Pausanias Analysis

Passage 9.40.1 Class: Non-skeptical

τὸ δὲ μαντεῖον οἱ Βοιωτοὶ τοῦτο οὐ πεπυσμένοι πρότερον ἐπʼ αἰτίᾳ τοιᾷδε ἔγνωσαν. θεωροὺς ἀφʼ ἑκάστης πόλεως ἄνδρας ἀποστέλλουσιν ἐς Δελφούς· οὐ γὰρ δή σφισιν ἔτος δεύτερον ὗεν ὁ θεός. τούτοις αἰτοῦσιν ἐπανόρθωμα τοῦ αὐχμοῦ προσέταξεν ἡ Πυθία παρὰ Τροφώνιον ἐς Λεβάδειαν ἐλθοῦσιν εὕρασθαι παρὰ ἐκείνου τὸ ἴαμα.

Proper Nouns:

Βοιωτοί Δελφοί Λεβάδεια Πυθία Τροφώνιος

The Boeotians, who were previously unfamiliar with this oracle, came to know of it under the following circumstances. They dispatched delegates from each city to Delphi, since the god had granted them no rain for two consecutive years. When they requested relief from this drought, the Pythian priestess instructed them to go to Lebadeia and seek from Trophonios the remedy there.

Passage 9.40.2 Class: Non-skeptical

ὡς δὲ ἐς τὴν Λεβάδειαν ἐλθόντες οὐκ ἐδύναντο εὑρεῖν τὸ μαντεῖον, ἐνταῦθα τῶν ἐξ Ἀκραιφνίου πόλεως Σάων---οὗτος δὲ ἦν καὶ ἡλικίᾳ τῶν θεωρῶν πρεσβύτατος---εἶδεν ἑσμὸν μελισσῶν, καὶ παρέστη οἱ, ὅποι ποτʼ ἂν ἀποτράπωνται, καὶ αὐτὸς ἕπεσθαι. αὐτίκα δὴ τὰς μελίσσας ἐς τοῦτο ἐσπετομένας ὁρᾷ τῆς γῆς, καὶ συνεσῆλθέ σφισιν ἐς τὸ μαντεῖον. τοῦτον τὸν Σάωνα καὶ τὴν ἱερουργίαν τὴν καθεστηκυῖαν, καὶ ὁπόσα περὶ τὸ χρηστήριον δρῶσιν ἄλλα, διδαχθῆναι παρὰ τοῦ Τροφωνίου φασίν.

Proper Nouns:

Λεβάδεια Σάων Τrophonius Ἀκραιφνίον

When they came to Lebadeia but were unable to find the oracle, it happened that Saon, one of their company, who was from the city of Akraiphion and the oldest among the envoys, noticed a swarm of bees. It occurred to him that he ought to follow them wherever they went. Immediately he saw the bees fly into that particular spot of the ground, and he entered along with them into the oracle. They say that this Saon learned from Trophonios himself both the established rites and all the other ceremonies performed at the sanctuary.

Passage 9.40.3 Class: Non-skeptical

Δαιδάλου δὲ τῶν ἔργων δύο μὲν ταῦτά ἐστιν ἐν Βοιωτοῖς, Ἡρακλῆς τε ἐν Θήβαις καὶ παρὰ Λεβαδεῦσιν ὁ Τροφώνιος, τοσαῦτα δὲ ἕτερα ξόανα ἐν Κρήτῃ, Βριτόμαρτις ἐν Ὀλοῦντι καὶ Ἀθηνᾶ παρὰ Κνωσσίοις· παρὰ τούτοις δὲ καὶ ὁ τῆς Ἀριάδνης χορός, οὗ καὶ Ὅμηρος ἐν Ἰλιάδι μνήμην ἐποιήσατο, ἐπειργασμένος ἐστὶν ἐπὶ λευκοῦ λίθου. καὶ Δηλίοις Ἀφροδίτης ἐστὶν οὐ μέγα ξόανον, λελυμασμένον τὴν δεξιὰν χεῖρα ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου· κάτεισι δὲ ἀντὶ ποδῶν ἐς τετράγωνον σχῆμα.

Proper Nouns:

Βοιωτία Βριτόμαρτις Δαίδαλος Δῆλος Θῆβαι Κνωσός Κρήτη Λεβάδεια Τροφώνιος Ἀθηνᾶ Ἀριάδνη Ἀφροδίτη Ἡρακλῆς Ἰλιάς Ὄλους Ὅμηρος

Of the works of Daedalus, two are in the territory of the Boeotians: a Heracles at Thebes, and a Trophonius by the Lebadeans. Several other wooden images are found in Crete—a Britomartis at Olous, and an Athena among the Cnossians. Besides these, there is also the chorus of Ariadne, which Homer mentions in the Iliad, carved upon white stone. At Delos, too, there is a small wooden image of Aphrodite, whose right hand has been damaged by time; instead of feet, the lower part descends into a square base.

Passage 9.40.4 Class: Skeptical

πείθομαι τοῦτο Ἀριάδνην λαβεῖν παρὰ Δαιδάλου, καὶ ἡνίκα ἠκολούθησε τῷ Θησεῖ, τὸ ἄγαλμα ἐπεκομίζετο οἴκοθεν· ἀφαιρεθέντα δὲ αὐτῆς τὸν Θησέα οὕτω φασὶν οἱ Δήλιοι τὸ ξόανον τῆς θεοῦ ἀναθεῖναι τῷ Ἀπόλλωνι τῷ Δηλίῳ, ἵνα μὴ οἴκαδε ἐπαγόμενος ἐς ἀνάμνησίν τε Ἀριάδνης ἐφέλκηται καὶ ἀεὶ νέας ἐπὶ τῷ ἔρωτι εὑρίσκηται τὰς συμφοράς. πέρα δὲ οὐκ οἶδα ὑπόλοιπα ὄντα τῶν Δαιδάλου· τοῖς γὰρ ἀνατεθεῖσιν ὑπὸ Ἀργείων ἐς τὸ Ἡραῖον καὶ ἐς Γέλαν τὴν ἐν Σικελίᾳ κομισθεῖσιν ἐξ Ὀμφάκης, ἀφανισθῆναί σφισιν ὁ χρόνος καθέστηκεν αἴτιος.

Proper Nouns:

Γέλα Δήλιοι Δήλιος Δαίδαλος Θησεύς Σικελία Ἀπόλλων Ἀργεῖοι Ἀριάδνη Ἀριάδνη Ἡραῖον Ὀμφάκη

I am persuaded that Ariadne received this image from Daedalus, and when she accompanied Theseus, she brought the statue from home. According to the Delians, when she was taken away from Theseus, he dedicated this wooden figure of the goddess to Delian Apollo, so that he would not carry it home and thus, reminded constantly of Ariadne's memory, continue to find renewed suffering due to his love. Beyond this, I do not know of any other surviving works by Daedalus, for those dedicated by the Argives in the Heraion and those brought to Gela in Sicily from Omphake have perished, destroyed by time.

Passage 9.40.5 Class: Non-skeptical

Λεβαδέων δὲ ἔχονται Χαιρωνεῖς. ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ ἡ πόλις καὶ τούτοις Ἄρνη τὸ ἀρχαῖον· θυγατέρα δὲ εἶναι λέγουσιν Αἰόλου τὴν Ἄρνην, ἀπὸ δὲ ταύτης κληθῆναι καὶ ἑτέραν ἐν Θεσσαλίᾳ πόλιν· τὸ δὲ νῦν τοῖς Χαιρωνεῦσιν ὄνομα γεγονέναι ἀπὸ Χαίρωνος, ὃν Ἀπόλλωνός φασιν εἶναι, μητέρα δὲ αὐτοῦ Θηρὼ τὴν Φύλαντος εἶναι. μαρτυρεῖ δὲ καὶ ὁ τὰ ἔπη τὰς μεγάλας Ἠοίας ποιήσας·

Proper Nouns:

Αἰόλος Θεσσαλία Θηρὼ Λεβάδεια Φύλαντος Χαίρων Χαιρώνεια Ἀπόλλων Ἄρνη Ἠοία

Next to the Lebadeians are the Chaeroneans. Their city was formerly called Arne. They say that this Arne was a daughter of Aeolus, and that another city in Thessaly was also named after her. The present name of the Chaeroneans, however, derives from Chaeron, who is said to be a son of Apollo and whose mother was Thero, daughter of Phylas. The poet who composed the epic poem, the Great Eoeae, also bears witness to this.

Passage 9.40.6 Class: Skeptical

Φύλας δʼ ὤπυιεν κούρην κλειτοῦ Ἰολάου † λειπεφιληνη ν εἶδος Ὀλυμπιάδεσσιν ὅμοιον, Ἱππότην δέ οἱ υἱὸν ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἔτικτεν Θηρώ τʼ εὐειδῆ, ἰκέλην φαέεσσι σελήνης. Θηρὼ δʼ Ἀπόλλωνος ἐς ἀγκοίνῃσι πεσοῦσα γείνατο Χαίρωνος κρατερὸν μένος ἱπποδάμοιο. The Great Eoeae, unknown location. Ὅμηρος δὲ ἐπιστάμενος ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν Χαιρώνειάν τε ἤδη καὶ Λεβάδειαν καλουμένας, ὅμως τοῖς ἀρχαίοις ἐχρήσατο ὀνόμασιν ἐς αὐτάς, καθότι καὶ Αἴγυπτον τὸν ποταμὸν εἶπεν, οὐ Νεῖλον.

Proper Nouns:

Αἴγυπτος Θηρώ Λεβάδεια Νεῖλος Σελήνη Φύλας Χαίρων Χαιρώνεια Ἀπόλλων Ἰόλαος Ἱππότης Ὀλυμπιάδες Ὅμηρος

Phylas married the daughter of famed Iolaus, fairest of form among the daughters of Olympus. In his halls she bore him a son, Hippotes, and handsome Thero, radiant as moonlight. Thero, embraced by Apollo, bore the mighty Chaeron, tamer of horses. Homer, it seems to me, knew already the places called now Chaeroneia and Lebadeia, yet still employed their ancient names, just as he called the Egyptian river Aegyptus, not Nile.

Passage 9.40.7 Class: Non-skeptical

Χαιρωνεῦσι δὲ δύο ἐστὶν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τρόπαια, ἃ Ῥωμαῖοι καὶ Σύλλας ἔστησαν Ταξίλον καὶ στρατιὰν τὴν Μιθριδάτου κρατήσαντες. Φίλιππος δὲ οὐκ ἀνέθηκεν ὁ Ἀμύντου τρόπαιον οὔτε ἐνταῦθα οὔτε ὁπόσας μάχας ἄλλας βαρβάρους ἢ καὶ Ἕλληνας ἐνίκησεν· οὐ γάρ τι Μακεδόσιν ἱστάναι τρόπαια ἦν νενομισμένον.

Proper Nouns:

Μακεδόνες Μιθριδάτης Σύλλας Ταξίλος Φίλιππος Χαιρώνεια Ἀμύντας Ἕλληνες Ῥωμαῖοι

In the territory of Chaeroneia there are two trophies erected by the Romans and Sulla to commemorate their victory over Taxiles and the army of Mithridates. Philip, the son of Amyntas, however, set up no trophy there, nor indeed in any other place after all his victories over barbarians or Greeks; for it was not customary among the Macedonians to erect trophies.

Passage 9.40.8 Class: Skeptical

λέγεται δὲ ὑπὸ Μακεδόνων Καρανὸν βασιλεύοντα ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ κρατῆσαι μάχῃ Κισσέως, ὃς ἐδυνάστευεν ἐν χώρᾳ τῇ ὁμόρῳ· καὶ ὁ μὲν τρόπαιον ὁ Καρανὸς κατὰ νόμους τοὺς Ἀργείων ἔστησεν ἐπὶ τῇ νίκῃ· ἐπελθόντα δέ φασιν ἐκ τοῦ Ὀλύμπου λέοντα ἀνατρέψαι τε τὸ τρόπαιον καὶ ἀφανισθῆναι, συνεῖναι τε γνώμῃ

Proper Nouns:

Κάρανος Κισσεύς Μακεδονία Μακεδόνες Ἀργεῖοι Ὄλυμπος

It is said by the Macedonians that Caranus, when reigning in Macedonia, defeated in battle Cisseus, who ruled in an adjoining territory. Caranus, according to the laws of the Argives, set up a trophy celebrating his victory. But they say that a lion came down from Olympus, overturned the trophy, and then disappeared, and Caranus understood the meaning of the omen.

Passage 9.40.9 Class: Non-skeptical

Καρανὸν δὲ οὐκ εὖ βουλεύσασθαι βαρβάροις τοῖς περιοικοῦσιν ἐς ἔχθραν ἐλθόντα ἀδιάλλακτον, καταστῆναί τε χρῆναι γὰρ μήτε ὑπὸ αὐτοῦ Καρανοῦ μήτε ὑπὸ τῶν ὕστερον βασιλευσόντων Μακεδονίας τρόπαια ἵστασθαι, εἰ ἐς εὔνοιάν ποτε τοὺς προσχώρους ὑπάξονται. μαρτυρεῖ δὲ τῷ λόγῳ καὶ Ἀλέξανδρος, οὐκ ἀναστήσας οὔτε ἐπὶ Δαρείῳ τρόπαια οὔτε ἐπὶ ταῖς Ἰνδικαῖς νίκαις.

Proper Nouns:

Βάρβαροι Δαρεῖος Κάρανος Μακεδονία Ἀλέξανδρος Ἰνδική

Caranus did not, they say, wisely deliberate in entering into irreconcilable hostility with the neighboring barbarians. For he should have established the custom neither for himself nor for those who later ruled Macedonia, of erecting trophies, if ever they were to win over their neighbors' goodwill. Alexander also supports this claim by his example, for he erected no trophies either over Darius or in honor of his victories in India.

Passage 9.40.10 Class: Skeptical

προσιόντων δὲ τῇ πόλει πολυάνδριον Θηβαίων ἐστὶν ἐν τῷ πρὸς Φίλιππον ἀγῶνι ἀποθανόντων. ἐπιγέγραπται μὲν δὴ ἐπίγραμμα οὐδέν, ἐπίθημα δʼ ἔπεστιν αὐτῷ λέων· φέροι δʼ ἂν ἐς τῶν ἀνδρῶν μάλιστα τὸν θυμόν· ἐπίγραμμα δὲ ἄπεστιν ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν ὅτι οὐδὲ ἐοικότα τῇ τόλμῃ σφίσι τὰ ἐκ τοῦ δαίμονος ἠκολούθησε.

Proper Nouns:

Θῆβαι Φίλιππος

As one draws near the city, there is a common tomb of the Thebans who fell in the battle against Philip. No epitaph has been inscribed upon it, but it has the figure of a lion set upon it, most fitting indeed to the courage of the men. The absence of an epitaph, in my view, is due to the fact that the fortune granted them by the divine was altogether unsuited to their bravery.

Passage 9.40.11 Class: Non-skeptical

θεῶν δὲ μάλιστα Χαιρωνεῖς τιμῶσι τὸ σκῆπτρον ὃ ποιῆσαι Διί φησιν Ὅμηρος Ἥφαιστον, παρὰ δὲ Διὸς λαβόντα Ἑρμῆν δοῦναι Πέλοπι, Πέλοπα δὲ Ἀτρεῖ καταλιπεῖν, τὸν δὲ Ἀτρέα Θυέστῃ, παρὰ Θυέστου δὲ ἔχειν Ἀγαμέμνονα· τοῦτο οὖν τὸ σκῆπτρον σέβουσι, Δόρυ ὀνομάζοντες. καὶ εἶναι μέν τι θειότερον οὐχ ἥκιστα δηλοῖ τὸ ἐς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐπιφανὲς ἐξ αὐτοῦ·

Proper Nouns:

Δόρυ Ζεύς Ζεύς Θυέστης Θυέστης Πέλοψ Πέλοψ Χαιρώνεια Ἀγαμέμνων Ἀτρεύς Ἀτρεύς Ἑρμῆς Ἥφαιστος Ὅμηρος

Among the gods, the people of Chaeronea most highly revere the scepter that Homer says Hephaestus made for Zeus, which Hermes received from Zeus and gave to Pelops. Pelops left it to Atreus, Atreus to Thyestes, and from Thyestes it passed to Agamemnon. This scepter they honor and call the "Spear." That something divine indeed inhabits it is most clearly demonstrated by its evident manifestations among men.

Passage 9.40.12 Class: Non-skeptical

φασὶ δʼ ἐπὶ τοῖς ὅροις αὐτῶν καὶ Πανοπέων τῶν ἐν τῇ Φωκίδι εὑρεθῆναι, σὺν δὲ αὐτῷ καὶ χρυσὸν εὕρασθαι τοὺς Φωκεῖς, σφίσι δὲ ἀσμένοις ἀντὶ χρυσοῦ γενέσθαι τὸ σκῆπτρον. κομισθῆναι δὲ αὐτὸ ἐς τὴν Φωκίδα ὑπὸ Ἠλέκτρας τῆς Ἀγαμέμνονος πείθομαι. ναὸς δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτῷ δημοσίᾳ πεποιημένος, ἀλλὰ κατὰ ἔτος ἕκαστον ὁ ἱερώμενος ἐν οἰκήματι ἔχει τὸ σκῆπτρον· καί οἱ θυσίαι ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν θύονται, καὶ τράπεζα παράκειται παντοδαπῶν κρεῶν καὶ πεμμάτων πλήρης.

Proper Nouns:

Πανοπεύς Φωκίς Φωκίς Φωκεύς Ἀγαμέμνων Ἠλέκτρα

They say it was found on the borders between their land and Panopeus in Phocis, and that the Phocians discovered gold along with it, but they gladly accepted the scepter itself instead of the gold. I am inclined to believe that it was brought to Phocis by Electra, the daughter of Agamemnon. No public temple has been built for it, but annually the appointed priest keeps the scepter in his dwelling. There are daily sacrifices offered to it, and beside it stands a table filled with all sorts of meats and sweetmeats.

Legend:

Chapter 9.40