ νῦν μεταθέσθαι σφίσι. ταῦτα δὲ ἐνόμιζεν οὕτως ὁ Πίερος ἢ σοφώτερά οἱ εἶναι φανέντα ἢ κατά τι μάντευμα ἢ παρά του διδαχθεὶς τῶν Θρᾳκῶν· δεξιώτερον γὰρ τά τε ἄλλα ἐδόκει τοῦ Μακεδονικοῦ τὸ ἔθνος εἶναι πάλαι τὸ Θρᾴκιον καὶ οὐχ ὁμοίως ἐς τὰ θεῖα ὀλίγωρον.

Proper Nouns:

Θεσπιαί Θρᾴκιον Θρᾷκες Μακεδονικόν Μακεδόνες Μακεδών Μοῦσα Πίερος

Later, they say, Pierus the Macedonian—from whom the mountain was also named among the Macedonians—came to Thespiae and established there nine Muses, changing their names to the ones still used today. Pierus believed this either because it seemed wiser to him, or due to some oracle, or because he had been taught by one of the Thracians; for in ancient times the Thracians were regarded as generally more skilled than the Macedonians, and were not equally indifferent toward divine matters.

Passage 9.29.4 Class: Skeptical

εἰσὶ δʼ οἳ καὶ αὐτῷ θυγατέρας ἐννέα Πιέρῳ γενέσθαι λέγουσι καὶ τὰ ὀνόματα ἅπερ ταῖς θεαῖς τεθῆναι καὶ ταύταις, καὶ ὅσοι Μουσῶν παῖδες ἐκλήθησαν ὑπὸ Ἑλλήνων, θυγατριδοῦς εἶναι σφᾶς Πιέρου· Μίμνερμος δέ, ἐλεγεῖα ἐς τὴν μάχην ποιήσας τὴν Σμυρναίων πρὸς Γύγην τε καὶ Λυδούς, φησὶν ἐν τῷ προοιμίῳ θυγατέρας Οὐρανοῦ τὰς ἀρχαιοτέρας Μούσας, τούτων δὲ ἄλλας νεωτέρας εἶναι Διὸς παῖδας.

Proper Nouns:

Γύγης Ζεύς Λυδοί Μίμνερμος Μοῦσα Μοῦσα Οὐρανός Πίερος Πίερος Σμυρναῖοι Ἕλληνες

There are some who say that Pierus himself also had nine daughters, and that they received the very same names that had been given to the goddesses; thus, all whom the Greeks called children of the Muses would actually be descendants of Pierus’s daughters. But Mimnermus, in the elegies he composed about the battle of the Smyrnaeans against Gyges and the Lydians, states in his prologue that the elder Muses were daughters of Uranus, and that beside these there are other, younger ones, who are daughters of Zeus.

Passage 9.29.5 Class: Non-skeptical

ἐν Ἑλικῶνι δὲ πρὸς τὸ ἄλσος ἰόντι τῶν Μουσῶν ἐν ἀριστερᾷ μὲν ἡ Ἀγανίππη πηγή ---θυγατέρα δὲ εἶναι τὴν Ἀγανίππην τοῦ Τερμησσοῦ λέγουσι, ῥεῖ δὲ καὶ οὗτος ὁ Τερμησσὸς περὶ τὸν Ἑλικῶνα---, τὴν δὲ εὐθεῖαν ἐρχομένῳ πρὸς τὸ ἄλσος ἔστιν εἰκὼν Εὐφήμης ἐπειργασμένη λίθῳ· τροφὸν δὲ εἶναι τὴν Εὐφήμην λέγουσι τῶν Μουσῶν.

Proper Nouns:

Εὐφήμη Εὐφήμη Μοῦσαι Τερμησσός Τερμησσός Ἀγανίππη Ἀγανίππη Ἑλικών Ἑλικών

On Helicon, as one proceeds toward the grove of the Muses, there is on the left side the spring Aganippe. They say Aganippe was the daughter of Termessus, and this Termessus also flows around Helicon. Continuing straight ahead towards the grove, one encounters an image of Eupheme, carved in stone. Eupheme, they say, was the nurse of the Muses.

Passage 9.29.6 Class: Non-skeptical

ταύτης τε οὖν εἰκὼν καὶ μετʼ αὐτὴν Λίνος ἐστὶν ἐν πέτρᾳ μικρᾷ σπηλαίου τρόπον εἰργασμένῃ· τούτῳ κατὰ ἔτος ἕκαστον πρὸ τῆς θυσίας τῶν Μουσῶν ἐναγίζουσι. λέγεται δὲ ὡς ὁ Λίνος οὗτος παῖς μὲν Οὐρανίας εἴη καὶ Ἀμφιμάρου τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος, μεγίστην δὲ τῶν τε ἐφʼ αὑτοῦ καὶ ὅσοι πρότερον ἐγένοντο λάβοι δόξαν ἐπὶ μουσικῇ, καὶ ὡς Ἀπόλλων ἀποκτείνειεν αὐτὸν ἐξισούμενον κατὰ τὴν ᾠδήν.

Proper Nouns:

Λίνος Μοῦσαι Οὐρανία Ποσειδῶν Ἀμφίμαρος Ἀπόλλων

There is a statue of her, and after her is Linus, placed in a small rock shaped into the form of a cave. To him they make offerings every year before the sacrifice to the Muses. This Linus is said to be the son of Urania and Amphimarus, son of Poseidon, and to have earned the greatest renown of his contemporaries as well as those who lived before him for his achievements in music; it is said also that Apollo killed him because he equalled the god in song.

Passage 9.29.7 Class: Non-skeptical

ἀποθανόντος δὲ τοῦ Λίνου τὸ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ πένθος διῆλθεν ἄρα καὶ ἄχρι τῆς βαρβάρου πάσης, ὡς καὶ Αἰγυπτίοις ᾆσμα γενέσθαι Λίνον· καλοῦσι δὲ τὸ ᾆσμα Αἰγύπτιοι τῇ ἐπιχωρίῳ φωνῇ Μανέρων. οἱ δὲ Ἕλλησιν ἔπη ποιήσαντες, Ὅμηρος μέν, ἅτε ᾆσμα Ἕλλησιν ὂν ἐπιστάμενος τοῦ Λίνου τὰ παθήματα, ἐπὶ τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως ἔφη τῇ ἀσπίδι ἄλλα τε ἐργάσασθαι τὸν Ἥφαιστον καὶ κιθαρῳδὸν παῖδα ᾄδοντα τὰ ἐς Λίνον· τοῖσι δʼ ἐνὶ μέσσοισι πάις φόρμιγγι λιγείῃ ἱμερόεν κιθάριζε, Λίνον δʼ ὑπὸ καλὸν ἄειδεν· Hom. Il. 18.569-70 Pausanias misquotes.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰγύπτιοι Αἰγύπτιοι Λῖνος Λῖνος Μανέρων Παυσανίας Ἀχιλλεύς Ἕλληνες Ἥφαιστος Ἰλιάς Ὅμηρος

At the death of Linus, grief for him spread even as far as all the barbarian lands, to such an extent that even the Egyptians composed a song called Linus; but the Egyptians call this song in their native tongue "Maneros." Among the Greek epic poets, Homer, who was acquainted with the sufferings of Linus as a song known to the Greeks, says that Hephaestus, among other works depicted on the shield of Achilles, crafted a boy, a lyre-player, singing of Linus. He says: "...and among them a boy played delightfully on the clear-toned lyre, singing beautifully the song of Linus."

Passage 9.29.8 Class: Non-skeptical

Πάμφως δέ, ὃς Ἀθηναίοις τῶν ὕμνων ἐποίησε τοὺς ἀρχαιοτάτους, οὗτος ἀκμάζοντος ἐπὶ τῷ Λίνῳ τοῦ πένθους Οἰτόλινον ἐκάλεσεν αὐτόν. Σαπφὼ δὲ ἡ Λεσβία τοῦ Οἰτολίνου τὸ ὄνομα ἐκ τῶν ἐπῶν τῶν Πάμφω μαθοῦσα Ἄδωνιν ὁμοῦ καὶ Οἰτόλινον ᾖσεν. Θηβαῖοι δὲ λέγουσι παρὰ σφίσι ταφῆναι τὸν Λίνον, καὶ ὡς μετὰ τὸ πταῖσμα τὸ ἐν Χαιρωνείᾳ τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν Φίλιππος ὁ Ἀμύντου κατὰ δή τινα ὄψιν ὀνείρατος τὰ ὀστᾶ ἀνελόμενος τοῦ Λίνου κομίσειεν ἐς Μακεδονίαν·

Proper Nouns:

Θηβαῖοι Λίνος Λεσβία Μακεδονία Οἰτόλινος Πάμφως Σαπφώ Φίλιππος Χαιρώνεια Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀμύντας Ἄδωνις Ἑλληνικόν

Pamphos, who composed the oldest hymns for the Athenians, called this Linus Oitolinos during the heyday of the sorrowful lamentation. Sappho of Lesbos, learning the name Oitolinos from the verses of Pamphos, sang of Adonis along with Oitolinos. The Thebans say that Linus was buried among them, and that after the Greek defeat at Chaeronea, Philip son of Amyntas, following some vision in a dream, exhumed Linus' bones and brought them to Macedonia.

Passage 9.29.9 Class: Skeptical

ἐκεῖνον μὲν δὴ αὖθις ἐξ ἐνυπνίων ἄλλων ὀπίσω τοῦ Λίνου τὰ ὀστᾶ ἐς Θήβας ἀποστεῖλαι, τὰ δὲ ἐπιθήματα τοῦ τάφου, καὶ ὅσα σημεῖα ἄλλα ἦν, ἀνὰ χρόνον φασὶν ἀφανισθῆναι. λέγεται δὲ καὶ ἄλλα τοιάδε ὑπὸ Θηβαίων, ὡς τοῦ Λίνου τούτου γένοιτο ὕστερον ἕτερος Λίνος καλούμενος Ἰσμηνίου καὶ ὡς Ἡρακλῆς ἔτι παῖς ὢν ἀποκτείνειεν αὐτὸν διδάσκαλον μουσικῆς ὄντα. ἔπη δὲ οὔτε ὁ Ἀμφιμάρου Λίνος οὔτε ὁ τούτου γενόμενος ὕστερον ἐποίησαν· ἢ καὶ ποιηθέντα ἐς τοὺς ἔπειτα οὐκ ἦλθεν.

Proper Nouns:

Θηβαῖοι Θῆβαι Λίνος Λίνος Ἀμφίμαρος Ἡρακλῆς Ἰσμήνιος

And afterward again, following other dreams, they say that he [the dreamer] sent the bones of Linus back to Thebes. But as for the ornaments upon the tomb, and whatever other markers there had been, these vanished with time. The Thebans report other stories also, such as that after this Linus there was a later Linus, called the son of Ismenius, and that the young Heracles, while still a child, killed him, though he was his music teacher. But neither Amphimarus' Linus nor the one later born after him composed any epic poetry; or if indeed anything was composed, it did not survive into later times.

Legend:

Chapter 9.29