Pausanias Analysis

Passage 9.35.1 Class: Skeptical

τὸν δὲ Ἐτεοκλέα λέγουσιν οἱ Βοιωτοὶ Χάρισιν ἀνθρώπων θῦσαι πρῶτον. καὶ ὅτι μὲν τρεῖς εἶναι Χάριτας κατεστήσατο ἴσασιν, ὀνόματα δὲ οἷα ἔθετο αὐταῖς οὐ μνημονεύουσιν· ἐπεὶ Λακεδαιμόνιοί γε εἶναι Χάριτας δύο καὶ Λακεδαίμονα ἱδρύσασθαι τὸν Ταϋγέτης φασὶν αὐτὰς καὶ ὀνόματα θέσθαι Κλήταν καὶ Φαένναν.

Proper Nouns:

Βοιωτοί Κλήτα Λακεδαίμων Λακεδαιμόνιοι Ταϋγέτη Φαέννα Χάριτες Χάριτες Ἐτεοκλῆς

The Boeotians say that Eteocles was the first among men to sacrifice to the Graces. They also know that he established the Graces as being three in number, but they do not record the names that he gave them. The Lacedaemonians, on the other hand, claim there are only two Graces, and they say that Lacedaemon, son of Taygete, established them and gave them the names Cleta and Phaenna.

Passage 9.35.2 Class: Non-skeptical

ἐοικότα μὲν δὴ Χάρισιν ὀνόματα καὶ ταῦτα, ἐοικότα δὲ καὶ παρʼ Ἀθηναίοις· τιμῶσι γὰρ ἐκ παλαιοῦ καὶ Ἀθηναῖοι Χάριτας Αὐξὼ καὶ Ἡγεμόνην. τὸ γὰρ τῆς Καρποῦς ἐστὶν οὐ Χάριτος ἀλλὰ Ὥρας ὄνομα· τῇ δὲ ἑτέρᾳ τῶν Ὡρῶν νέμουσιν ὁμοῦ τῇ Πανδρόσῳ τιμὰς οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι, Θαλλὼ τὴν θεὸν ὀνομάζοντες.

Proper Nouns:

Αὐξώ Θαλλώ Καρπός Πανδρόσος Χάριτες Χάριτες Χάριτες Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀθηναῖοι Ἡγεμόνη Ὥρα Ὥρα

Indeed these names also seem suitable for the Graces, and fitting as well are those among the Athenians; for from ancient times even the Athenians have honored the Graces named Auxo and Hegemone. For Karpo's name is that not of a Grace, but of an Hora; and the Athenians grant honors jointly to Pandrosos and another Hora, calling the goddess Thallo.

Passage 9.35.3 Class: Non-skeptical

παρὰ δὲ Ἐτεοκλέους τοῦ Ὀρχομενίου μαθόντες τρισὶν ἤδη νομίζομεν Χάρισιν εὔχεσθαι· καὶ Ἀγγελίων τε καὶ Τεκταῖος †ὅσοι γε Διονύσου †τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα ἐργασάμενοι Δηλίοις τρεῖς ἐποίησαν ἐπὶ τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ Χάριτας· καὶ Ἀθήνῃσι πρὸ τῆς ἐς τὴν ἀκρόπολιν ἐσόδου Χάριτές εἰσι καὶ αὗται τρεῖς, παρὰ δὲ αὐταῖς τελετὴν ἄγουσιν ἐς τοὺς πολλοὺς ἀπόρρητον.

Proper Nouns:

Διόνυσος Δῆλος Τεκταῖος Χάριτες Χάριτες Ἀγγελίων Ἀθῆναι Ἀπόλλων Ἐτεοκλῆς Ὀρχομενίος

Having learned from Eteocles of Orchomenus, we now customarily pray to three Graces. And Angelion and Tectaios, who fashioned an image of Apollo for the Delians, placed three Graces in his hand; also, at Athens, before the approach to the Acropolis, there are likewise three Graces, beside whom rites are conducted that must not be revealed to the multitude.

Passage 9.35.4 Class: Skeptical

Πάμφως μὲν δὴ πρῶτος ὧν ἴσμεν ᾖσεν ἐς Χάριτας, πέρα δὲ οὔτε ἀριθμοῦ πέρι οὔτε ἐς τὰ ὀνόματά ἐστιν οὐδὲν αὐτῷ πεποιημένον· Ὅμηρος δὲ---ἐμνημόνευσε γὰρ Χαρίτων καὶ οὗτος---τὴν μὲν Ἡφαίστου γυναῖκα εἶναι λέγει καὶ ὄνομα αὐτῇ τίθεται Χάριν, Πασιθέας δὲ εἶναί φησιν ἐραστὴν Ὕπνον, ἐν δὲ Ὕπνου τοῖς λόγοις τὸ ἔπος ἐποίησεν ἦ μέν μοι δώσειν Χαρίτων μίαν ὁπλοτεράων. Hom. Il. 14.270-6 τούτου δὲ ἕνεκα ὑπόνοια δὴ παρέστη τισὶν ὡς Χάριτας ἄρα καὶ πρεσβυτέρας οἶδεν ἄλλας Ὅμηρος.

Proper Nouns:

Πάμφως Πασιθέα Χάρις Χάριτες Χάριτες Ἥφαιστος Ὅμηρος Ὕπνος Ὕπνος

Indeed, Pamphos was the first, so far as we know, to sing about the Charites; yet he composed nothing concerning either their number or names. Homer also mentions the Charites, claiming that one of them is the wife of Hephaistos and naming her Charis; he says furthermore that Pasithea was beloved by Hypnos, and in the speech of Hypnos he composed the verse: "And that you would give me one of the younger Charites." (Homer, Iliad 14.270-276) Because of this statement, some people have come to suspect that Homer was thus aware of other, older Charites.

Passage 9.35.5 Class: Skeptical

Ἡσίοδος δὲ ἐν Θεογονίᾳ---προσιέσθω δὲ ὅτῳ φίλον τὴν Θεογονίαν---, ἐν δʼ οὖν τῇ ποιήσει ταύτῃ τὰς Χάριτάς φησιν εἶναι Διός τε καὶ Εὐρυνόμης καί σφισιν ὀνόματα Εὐφροσύνην τε καὶ Ἀγλαΐαν εἶναι καὶ Θαλίαν. κατὰ ταὐτὰ δὲ ἐν ἔπεσίν ἐστι τοῖς Ὀνομακρίτου. Ἀντίμαχος δὲ οὔτε ἀριθμὸν Χαρίτων οὔτε ὀνόματα εἰπὼν Αἴγλης εἶναι θυγατέρας καὶ Ἡλίου φησὶν αὐτάς. Ἑρμησιάνακτι δὲ τῷ τὰ ἐλεγεῖα γράψαντι τοσόνδε οὐ κατὰ τὴν τῶν πρότερον δόξαν ἐστὶν αὐτῷ πεποιημένον, ὡς ἡ Πειθὼ Χαρίτων εἴη καὶ αὐτὴ μία.

Proper Nouns:

Αἴγλη Εὐρυνόμη Εὐφροσύνη Ζεύς Θάλεια Θεογονία Πειθώ Χάριτες Χάριτες Ἀγλαΐα Ἀντίμαχος Ἑρμησιάναξ Ἡσίοδος Ἥλιος Ὀνομακρίτος

Hesiod, however, in his Theogony—and let anyone who pleases accept the Theogony—within this poem he declares the Graces to be daughters of Zeus and Eurynome, naming them Euphrosyne, Aglaia, and Thaleia. Omacritus, in his poems, accords precisely with this view. Antimachus, on the other hand, neither stating the number nor the names of the Graces, says that they are daughters of Aegle and the Sun. Moreover, Hermesianax, who composed elegies, diverges so far from previous opinion that he maintains Peitho ("Persuasion") herself is also one of the Graces.

Passage 9.35.6 Class: Skeptical

ὅστις δὲ ἦν ἀνθρώπων ὁ γυμνὰς πρῶτος Χάριτας ἤτοι πλάσας ἢ γραφῇ μιμησάμενος, οὐχ οἷόν τε ἐγένετο πυθέσθαι με, ἐπεὶ τά γε ἀρχαιότερα ἐχούσας ἐσθῆτα οἵ τε πλάσται καὶ κατὰ ταὐτὰ ἐποίουν οἱ ζωγράφοι· καὶ Σμυρναίοις τοῦτο μὲν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ τῶν Νεμέσεων ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀγαλμάτων χρυσοῦ Χάριτες ἀνάκεινται, τέχνη Βουπάλου , τοῦτο δέ σφισιν ἐν τῷ Ὠιδείῳ Χάριτός ἐστιν εἰκών, Ἀπελλοῦ γραφή, Περγαμηνοῖς δὲ ὡσαύτως ἐν τῷ Ἀττάλου θαλάμῳ, Βουπάλου καὶ αὗται·

Proper Nouns:

Βούπαλος Νέμεσις Περγαμηνοί Σμυρναῖοι Χάρις Χάριτες Χάριτες Ἀπελλῆς Ἄτταλος Ὠιδεῖον

But as for determining who among men first depicted the Graces naked, either sculpting them or representing them in painting, I have been unable to discover. In earlier works both sculptors and painters portrayed them clothed. At Smyrna there stand golden Graces, dedicated in the sanctuary of the Nemeses, placed above the statues, the work of Boupalos; and also at Smyrna in the Odeion there is a painting of the Graces by Apelles. Likewise, the Pergamenes have in the chamber of Attalos figures of the Graces, these also by Boupalos.

Passage 9.35.7 Class: Skeptical

καὶ πρὸς τῷ ὀνομαζομένῳ Πυθίῳ Χάριτες καὶ ἐνταῦθά εἰσι Πυθαγόρου γράψαντος Παρίου· Σωκράτης τε ὁ Σωφρονίσκου πρὸ τῆς ἐς τὴν ἀκρόπολιν ἐσόδου Χαρίτων εἰργάσατο ἀγάλματα Ἀθηναίοις. καὶ ταῦτα μέν ἐστιν ὁμοίως ἅπαντα ἐν ἐσθῆτι, οἱ δὲ ὕστερον--- οὐκ οἶδα ἐφʼ ὅτῳ---μεταβεβλήκασι τὸ σχῆμα αὐταῖς· Χάριτας γοῦν οἱ κατʼ ἐμὲ ἔπλασσόν τε καὶ ἔγραφον γυμνάς.

Proper Nouns:

Πάριος Πυθαγόρας Πύθιος Σωκράτης Σωφρονίσκος Χάριτες ἀκρόπολις Ἀθηναῖοι

Near the so-called Pythian sanctuary there are also Graces, made here by Pythagoras of Paros; and Socrates, son of Sophroniscus, before the entrance to the Acropolis, fashioned images of the Graces for the Athenians. All these are alike clothed. Later artists—I do not know the reason—changed their appearance, for those sculptors and painters of my own time represent the Graces nude.

Legend:

Chapter 9.35