Greek vocabulary and unexpectedly long or short English translations
English word count is first predicted from Greek word count. The residual is actual English length minus expected English length; positive values mark translations that are longer than expected for the Greek passage length.
These Greek words and phrases are associated with translations that run longer than expected after the length adjustment.
| Greek Word/Phrase | English | Coefficient | Passages | Mean Residual With Term | Mean Residual Without Term |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| γὰρ | for | +5.758 | 765 | +1.2 | -0.4 |
| ἀθηναίοισ | to/for the Athenians | +5.572 | 131 | +4.8 | -0.2 |
| ἀθηναίων | +5.018 | 144 | +3.5 | -0.2 | |
| οὐκ | not | +4.015 | 574 | +1.1 | -0.2 |
| ἱερόν | temple; sanctuary | +3.862 | 169 | +2.6 | -0.1 |
| ὃσ | who; which; that | +3.785 | 170 | +2.6 | -0.1 |
| τοῦτον | this one | +3.760 | 200 | +2.8 | -0.2 |
| πλησίον | near; nearby; close (to); neighbor (as a noun) | +3.547 | 122 | +3.4 | -0.1 |
| λέγουσιν | they say | +3.481 | 317 | +1.9 | -0.2 |
| ἄγαλμα | statue (especially a cult image or votive offering) | +3.473 | 356 | +1.5 | -0.2 |
| ποιῆσαι | to make; to do | +3.387 | 53 | +5.3 | -0.1 |
| ἡρῶιον | a hero’s shrine | +3.289 | 26 | +8.3 | -0.1 |
| φασὶ | they say | +3.108 | 63 | +3.5 | -0.1 |
| καλούμενον | being called | +3.068 | 111 | +3.1 | -0.1 |
| οὕτω | thus; so; in this way | +3.046 | 196 | +1.3 | -0.1 |
| πελοπόννησον | +3.042 | 44 | +5.8 | -0.1 | |
| ὕστερον | +3.026 | 331 | +1.6 | -0.2 | |
| λακεδαιμόνιοι | Lacedaemonians | +2.983 | 125 | +2.2 | -0.1 |
| δὲ | but | +2.952 | 3125 | -0.0 | +0.5 |
| τότε | then; at that time | +2.927 | 271 | +1.4 | -0.1 |
| δήμου | +2.760 | 37 | +4.4 | -0.1 | |
| ἦλθεν | he/she/it came | +2.746 | 32 | +6.1 | -0.1 |
| μεσσηνίοισ | to the Messenians | +2.730 | 59 | +3.4 | -0.1 |
| πρῶτον | first; first of all | +2.712 | 103 | +2.7 | -0.1 |
| βωμὸσ | altar | +2.668 | 50 | +5.1 | -0.1 |
| ὡσ | as; like; how; that; when | +2.657 | 912 | +0.4 | -0.2 |
| ἤδη | already | +2.628 | 249 | +1.1 | -0.1 |
| δρόμον | +2.621 | 23 | +4.4 | -0.0 | |
| ἐσ πελοπόννησον | +2.601 | 38 | +5.6 | -0.1 | |
| ἣν | whom | +2.600 | 114 | +3.3 | -0.1 |
These Greek words and phrases are associated with translations that run shorter than expected after the length adjustment.
| Greek Word/Phrase | English | Coefficient | Passages | Mean Residual With Term | Mean Residual Without Term |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| τὸ | -8.254 | 1871 | -0.5 | +0.7 | |
| τε | and | -7.438 | 1844 | -0.9 | +1.3 |
| τε καὶ | -7.102 | 501 | -2.6 | +0.5 | |
| καὶ | and | -6.568 | 3091 | -0.1 | +2.7 |
| τὰ | the | -5.754 | 1348 | -1.0 | +0.7 |
| τῆι | to the | -4.735 | 1138 | -0.9 | +0.5 |
| τὴν | the | -4.673 | 1796 | -0.3 | +0.3 |
| τῶν | of the | -3.923 | 1596 | -0.6 | +0.6 |
| τῶι | -3.895 | 1307 | -0.5 | +0.4 | |
| τοῦ | -3.827 | 1950 | -0.3 | +0.5 | |
| εἰσιν | they are | -3.720 | 150 | -2.9 | +0.1 |
| ἄλλοι | -3.696 | 77 | -4.3 | +0.1 | |
| ἐν | in; at; on; among | -3.627 | 1929 | -0.3 | +0.5 |
| ἐσ | into; to; toward | -3.377 | 2242 | -0.3 | +0.7 |
| ἐσ τὴν | into the | -3.372 | 488 | -1.3 | +0.2 |
| αἱ | the | -3.371 | 219 | -1.9 | +0.1 |
| σταδίουσ | stades | -3.358 | 102 | -3.2 | +0.1 |
| ἐπὶ | on, upon; at; to/toward; against | -3.313 | 1397 | -0.5 | +0.4 |
| ὁδὸσ | road; way | -3.088 | 47 | -5.3 | +0.1 |
| ὄνομα | name | -3.057 | 315 | -1.4 | +0.2 |
| δή | -3.029 | 87 | -2.8 | +0.1 | |
| ἐν τοῖσ | in the | -3.022 | 150 | -1.9 | +0.1 |
| ὑπὲρ | over, above; on behalf of/for the sake of; beyond | -3.002 | 223 | -1.7 | +0.1 |
| ὄροσ | -2.998 | 102 | -3.4 | +0.1 | |
| κατὰ | according to; against; down; along; throughout; during | -2.996 | 689 | -1.0 | +0.3 |
| ἦσαν | they were | -2.979 | 144 | -2.2 | +0.1 |
| οἱ | the (masculine plural) | -2.874 | 1411 | -0.3 | +0.3 |
| ἐν τῆι | in the | -2.767 | 431 | -1.1 | +0.2 |
| ἐποιήσατο | -2.763 | 42 | -3.7 | +0.0 | |
| φωκεῖσ | -2.763 | 33 | -6.3 | +0.1 |
These English words and phrases are disproportionately found in passages whose translations are longer than expected.
| English Word/Phrase | Coefficient | Passages | Mean Residual With Term | Mean Residual Without Term |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| of | +10.465 | 3044 | +0.1 | -2.4 |
| they | +10.399 | 1589 | +1.5 | -1.5 |
| to | +9.963 | 2682 | +0.5 | -2.9 |
| as | +7.435 | 1555 | +1.4 | -1.4 |
| had | +7.254 | 985 | +1.8 | -0.8 |
| there is | +6.924 | 668 | +2.2 | -0.6 |
| who | +6.075 | 1346 | +1.4 | -1.0 |
| he | +6.037 | 1104 | +1.3 | -0.7 |
| an | +5.492 | 788 | +2.0 | -0.7 |
| that | +5.424 | 1927 | +1.0 | -1.6 |
| was | +5.266 | 1689 | +1.3 | -1.4 |
| it | +5.110 | 1468 | +1.2 | -1.0 |
| been | +4.849 | 540 | +2.6 | -0.5 |
| for | +4.551 | 1647 | +1.0 | -1.1 |
| the athenians | +4.516 | 301 | +3.2 | -0.3 |
| when | +4.447 | 868 | +1.9 | -0.7 |
| athenians | +4.175 | 318 | +2.8 | -0.3 |
| the | +4.110 | 3162 | +0.0 | -0.3 |
| him | +4.063 | 700 | +1.6 | -0.5 |
| up | +4.028 | 272 | +2.6 | -0.2 |
| them | +4.026 | 992 | +1.3 | -0.6 |
| there | +3.992 | 1179 | +1.0 | -0.6 |
| dedicated to | +3.897 | 166 | +3.8 | -0.2 |
| temple | +3.881 | 401 | +2.3 | -0.3 |
| statue of | +3.824 | 331 | +2.0 | -0.2 |
| shall | +3.728 | 76 | +3.8 | -0.1 |
| you | +3.619 | 108 | +0.8 | -0.0 |
| the son | +3.595 | 381 | +2.4 | -0.3 |
| war | +3.465 | 277 | +2.3 | -0.2 |
| by the | +3.429 | 627 | +1.5 | -0.4 |
These English words and phrases are disproportionately found in passages whose translations are shorter than expected.
| English Word/Phrase | Coefficient | Passages | Mean Residual With Term | Mean Residual Without Term |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| and | -6.596 | 2975 | -0.0 | +0.1 |
| mount | -4.295 | 118 | -3.4 | +0.1 |
| are | -3.992 | 828 | -0.7 | +0.2 |
| around | -3.886 | 186 | -2.7 | +0.2 |
| the river | -3.157 | 207 | -3.1 | +0.2 |
| depicted | -3.117 | 135 | -3.0 | +0.1 |
| sons | -2.998 | 196 | -0.3 | +0.0 |
| river | -2.924 | 274 | -2.9 | +0.3 |
| phokians | -2.639 | 81 | -4.0 | +0.1 |
| odysseus | -2.527 | 43 | -4.4 | +0.1 |
| stades | -2.405 | 140 | -3.6 | +0.2 |
| beneath | -2.349 | 83 | -2.7 | +0.1 |
| flows | -2.347 | 98 | -4.5 | +0.1 |
| heracles | -2.332 | 223 | -0.3 | +0.0 |
| poetry | -2.293 | 42 | -3.4 | +0.0 |
| along | -2.234 | 267 | -1.4 | +0.1 |
| the phokians | -2.204 | 75 | -3.8 | +0.1 |
| road | -2.199 | 173 | -1.9 | +0.1 |
| behind | -2.123 | 87 | -1.6 | +0.0 |
| elis | -2.098 | 100 | -1.7 | +0.1 |
| entire | -2.073 | 64 | -2.7 | +0.1 |
| may | -2.067 | 59 | -2.7 | +0.1 |
| founded | -2.026 | 99 | -1.3 | +0.0 |
| its | -1.999 | 452 | -0.5 | +0.1 |
| number | -1.961 | 89 | -2.9 | +0.1 |
| phocis | -1.956 | 43 | -3.9 | +0.1 |
| most of | -1.914 | 67 | -1.5 | +0.0 |
| mountains | -1.878 | 43 | -4.2 | +0.1 |
| twenty | -1.853 | 66 | -4.1 | +0.1 |
| the city | -1.852 | 392 | -0.7 | +0.1 |
| Passage | Greek Words | English Words | Expected English | Residual | English Snippet |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2.10.1 | 118 | 187 | 150.7 | +36.3 | In the gymnasium near the Agora there is a statue of Heracles reclining, carved of stone, a work by Scopas. Elsewhere also there is a sanctuary of Heracles. The whole surrounding... |
| 1.28.10 | 97 | 158 | 124.4 | +33.6 | At the Delphinion, a trial is established for those claiming to have committed homicide with just cause—a plea such as Theseus successfully offered and thereby escaped penalty whe... |
| 2.1.5 | 84 | 141 | 108.1 | +32.9 | The Isthmus of the Corinthians stretches on one side towards the sea near Cenchreae, and on the other towards the sea at Lechaeum; it is this that makes the inland region a part o... |
| 2.11.1 | 111 | 174 | 141.9 | +32.1 | Turning from here toward the gate called the Sacred Gate, not far from this gate there is a temple of Athena, which was once erected by Epopeus, and which surpassed at that time a... |
| 4.26.6 | 92 | 149 | 118.1 | +30.9 | But Epaminondas saw clearly that it was not otherwise easy to found a city capable of resisting the Lacedaemonians; nor could he find an appropriate place in the region for settle... |
| 10.7.5 | 64 | 112 | 83.0 | +29.0 | Then for the first time they also established contests for athletes, including the same events held at Olympia, except for the four-horse chariot race; and they themselves added a... |
| 2.20.2 | 100 | 157 | 128.1 | +28.9 | Since hatred had already grown to its highest pitch between both parties, the Argives resolved to equip a regiment of one thousand select men. Bryas, an Argive, was appointed comm... |
| 9.23.3 | 66 | 114 | 85.5 | +28.5 | Such was the occasion of Pindar's first composition of poetry; but when his fame already extended throughout all of Greece, it was further enhanced by the oracle at Delphi, which... |
| 2.11.7 | 90 | 144 | 115.6 | +28.4 | To Alexanor and Euamerion—for there are statues of these as well—they perform sacrifices: to the former as to a hero, offering libations after sunset, but to Euamerion as to a god... |
| 2.9.1 | 96 | 151 | 123.1 | +27.9 | Cleomenes, the son of Leonidas, who was himself the son of Cleonymus, when he had succeeded to the kingship at Sparta, began to imitate Pausanias, desiring tyranny and dissatisfie... |
| 9.6.1 | 47 | 89 | 61.7 | +27.3 | Among the successes occurring for them in contests of war, as well as events of the opposite kind, I find the following to have been most conspicuous: They were defeated by the At... |
| 4.8.7 | 103 | 159 | 131.9 | +27.1 | Such were the peculiar circumstances in each army regarding both the deeds accomplished and the attitudes of those fighting, and there were also factors common to both sides. On t... |
| 2.23.2 | 74 | 122 | 95.5 | +26.5 | And they continue even to this day to pay him honors. Closest to the temple of Dionysus you will see the house of Adrastus, and farther from it is a sanctuary of Amphiaraus, and b... |
| 2.1.1 | 110 | 167 | 140.7 | +26.3 | The land of Corinth was originally part of the Argive territory, and took its name from Corinth. That Corinth was a son of Zeus, I know of no one who has seriously asserted, excep... |
| 10.7.8 | 96 | 149 | 123.1 | +25.9 | The Eleans admitted the boys' pancratium and later, by many years, the race for two-horse chariots of colts and the riding-race for colts—the first of these contests at the sixty-... |
| 9.2.7 | 102 | 156 | 130.6 | +25.4 | Within the city itself, as you proceed onward from the altar and the statue dedicated to Zeus Eleutherios, there is a heroic shrine of Plataea. The matters concerning this city—bo... |
| 1.12.5 | 106 | 161 | 135.7 | +25.3 | An embassy from Syracuse drew Pyrrhus away into Sicily. For the Carthaginians, having crossed over, laid waste to the Greek cities there and, besieging Syracuse, the only place st... |
| 2.28.5 | 75 | 122 | 96.8 | +25.2 | No longer giving her any reply, they seized her, placed her on the chariot, and drove away. But one of the Epidaurians informed Deiphontes that Cerynes and Phalces had departed, h... |
| 1.30.3 | 84 | 133 | 108.1 | +24.9 | Not far from the Academy is the tomb of Plato, whom the god revealed beforehand would excel in philosophy. The manner of this revelation was as follows: Socrates, during the night... |
| 1.14.3 | 101 | 154 | 129.4 | +24.6 | Epic verses attributed to Musaeus—if indeed these truly belong to Musaeus—sing of Triptolemus as being the child of Oceanus and Earth. Other verses, attributed to Orpheus—though t... |
| Passage | Greek Words | English Words | Expected English | Residual | English Snippet |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8.13.4 | 93 | 83 | 119.4 | -36.4 | Opposite the city is Mount Trachy. The water flowing from the deity through a ravine between the city and Mount Trachy descends into another plain belonging to Orchomenus. This pl... |
| 7.4.8 | 87 | 84 | 111.8 | -27.8 | In the work of Ion, who composed tragedies, it is said as follows: Poseidon came to the island when it was still uninhabited, and there lay with a nymph. At the time of her childb... |
| 10.29.5 | 81 | 79 | 104.3 | -25.3 | There are many stories concerning Dionysus, told by both Greeks and Egyptians; below Phaedra stands Chloris, leaning upon the knees of Thyia. He who says there was friendship betw... |
| 8.38.6 | 132 | 143 | 168.3 | -25.3 | Mount Lykaion also provides other wonders, and especially the following. There is a sanctuary there dedicated to Zeus Lykaeus, into which no human being is permitted to enter. If... |
| 7.22.11 | 103 | 107 | 131.9 | -24.9 | Not far from the city of Patrae is the river Meilichos and the sanctuary of Triklaria, which no longer has any statue within it. This sanctuary lies on the right hand. After passi... |
| 5.25.3 | 105 | 110 | 134.4 | -24.4 | For the winds disturb this sea from both sides, driving waves upon it from the Adriatic and from the other sea called Tyrrhenian. Even when the winds cease to blow, the strait its... |
| 8.1.5 | 77 | 75 | 99.3 | -24.3 | Pelagos, when king, devised the making of huts, so that mankind might neither suffer from the cold nor be drenched by rain nor troubled by fierce heat. It was he also who invented... |
| 8.3.3 | 84 | 84 | 108.1 | -24.1 | Both the city and the river Elisson have received their names from Elisson; similarly, Makaria, Dasea, and Trapezus were also named after the sons of Lycaon. Orchomenus was the fo... |
| 8.18.5 | 83 | 83 | 106.8 | -23.8 | Glass, rock crystal, porcelain, and whatever else humans fashion from stone, as well as earthenware pottery, are shattered by the water of the Styx. Objects made of horn or bone,... |
| 5.22.2 | 94 | 97 | 120.6 | -23.6 | Near what is called the Hippodameion is a semicircular stone pedestal upon which stand statues of Zeus, Thetis, and Eos, who are supplicating Zeus on behalf of their children. The... |
| 8.4.8 | 74 | 72 | 95.5 | -23.5 | After Aepytus, Aleus gained the kingship. Agamedes and Gortys, sons of Stymphalus, were the fourth generation from Arcas, while Aleus, son of Apheidas, was the third. Aleus built... |
| 10.33.5 | 66 | 62 | 85.5 | -23.5 | Here the river has its sources. It rises from the earth, not always quietly, but mostly—especially when midday draws near—it produces a sound as it wells upward, which resembles t... |
| 10.17.13 | 88 | 90 | 113.1 | -23.1 | Except for a single herb, the island is free of plants and poisons that cause death. The deadly herb resembles celery, and they say that those who eat it die while overcome by lau... |
| 10.25.3 | 91 | 94 | 116.9 | -22.9 | This man, therefore, is depicted in Polygnotus' painting, and below him is a certain Ithaemenes carrying clothing, and Echöiax descending a ladder, holding a bronze pitcher. Nearb... |
| 7.6.1 | 83 | 84 | 106.8 | -22.8 | At that time, after the departure of the Ionians, the Achaeans divided among themselves the land formerly belonging to the Ionians and began settling in their cities. These cities... |
| 10.30.3 | 71 | 69 | 91.8 | -22.8 | After the daughters of Pandareos stands Antilochus, keeping one foot upon a rock, and supporting his face and head on both his hands. After Antilochus is Agamemnon, leaning with a... |
| 8.11.5 | 66 | 63 | 85.5 | -22.5 | About thirty stadia along the road from Mantineia toward Pallantium, the grove called Pelagos extends to the highway. Here the cavalry forces of the Athenians and Mantineians foug... |
| 8.36.2 | 66 | 63 | 85.5 | -22.5 | There is in Methydrium a temple of Poseidon Hippios, situated along the river Mylaon. The mountain called Thaumasios stretches above the river Maloetas. The people of Methydrium s... |
| 7.25.12 | 58 | 53 | 75.5 | -22.5 | Beside the Achaian Krathis once stood the Achaian city of Aegae; it is said to have gradually become deserted through weakness. Homer, too, made mention of this Aegae in his accou... |
| 5.11.3 | 96 | 101 | 123.1 | -22.1 | Between the feet of the throne there are four cross-bars, each stretching from one foot to another. On the bar directly facing the entrance stand seven figures, for the eighth amo... |