Sentences where the two classifiers disagree
| Passage | Sentence | Original | Greta-inspired | Greek | English | Greta-inspired rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.1.2 | 1 | historical | mythic | φρονοῦσα δὲ ἡ Μεσσήνη διὰ τὸν πατέρα, ἀξιώματι καὶ δυνάμει τῶν τότε προέχοντα Ἑλλήνων, οὐκ ἠξίου τὸν ἄνδρα ἰδιωτεύειν. | Now Messene, proud through the status of her father—who at that time surpassed all other Greeks in honor and power—could not tolerate that her husband remained a private citizen. | The sentence refers to Messene and her father as a prominent Greek figure, which is mythic/genealogical in this context; it does not assert a post-500 BCE historical event or institution. |
| 4.1.3 | 4 | other | mythic | ἐν Ὀδυσσείᾳ δὲ δηλοῖ μὲν καὶ ἐν τῷδε ἔθνος καὶ οὐ πόλιν τοὺς Μεσσηνίους ὄντας, μῆλα γὰρ ἐξ Ἰθάκης Μεσσήνιοι ἄνδρες ἄειραν, Hom. Od. 21.18 | Further, in the Odyssey he clearly shows Messenians as a tribe but not a city, saying: "Messenians carried off sheep from Ithaca." (Hom. Od. 21.18) | The sentence cites Homer and reports a mythic/epic action by Messenians in the Odyssey; it does not assert post-500 BCE historical content. |
| 4.1.4 | 1 | mythic | other | σαφέστερον δὲ ἔτι περὶ τοῦ τόξου λέγων τοῦ Ἰφίτου | Speaking still more clearly concerning the bow of Iphitos, Homer says: | Authorial transition introducing a quotation; it only refers to Iphitos' bow without asserting any mythic or historical event. |
| 4.1.4 | 3 | mythic | other | τοῦ γὰρ Ὀρτιλόχου τὸν οἶκον ἐν τῇ Μεσσήνῃ πόλισμα εἴρηκε τὰς Φηράς, καὶ τόδε ἐξηγήσατο αὐτὸς ἐν Πεισιστράτου παρὰ Μενέλαον ἀποδημίᾳ· | By the house of Ortilochus he indicates the city of Pherai in Messene, as he himself explains in the visit of Pisistratus to Menelaus: | This is an authorial explanatory cross-reference about a place-name identification, not narration of mythic or historical events. |
| 4.1.4 | 4 | mythic | other | ἐς Φηρὰς δʼ ἵκοντο Διοκλῆος ποτὶ δῶμα, υἱέος Ὀρτιλόχοιο. Hom. Od. 3.488 | "And they came to Pherai, to the house of Diocles, son of Ortilochus." (Odyssey 3.488) | A route/location notice naming Pherai and Diocles; it does not itself narrate mythic or historical action. |
| 4.1.5 | 4 | mythic | other | ὁμολογεῖ δέ σφισι καὶ ὕμνος Μουσαίου Λυκομίδαις ποιηθεὶς ἐς Δήμητρα. | This is confirmed by a hymn composed by Musaeus in honor of Demeter for the Lycomidae. | This sentence only cites a hymn by Musaeus as confirmation; it does not itself narrate a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.1.6 | 1 | historical | mythic | τὴν δὲ τελετὴν τῶν Μεγάλων θεῶν Λύκος ὁ Πανδίονος πολλοῖς ἔτεσιν ὕστερον Καύκωνος προήγαγεν ἐς πλέον τιμῆς· | The mysteries of the Great Gods were raised to greater esteem, many years after Caucon, by Lycus, son of Pandion; | Mentions Lycus son of Pandion and a cultic advancement of the Great Gods' mysteries; this is mythic/legendary genealogy and cult etiology, not post-500 BC history. |
| 4.1.6 | 2 | other | mythic | καὶ Λύκου δρυμὸν ἔτι ὀνομάζουσιν ἔνθα ἐκάθηρε τοὺς μύστας. | even now they still call the grove of Lycus the place where he used to perform the purification of initiates. | The sentence attributes a ritual act to Lycus in a mythic/etiological way, explaining the grove's name and use; it does not assert post-500 BCE historical content. |
| 4.1.8 | 2 | other | mythic | θαύμασα δʼ ὡς σύμπαντα Λύκος Πανδιόνιος φὼς Ἀτθίδος ἱερὰ ἔργα παρʼ Ἀνδανίῃ θέτο κεδνῇ. | I marveled, indeed, at how completely Lycus, son of Pandion, an Athenian by race, transferred the sacred rites from Attica to the holy place of Andania. | The sentence asserts a mythic/etiological transfer of sacred rites by Lycus, son of Pandion; it does not narrate a post-500 BCE historical event. |
| 4.2.1 | 1 | mythic | other | πυθέσθαι δὲ σπουδῇ πάνυ ἐθελήσας, οἵ τινες παῖδες Πολυκάονι ἐγένοντο ἐκ Μεσσήνης, ἐπελεξάμην τάς τε Ἠοίας καλουμένας καὶ τὰ ἔπη τὰ Ναυπάκτια, πρὸς δὲ αὐτοῖς ὁπόσα Κιναίθων καὶ Ἄσιος ἐγενεαλόγησαν. | Since I earnestly wished to find out who were the children born to Polycaon from Messene, I examined carefully both the works called the “Eoiae” and the “Naupactian Epics,” as well as all the genealogies composed by Cinaethon and Asius. | Authorial note about consulting sources and genealogies; it does not itself narrate a myth or historical event. |
| 4.2.3 | 1 | other | mythic | Θεσσαλοὶ δὲ καὶ Εὐβοεῖς, ἥκει γὰρ δὴ ἐς ἀμφισβήτησιν τῶν ἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι τὰ πλείω, λέγουσιν οἱ μὲν ὡς τὸ Εὐρύτιον---χωρίον δὲ ἔρημον ἐφʼ ἡμῶν ἐστι τὸ Εὐρύτιον---πόλις τὸ ἀρχαῖον ἦν καὶ ἐκαλεῖτο Οἰχαλία, τῷ δὲ Εὐβοέων λόγῳ Κρεώφυλος ἐν Ἡρακλείᾳ πεποίηκεν ὁμολογοῦντα· | Now, the Thessalians and the Euboeans—for indeed most matters in Greece are subject to dispute—give differing accounts: the Thessalians maintain that Eurytion (which in our time is a deserted locale) was in ancient days a city called Oechalia; the Euboean tradition, however, is supported by Creophylus, who composed a poem titled "Herakleia" agreeing with their account. | The sentence reports competing ancient traditions about Eurytion/Oechalia and cites Creophylus' poem supporting one account; this is mythic/legendary material, not post-500 BCE history. |
| 4.2.3 | 2 | other | historical | Ἑκαταῖος δὲ ὁ Μιλήσιος ἐν Σκίῳ μοίρᾳ τῆς Ἐρετρικῆς ἔγραψεν εἶναι Οἰχαλίαν. | Hecataeus the Milesian wrote that Oechalia belonged to the territory of Eretria, specifically in the Scian district. | Reports Hecataeus, a historical author, and his geographical claim; no mythic narrative is asserted in the sentence itself. |
| 4.2.4 | 2 | historical | other | κυριώτερος δὲ ἔτι Ἀφαρεὺς ἦν. | However, Aphareus was the more authoritative ruler. | This is a bare characterization of Aphareus as a ruler; it does not narrate a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.3.2 | 4 | mythic | other | οἳ δὲ καὶ μάλιστα ἤδη βεβαιοῦνται τὸν ἐς τοὺς Ἀσκληπιάδας λόγον, ἀποφαίνοντες ἐν Γερηνίᾳ Μαχάονος μνῆμα καὶ τὸ ἐν Φαραῖς τῶν Μαχάονος παίδων ἱερόν. | Indeed, he would never have shown such marked concern if Machaon had not been a neighbor and king among kindred peoples. | The sentence only notes the existence/location of Machaon's tomb and a sanctuary of his children; it does not narrate a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.3.7 | 1 | historical | other | τὰ δὲ βασίλεια, ἔνθα αὐτὸς καὶ οἱ παῖδες ἔμελλον οἰκήσειν, ᾠκοδομήσατο ἐν Στενυκλήρῳ. | He built his royal palace at Stenyclarus, where he himself and his sons intended to dwell. | A bare statement that he built a royal palace at Stenyclarus; it is a location/building notice, not a narrated mythic deed or a datable historical event. |
| 4.3.8 | 2 | historical | other | περιγίνεται μόνος τοῦ οἴκου, καὶ ὡς ἀνὴρ ἐγένετο, οἱ Ἀρκάδες κατάγουσιν αὐτὸν ἐς Μεσσήνην. | Being the only survivor of his household, when he had grown to manhood, the Arcadians restored him to Messene. | A simple biographical/restoration statement about an Arcadian action; it does not itself narrate mythic or post-500 BCE historical content. |
| 4.3.8 | 5 | historical | both | προσαγόμενος δὲ τοὺς μὲν ἐν τέλει τῶν Μεσσηνίων θεραπείαις, ὅσοι δὲ ἦσαν τοῦ δήμου, δωρεαῖς, ἐς τοσοῦτο προέβη τιμῆς ὡς καὶ τοὺς ἀπογόνους Αἰπυτίδας ἀντὶ Ἡρακλειδῶν κληθῆναι. | He then sought the favor of the leading men of the Messenians by honors, and of the common people by gifts, and raised himself in esteem to such a degree that his descendants were called Aepytidae instead of Heracleidae. | The sentence describes a historical political act of winning favor with Messenians and a dynastic naming change for descendants, but the Heracleidae/Aepytidae genealogy is also mythic. |
| 4.3.10 | 3 | mythic | both | Συβότας δὲ ὁ Δωτάδα τῷ τε ποταμῷ κατεστήσατο τῷ Παμίσῳ κατὰ ἔτος ἕκαστον θύειν τὸν βασιλεύοντα καὶ Εὐρύτῳ τῷ Μελανέως ἐναγίζειν ἐν Οἰχαλίᾳ πρὸ τῆς τελετῆς τῶν Μεγάλων θεῶν ἀγομένης ἔτι ἐν Ἀνδανίᾳ. | Sybotas, son of Dotadas, ordained that each year the reigning king should make sacrifice to the river Pamisos, and should also offer rites in honor of Eurytos, son of Melaneus, at Oechalia, before the festival of the Great Gods that was still then held at Andania. | The sentence attributes an ordinance to Sybotas, a historical figure, and also includes cult rites for Eurytos, a mythic hero, as part of that ordinance. |
| 4.4.3 | 1 | historical | mythic | Μεσσήνιοι δὲ τοῖς ἐλθοῦσι σφῶν ἐς τὸ ἱερὸν πρωτεύουσιν ἐν Μεσσήνῃ κατὰ ἀξίωμα, τούτοις φασὶν ἐπιβουλεῦσαι Τήλεκλον, αἴτιον δὲ εἶναι τῆς χώρας τῆς Μεσσηνίας τὴν ἀρετήν, ἐπιβουλεύοντα δὲ ἐπιλέξαι Σπαρτιατῶν ὁπόσοι πω γένεια οὐκ εἶχον, τούτους δὲ ἐσθῆτι καὶ κόσμῳ τῷ λοιπῷ σκευάσαντα ὡς παρθένους ἀναπαυομένοις τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις ἐπεισαγαγεῖν, δόντα ἐγχειρίδια· καὶ τοὺς Μεσσηνίους ἀμυνομένους τούς τε ἀγενείους νεανίσκους καὶ αὐτὸν ἀποκτεῖναι Τήλεκλον, Λακεδαιμονίους δὲ---οὐ γὰρ ἄνευ τοῦ κοινοῦ ταῦτα βουλεῦσαι σφῶν τὸν βασιλέα---συνειδότας ὡς ἄρξαιεν ἀδικίας, τοῦ φόνου σφᾶς τοῦ Τηλέκλου δίκας οὐκ ἀπαιτῆσαι. | The Messenians say that Teleclus plotted against those of their men who came to the sanctuary, who were the principal citizens of Messene in prestige. | The sentence narrates a legendary/etiological story about Teleclus plotting and being killed by the Messenians; it is mythic-historical narrative rather than a mere location note. |
| 4.4.4 | 3 | other | historical | ἐπιγενομένης ἀφορμῆς σφισιν ἐθελέχθρως μὲν ἔχουσι καὶ πολεμῆσαι πάντως ἐγνωκόσιν οὐ μόνον ἀποχρώσης ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ μάλιστα εὐπροσώπου, μετὰ δὲ εἰρηνικωτέρας γνώμης κἂν διελύθη δικαστηρίου γνώσει. | An occasion arose, and, since they harbored deliberate enmity and were intent upon conflict at any cost, they took it as not merely sufficient, but entirely plausible grounds for war; yet, had they possessed a more peaceable mind, the matter could have been settled through judicial decision. | The sentence describes a conflict leading to war and possible judicial settlement, which is historical/political in character rather than mythic. |
| 4.4.4 | 4 | historical | other | τὰ δὲ συμβάντα ἔσχεν οὕτω. | These were the events that led to war. | Pure transition/summary sentence; it states that events led to war without specifying a mythic or historical event itself. |
| 4.4.6 | 1 | other | historical | ἦν δὲ ἄρα τοιόσδε τις ὁ Εὔαιφνος, κέρδη τε ἄδικα ἐπίπροσθεν ἢ πιστὸς εἶναι ποιούμενος καὶ ἄλλως αἱμύλος· | This Euaphnus was, it seems, a man of the following sort—he habitually preferred dishonest gain over trustworthy conduct, and was generally cunning. | This is a biographical characterization of Euaphnus, a historical person, describing his conduct. |
| 4.4.7 | 3 | historical | other | τιμὴν δὲ ἥντινα εἰλήφει τῶν βοῶν, λόγῳ τε ἀπέφαινε καὶ τὸν παῖδα ἠξίου τὸν Πολυχάρους ἕπεσθαί οἱ κομιούμενον. | He further explained the price he had received for the cattle, and urged Polychares' son to accompany him to recover it. | A speech about the price of cattle and urging someone to accompany him is a narrative detail, but it does not itself assert mythic or post-500 BCE historical content. |
| 4.4.8 | 1 | historical | other | φονεύει τοῦ Πολυχάρους τὸν υἱόν. | He killed Polycharus' son. | A bare statement of killing a named person's son, with no mythic genealogy or post-500 BCE historical context asserted. |
| 4.5.1 | 1 | mythic | both | Λακεδαιμόνιοι μὲν δὴ Πολυχάρους τε ἕνεκα οὐκ ἐκδοθέντος σφίσι καὶ διὰ τὸν Τηλέκλου φόνον, καὶ πρότερον ἔτι ὑπόπτως ἔχοντες διὰ τὸ Κρεσφόντου κακούργημα ἐς τὸν κλῆρον, πολεμῆσαι λέγουσι· | The Lacedaemonians say that they went to war both because Polycharis was not handed over to them, and because of the murder of Teleclus; and even before this, they had been suspicious due to the wrongdoing committed against Cresphontes concerning the inheritance. | The sentence gives a historical war-cause claim about the Lacedaemonians, but it also invokes the mythic/heroic wrongdoing against Cresphontes and Teleclus. |
| 4.5.2 | 1 | historical | other | Πολυχάρην δὲ ἐκδοῦναι μὲν ἐπὶ τιμωρίᾳ Λακεδαιμονίοις οὔ φασιν, ὅτι μηδὲ ἐκεῖνοι σφίσιν Εὔαιφνον, | They say that Polychares refused to surrender himself for punishment to the Lacedaemonians, on the grounds that they likewise had not surrendered Euaephnus to them. | Reports a refusal and a reciprocal grievance; no mythic content or post-500 BCE historical event/institution is asserted. |
| 4.5.6 | 3 | other | historical | οἱ δὲ τῶν Μεσσηνίων βασιλεῖς τοῖς μὲν πρέσβεσιν ἀπεκρίναντο ὅτι βουλευσάμενοι μετὰ τοῦ δήμου τὰ δόξαντα ἐπιστελοῦσιν ἐς Σπάρτην, αὐτοὶ δὲ ἐκείνων ἀπελθόντων ἐς ἐκκλησίαν τοὺς πολίτας συνῆγον. | The kings of the Messenians replied to the ambassadors that after consulting with their people they would send to Sparta word of their decision, and once the Spartans had departed, they immediately convened a public assembly of the citizens. | Describes a political action by the Messenians' kings and a public assembly, which is historical/institutional content; no mythic material. |
| 4.5.6 | 4 | historical | other | αἱ δὲ γνῶμαι διάφοροι παρὰ πολὺ ἐγίνοντο, Ἀνδροκλέους μὲν ἐκδιδόναι Πολυχάρην ὡς ἀνόσιά τε καὶ πέρα δεινῶν εἰργασμένον· Ἀντίοχος δὲ ἄλλα τε ἀντέλεγε καὶ τὸ ἁπάντων οἴκτιστον, εἰ Πολυχάρης ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς πείσεται τοῖς Εὐαίφνου, καταριθμούμενος ὅσα καὶ οἷα ἦν ἀνάγκη παθεῖν. | Opinions differed greatly: Androcles proposed that Polychares be handed over, claiming that he had committed an impious and exceptionally dreadful act; Antiochus, however, opposed him, urging various arguments, chief among these being the terrible shame it would bring if Polychares were to suffer punishment before the eyes of Euaephnus, recounting all that Polychares must inevitably endure. | This is a narrative report of differing opinions and proposed punishment, not a mythic episode or a post-500 BC historical event in itself. |
| 4.5.7 | 4 | historical | other | Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ οὐ λέγονται τοῖς κομίσασι τὰ γράμματα ἀποκρίνασθαι. | The Lacedaemonians, however, are said to have given no reply to those who brought the message. | This is a report of non-response by the Lacedaemonians; it does not itself assert mythic content or a datable historical event. |
| 4.5.9 | 5 | historical | other | ὀλίγοι δὲ καὶ οἱ διαφυγόντες ἐγένοντο. | Only a few managed to escape. | States only that a few escaped; no mythic or historical assertion. |
| 4.6.1 | 1 | historical | other | πρὶν δὲ ἢ συγγράφειν με τὸν πόλεμον καὶ ὁπόσα πολεμοῦσιν ἑκατέροις ὁ δαίμων παθεῖν ἢ δρᾶσαι παρεσκεύασε, διακρῖναί τι καὶ ἡλικίας ἔργα πέρι ἠθέλησα ἀνδρὸς Μεσσηνίου. | Before writing my account of the war and of all that destiny caused each side to suffer or to achieve in its course, I wished to make clear one matter concerning the historical context, and particularly the achievements of the man of Messene. | Authorial transition about what he will discuss next; no mythic or historical event is asserted in the sentence itself. |
| 4.6.1 | 2 | historical | mythic | τὸν γὰρ πόλεμον τοῦτον γενόμενον μὲν Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ τῶν συμμάχων πρὸς Μεσσηνίους καὶ τοὺς ἐπικούρους, ὀνομασθέντα δὲ οὐκ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐπιστρατευσάντων ὥσπερ γε ὁ Μηδικὸς καὶ ὁ Πελοποννήσιος, Μεσσήνιον δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν συμφορῶν, καθὰ δὴ καὶ τὸν ἐπὶ Ἰλίῳ κληθῆναι Τρωικὸν καὶ οὐχ Ἑλληνικὸν ἐξενίκησεν, τοῦτον γὰρ τῶν Μεσσηνίων τὸν πόλεμον Ῥιανός τε ἐν τοῖς ἔπεσιν ἐποίησεν ὁ Βηναῖος καὶ ὁ Πριηνεὺς Μύρων· | For this war was fought by the Lacedaemonians and their allies against the Messenians and their supporters; yet it was not named after its aggressors, as were the Persian and Peloponnesian wars, but instead after the misfortunes of the defeated people, thus called Messenian—just as the war at Ilium earned the name "Trojan" from the sufferers rather than "Greek" from the attackers. | The sentence explains the naming of the Messenian War and compares it to the Trojan War at Ilium, which is a mythic/legendary reference; it does not assert post-500 BCE historical content. |
| 4.6.1 | 3 | historical | other | λόγοι δὲ πεζοὶ Μύρωνός ἐστιν ἡ συγγραφή. | Regarding this war of the Messenians, Rhianus of Bene composed an epic poem, as did Myron of Priene; and there also exists a prose account of this war by Myron. | This is an authorial note about the existence of a prose account by Myron, not a mythic or historical event itself. |
| 4.6.2 | 2 | historical | other | μέρος δὲ ᾧ ἑκάτερος ἠρέσκετο, ὁ μὲν τῆς τε Ἀμφείας τὴν ἅλωσιν καὶ τὰ ἐφεξῆς συνέθηκεν οὐ πρόσω τῆς Ἀριστοδήμου τελευτῆς, Ῥιανὸς δὲ τοῦδε μὲν τοῦ πρώτου τῶν πολέμων οὐδὲ ἥψατο ἀρχήν· | One author composed the capture of Ampheia and subsequent events, extending not far beyond the death of Aristodemus. | Authorial comment about where one writer's account ends; no mythic or historical event is asserted in the sentence itself. |
| 4.6.5 | 3 | historical | other | ὁ τοίνυν Ἀριστομένης δόξῃ γε ἐμῇ γέγονεν ἐπὶ τοῦ πολέμου τοῦ ὑστέρου· καὶ τὰ ἐς αὐτόν, ἐπειδὰν ἐς τοῦτο ὁ λόγος ἀφίκηται, τηνικαῦτα ἐπέξειμι. | Aristomenes, in my opinion at least, belongs to the later war; I shall deal with what concerns him at the appropriate place in my narrative. | Authorial transition/cross-reference only; it postpones discussion of Aristomenes without asserting any mythic or historical event. |
| 4.7.1 | 3 | historical | other | οἱ δὲ λείαν εἰ περιτύχοιεν ἤλαυνον καὶ σῖτον καὶ τὸν ἄλλον καρπὸν ἀφῃροῦντο. | However, if they chanced upon livestock, they seized it, and also carried away grain and other produce. | Describes raiding and taking livestock, grain, and produce; this is a general action report, not mythic or specifically historical in itself. |
| 4.7.8 | 2 | mythic | historical | τοῖς δὲ Μεσσηνίοις κατὰ μὲν τὸ δεξιὸν τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων ἀντετάσσοντο Ἄντανδρός τε καὶ Εὐφαής, τὸ δὲ ἕτερον κέρας τὸ κατὰ τὸν Πολύδωρον Πυθάρατος εἶχε, Κλέοννις δὲ τὸ μέσον. | Euryleon was at that time a Lacedaemonian, though in origin he was descended, in the fifth generation, from Cadmus of Thebes, through Aegeus, the son of Oeolycus, the son of Theras, the son of Autesion. | The sentence gives a historical military deployment in the battle line; it does not narrate mythic action. |
| 4.7.10 | 3 | historical | other | συλήσεσθαι δέ σφισι καὶ τὰ ἱερὰ καὶ τὰς πατρίδας ἐμπρήσεσθαι. | Moreover, their sanctuaries would be plundered and their homeland burned. | This is a threat/forecast about sanctuaries being plundered and homeland burned, not a mythic narrative or a post-500 BCE historical event. |
| 4.7.11 | 1 | historical | other | πρό τε δὴ τηλικούτων κακῶν κέρδος εἶναι καλῶς τινα ἀποθανεῖν, πολὺ δὲ εἶναι ῥᾷον ἀηττήτοις οὖσιν ἔτι καὶ τὰς τόλμας καθεστηκόσιν ἐξ ἴσου προθυμίᾳ τοὺς ἀντιτεταγμένους ὑπερβαλεῖν ἢ προαποβαλόντας τὸ φρόνημα ἐπανορθοῦσθαι τὰ ἐπταισμένα. | Indeed, it is advantageous, before falling into evils of such magnitude, that one should meet a noble death; and it is far easier, while still undefeated and maintaining a spirit of courage, to surpass one’s opponents through equal enthusiasm than, having already lost one's resolve, to restore failures. | General moral reflection about noble death and courage; no mythic narrative or historical event/person is asserted. |
| 4.8.1 | 1 | historical | other | τοιαῦτα μὲν ὁ Εὐφαὴς εἶπεν· | Such were the words spoken by Euphaes. | Pure speech report/transition; no mythic or historical content asserted in the sentence itself. |
| 4.8.2 | 1 | historical | other | ὡς δὲ πλησίον ἐγίνοντο, ἀπειλαῖς ἐχρῶντο τῶν τε ὅπλων τῇ κινήσει καὶ ἐνορῶντες ἐς ἀλλήλους δεινόν· | As soon as they drew close, they began to threaten each other, brandishing their weapons and looking fiercely into each other's eyes. | Purely a scene description of threatening gestures and looks; no mythic or historical assertion. |
| 4.8.2 | 3 | historical | other | ἤδη τε ὁμοῦ τοῖς ὀνείδεσι καὶ ἔργων ἥπτοντο, ἀθρόοι τε πρὸς ἀθρόους ὠθισμῷ χρώμενοι μάλιστα οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ ἀνὴρ ἀνδρὶ ἐπιόντες. | After these mutual taunts, they came at last to blows, the Spartans especially fighting in dense formations and engaging each man face-to-face against his enemy. | Describes a battle action in general terms; no mythic narrative or specific historical event/agent is asserted in this sentence itself. |
| 4.8.3 | 1 | historical | other | τέχνῃ μὲν οὖν ἐς τὰ πολεμικὰ ὁμοῦ καὶ μελέτῃ πολὺ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι προέσχον, πρὸς δὲ καὶ τῷ πλήθει· | Now the Lacedaemonians surpassed their opponents considerably through their skill and experience in warfare, and also through sheer numbers. | General statement about the Lacedaemonians' military skill and numbers; no mythic narrative or specific historical event. |
| 4.8.4 | 3 | historical | other | καὶ οἱ μὲν αὐτῶν προεκπηδῶντες τῆς τάξεως τολμήματα λαμπρὰ ἀπεδείκνυντο, τοῖς δὲ καὶ ἐπικαίρως τετρωμένοις καὶ ἐμπνέουσιν ὀλίγον ὅμως ἡ ἀπόνοια ἤκμαζε. | Some among them, rushing forward ahead of their ranks, displayed brilliant acts of bravery, and even among those critically wounded at the decisive moment, who scarcely still drew breath, their resolute defiance continued to flourish. | Describes bravery in battle in general terms; no specific mythic figure or datable historical event/person is asserted. |
| 4.8.5 | 1 | historical | other | παρακλήσεις τε ἐγίνοντο, καὶ οἱ μὲν ζῶντες καὶ ἔτι ἄτρωτοι τοὺς τραυματίας παρώξυνον, πρὶν ἢ τὴν ἐσχάτην τινὶ ἐφεστηκέναι μοῖραν, ἀντιδράσαντα ὅ τι καὶ δύναιτο σὺν ἡδονῇ δέχεσθαι τὸ πεπρωμένον· | Encouragements were given; those still alive and as yet unwounded urged the wounded, before a final fate overtook them, to endure bravely and to confront their destiny with pleasure, resisting as far as their strength might allow. | This is a general description of encouragement and endurance in battle, with no specific mythic figure or post-500 BCE historical event asserted. |
| 4.8.5 | 2 | historical | other | οἱ δὲ ὁπότε αἴσθοιντο οἱ τραυματίαι τὴν ἰσχὺν σφᾶς ὑπολείπουσαν καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα οὐ παραμένον, διεκελεύοντο τοῖς ἀτρῶσι μὴ χείρονας ἢ αὐτοὶ γίνεσθαι μηδὲ ἐς ἀνωφελὲς τῇ πατρίδι καὶ τὴν ἐκείνων τελευτὴν καταστῆσαι. | On their side, the wounded, whenever they perceived their strength failing and their breath slipping away, commanded the unwounded not to show themselves inferior, nor to render their deaths useless to their country. | A battlefield exhortation by wounded men; it is historical in setting but this sentence itself is general speech, not a specific historical event or myth. |
| 4.8.7 | 3 | historical | other | οἵ τε ἀποκτείνοντες ἀπείχοντο καὶ αὐχήματος ὁμοίως καὶ ὀνειδῶν, οὐκ ἔχοντές πω βεβαίαν οὐδέτεροι τὴν ἐλπίδα εἰ κρατήσουσι. | On the other hand, those doing the killing refrained equally from boasting and insults, since neither side yet possessed secure hope of victory. | Describes conduct during fighting and uncertainty of victory; no mythic or historical event is asserted. |
| 4.8.9 | 1 | historical | other | ἐνταῦθα ἥ τε πᾶσα μάχη κεκμηκότων ὅμως ἐς τὸ ἀκμαιότατον αὖθις ἤρθη, καὶ τοῖς τε σώμασιν ἀνερρώννυντο καὶ τὸ ἀφειδὲς ἐς τὸν θάνατον παρʼ ἀμφοτέρων ηὐξάνετο, ὥστε εἰκάσαι ἄν τις τοῦ ἔργου τότε σφᾶς πρῶτον ἅπτεσθαι. | At this point, although exhausted, the whole battle once again rose to its highest intensity; their strength returned to their bodies, and their mutual disregard of death grew ever greater, so that one might suppose they were just beginning the conflict. | Describes the course of a battle in general terms; no mythic narrative or specific historical event/agent is asserted in this sentence itself. |
| 4.8.9 | 2 | historical | other | τέλος δὲ οἱ περὶ τὸν Εὐφαῆ τῆς τε ἀπονοίας τῷ ὑπερβάλλοντι μανίας ὄντες ἐγγύτατα καὶ ὑπʼ ἀνδραγαθίας---πᾶν γὰρ δὴ τὸ περὶ τὸν βασιλέα οἱ λογάδες τῶν Μεσσηνίων ἦσαν---βιάζονται τοὺς ἀντιτεταγμένους· | Finally, Euphaes and his men, driven closest to madness by their extraordinary desperation and courage—for all those around the king were the elite of the Messenians—overpowered the opposing ranks. | Describes a battle action involving Euphaes and the Messenians, but in this sentence it is just narrative combat detail, not a dated historical event or mythic story. |
| 4.8.10 | 1 | historical | other | τὸ δὲ ἕτερον κέρας τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις ἐταλαιπώρει. | But the other wing of the Messenians was suffering severe hardship. | Reports a battle situation for the Messenians, but this sentence alone is just a tactical/status note with no specific historical event asserted. |
| 4.8.12 | 3 | historical | other | τῶν δὲ Μεσσηνίων οἱ ψιλοὶ καὶ οἱ παρὰ Λακεδαιμονίοις Κρῆτες οὐδὲ συνέμιξαν ἀρχήν· τῷ γὰρ πεζῷ τῷ σφετέρῳ κατὰ τρόπον ἔτι ἑκάτεροι τὸν ἀρχαῖον ἐπετάχθησαν. | The Messenian light-armed troops and the Cretans in the Lacedaemonian service did not even engage at all; each group was appointed in the traditional manner to support the regular infantry formation on their respective sides. | This is a battle-description detail about troop deployment and engagement, not mythic narrative or a post-500 BCE historical assertion in itself. |
| 4.8.13 | 1 | historical | other | ἐς δὲ τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν μάχης μὲν οὐδέτεροι διενοοῦντο ἄρχειν οὐδὲ ἱστάναι πρότεροι τρόπαιον. | On the following day, neither side had intended to begin fighting or to be the first to erect a trophy. | A battle-day procedural note about intentions to fight and erect a trophy; no mythic narrative or post-500 BCE historical assertion in itself. |
| 4.9.2 | 2 | historical | other | Hom. Il. 2.729 ἐς τοῦτο τὸ πόλισμα ἀνῳκίζοντο, ἐπεκτείνοντες τὸν ἀρχαῖον περίβολον ἔρυμα εἶναι πᾶσιν αὔταρκες. | Into this town they moved, enlarging the old circuit-wall to serve as a fortress sufficient to protect them all. | This is a route/topographic-historical note about moving into a town and enlarging its wall; it does not itself narrate a mythic deed or a post-500 BCE historical event. |
| 4.9.3 | 1 | other | historical | ἐδόκει δὲ καὶ θεωρὸν πέμψαι σφίσιν ἐς Δελφούς. | And they decided also to send one of their people as a sacred envoy to Delphi. | This reports a decision to send a sacred envoy to Delphi, a historical/political action rather than mythic narrative. |
| 4.9.3 | 4 | other | mythic | λοχήσαντες δὲ---οὐ γὰρ ὑπεῖκεν αἰχμάλωτος γενέσθαι--- περιμένοντα οὖν ἀμύνεσθαι καὶ ἀνθεστηκότα ἐτίτρωσκον, ἐς ὃ γίνεται βοή σφισιν ἐξ ἀφανοῦς "τὸν χρησμοφόρον μέθες." | Once ambushed—since he refused to allow himself to be taken captive—he waited to defend himself and resisted bravely. They wounded him, until suddenly a voice came to them out of the unseen, saying clearly, "Release the bearer of the oracle." | The sentence itself includes an unseen voice giving an oracle-like command, which is mythic/religious content; it does not assert a post-500 BCE historical event. |
| 4.9.4 | 1 | historical | other | καὶ Τῖσις μὲν ὡς ἀπεσώθη τάχιστα ἐς Ἰθώμην καὶ τὴν μαντείαν παρὰ τὸν βασιλέα ἀνήνεγκε, μετʼ οὐ πολὺ ὑπὸ τῶν τραυμάτων τελευτᾷ· | And Tisis, as soon as he reached Ithome safely, immediately reported the oracle's answer to the king; shortly thereafter, due to his wounds, he died. | This is a narrative report of a messenger returning, relaying an oracle, and dying; it does not itself assert a mythic deed or a post-500 BCE historical event. |
| 4.9.4 | 2 | historical | mythic | τοὺς δὲ Μεσσηνίους συναθροίσας ὁ Εὐφαὴς ἐπεδείκνυ τὸν χρησμόν· | Euphaes, having gathered the Messenians, disclosed to them the words of the oracle: | The sentence reports Euphaes disclosing an oracle's words; an oracle pronouncement is mythic content. |
| 4.9.4 | 3 | mythic | other | κόρην ἄχραντον νερτέροισι δαίμοσι, κλήρῳ λαχοῦσαν Αἰπυτιδῶν ἀφʼ αἵματος, θυηπολεῖτε νυκτέροισιν ἐν σφαγαῖς. | "To the underworld powers, offer a pure maiden chosen by lot from the bloodline of the Aepytidae, making night sacrifices." | This is a ritual instruction to offer a maiden; it does not itself narrate a mythic event or a historical event. |
| 4.9.4 | 4 | mythic | other | ἢν δὲ σφαλῆτε, καὶ παρʼ ἀλλοίου τότε θύειν, διδόντος ἐς σφαγὴν ἑκουσίως. | "But if you fail, thereafter you must sacrifice another, one voluntarily giving himself up to be slain." | Procedural sacrificial instruction; it does not narrate a mythic story or a historical event. |
| 4.9.5 | 4 | historical | other | ἐν ὅσῳ δὲ οὗτος ἀνεδίδασκε τὰ ἐς αὐτήν, ἐν τοσῷδε ὁ Λυκίσκος ἀπαγόμενος ἅμα καὶ τὴν παρθένον ηὐτομόλησεν ἐς Σπάρτην. | While the seer was disclosing these matters concerning the girl, Lykiskos, who had meanwhile set off, fled with the maiden to Sparta. | This sentence reports a flight to Sparta by Lykiskos and the maiden, which is narrative action but not itself a mythic deed, genealogy, cult etiology, or historical event. |
| 4.9.6 | 2 | historical | mythic | τὰ δὲ ἀνθρώπων καὶ οὐχ ἥκιστα τὸ πρόθυμον ἡ πεπρωμένη κατὰ ταὐτὰ ἐπικρύπτει καὶ εἰ ψηφῖδα ἐπιλαβοῦσα ἰλὺς ποταμοῦ, ὅπου καὶ τότε Ἀριστοδήμῳ διασώσασθαι Μεσσήνην ἀγώνισμα ποιουμένῳ τὸ ἐμπόδιον ἐπήγαγε τοιόνδε. | But fate, which conceals human affairs—especially earnest efforts—as effectually as river mud obscures a pebble it covers, then indeed imposed an obstacle of this sort upon Aristodemus, precisely as he was striving to accomplish the deliverance of Messenia. | The sentence names Aristodemus and Messenia in a narrative of fate obstructing his attempt to save Messenia; this is mythic/legendary heroic material, not post-500 BCE history. |
| 4.9.7 | 1 | historical | other | ἀνὴρ τῶν Μεσσηνίων---τὸ δὲ ὄνομα οὐ λέγουσιν---ἐρῶν ἔτυχε τοῦ Ἀριστοδήμου τῆς θυγατρός, τότε δὲ ἤδη ἔμελλε καὶ γυναῖκα ἄξεσθαι. | A man among the Messenians—whose name they do not mention—happened to be in love with the daughter of Aristodemus, who at that time was already betrothed and soon to marry. | A simple narrative detail about a Messenian man’s love and a betrothal; no mythic deed, genealogy, or historical event is asserted. |
| 4.9.8 | 4 | mythic | other | παρὼν δὲ Ἐπήβολος ἐκέλευεν ἄλλον τινὰ τὸν θυγατέρα ἐπιδώσοντα γενέσθαι· τῆς γὰρ τοῦ Ἀριστοδήμου πλέον εἶναί σφισιν ἀποθανούσης οὐδέν· | Epibolos, who was present, urged the people to assign another to hand over his daughter, since the death of Aristodemus's daughter had been of no benefit to them. | This is a procedural/historical anecdote about a person urging an action, but the sentence itself does not narrate a mythic deed or a datable historical event. |
| 4.9.9 | 1 | historical | other | τοιαῦτα εἰπόντος τοῦ μάντεως τὸ πλῆθος τῶν Μεσσηνίων ὥρμησεν ἀποκτενοῦντες τὸν μνηστῆρα τῆς παιδός, ὡς Ἀριστοδήμῳ τε μίασμα εἰκαῖον προσάψαντα καὶ σφίσι τῆς σωτηρίας τὴν ἐλπίδα ἀμφίβολον πεποιηκότα. | After the seer had said these words, the multitude of the Messenians rushed forth intending to kill the suitor of the maiden, accusing him of having unjustly imputed pollution to Aristodemus and thereby having cast doubt on their hopes for deliverance. | The sentence reports the Messenians' reaction to the seer's words; it is narrative action, not a mythic deed or a post-500 BCE historical event. |
| 4.9.9 | 2 | historical | other | ἢν δὲ ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ἐς τὰ μάλιστα τῷ Εὐφαεῖ φίλος· | But this man was particularly dear to Euphaes. | States a personal relationship only; no mythic narrative or historical event/institution is asserted. |
| 4.9.10 | 2 | mythic | other | ἀπεῖναι γάρ σφισι τὸ δέος τὸ ἐπὶ τῇ θυγατρὶ ἕκαστος ἔσπευδε. | For each of them was eager for the fear concerning his own daughter to be removed. | Purely states each man's concern about fear for his daughter; no mythic narrative or historical event. |
| 4.10.1 | 1 | historical | mythic | Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ ἀκούσαντες τὸν γενόμενον Μεσσηνίοις χρησμὸν ἀθύμως διέκειντο καὶ αὐτοὶ καὶ οἱ βασιλεῖς ἔς τε τὰ λοιπὰ καὶ ἄρχειν ὀκνοῦντες μάχης. | When the Lacedaemonians heard of the oracle given to the Messenians, both they themselves and their kings became disheartened regarding the future and grew hesitant to offer battle. | The sentence reports an oracle pronouncement, which is mythic/religious content; it does not itself assert a post-500 BCE historical event. |
| 4.10.1 | 3 | historical | other | οἱ δὲ Κρῆτες οὐκέτι παρόντες σφίσιν ἔτυχον. | The Cretans, however, were no longer there to assist them. | This is a simple narrative/status statement about the Cretans being absent; it does not itself assert mythic or historical content. |
| 4.10.1 | 5 | historical | other | τοὺς γὰρ Μεσσηνίους καὶ ἄνευ συμμάχων κινδυνεῦσαι προήγαγεν ἡ δόξα τοῦ χρησμοῦ. | Thus, it was the reputation of the oracle itself that emboldened the Messenians to risk combat even without allies. | Mentions an oracle's reputation influencing the Messenians, but does not narrate the oracle's pronouncement or any mythic/historical event itself. |
| 4.10.2 | 1 | historical | other | τὰ μὲν οὖν πολλὰ οὐδέν τι ἐγένετο διάφορα ἢ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς προτέρας μάχης, ἥ τε ἡμέρα καὶ τότε μαχομένους προαπέλιπεν· | For the most part the events differed little from the previous battle, and this day too ended with the combatants still fighting. | Compares this battle to a previous one and notes the day ended with fighting ongoing; this is narrative description, not mythic or historical assertion. |
| 4.10.3 | 3 | historical | other | ἐπήγειρε δὲ καὶ τοὺς Μεσσηνίους ἥ τε ἐς τὸν Εὐφαῆ προϋπάρχουσα εὔνοια καὶ τὰ ὀνείδη τὰ μέλλοντα· | But the Messenians were roused both by the good-will they previously bore to Euphaes and by the shame they would incur if they failed: | Describes the Messenians' motives in a historical narrative, but does not itself assert a mythic deed or a datable historical event. |
| 4.10.3 | 4 | historical | other | φονευομένοις τε ὑπὲρ τοῦ βασιλέως ἄμεινόν σφισιν ἐφαίνετο προΐεσθαι τὰς ψυχὰς ἢ ἐκεῖνον προεμένων ἀποσωθῆναί τινα. | it seemed preferable to them to lose their lives fighting for their king rather than to permit his capture and afterward save themselves. | This is a general statement about people preferring to die fighting for their king; it does not itself narrate a mythic episode or a specific historical event. |
| 4.10.5 | 3 | mythic | other | ἦσαν δὲ καὶ τῶν μάντεων αἱ γνῶμαι κατὰ ταὐτὰ ἀμφοτέρων, Ἐπηβόλου καὶ Ὀφιονέως, μὴ σφᾶς ἀνδρὶ ἐναγεῖ καὶ θυγατρὸς μίασμα ἐπικειμένῳ δοῦναι τὴν Αἰπύτου καὶ τῶν ἀπογόνων τιμήν· | And the opinions of both the seers, Epebolus and Ophioneus, agreed on the same point—that the people must not entrust to Aristodemus the honor of Aepytus and his descendants, as he was under a curse and stained by the pollution incurred through his daughter. | This is an oracle/seer opinion about whom not to honor; it does not itself narrate a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.10.6 | 3 | mythic | other | οὗτος μὲν τρόπον ἐμαντεύετο τὸν εἰρημένον, Ἀριστόδημος δὲ βασιλεύσας τῷ τε δήμῳ διέμεινε τὰ εἰκότα χαρίζεσθαι προθυμούμενος καὶ τοὺς ἐν τέλει τούς τε ἄλλους καὶ μάλιστα Κλέοννιν καὶ Δᾶμιν ἦγεν ἐν τιμῇ· διὰ θεραπείας δὲ εἶχε καὶ τὰ τῶν συμμάχων, Ἀρκάδων τε τοῖς δυνατοῖς καὶ ἐς Ἄργος καὶ Σικυῶνα ἀποστέλλων δῶρα. | Such was Ophioneus' manner of prophecy. | The sentence is a brief cross-reference/summary of prophecy style and does not itself narrate a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.10.7 | 2 | historical | other | Ἀργεῖοι δὲ προαναφῆναι μὲν τὸ ἐς τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ἔχθος οὐκ ἠξίουν, γινομένου δὲ ἀγῶνος παρεσκευάζοντο ὡς μεθέξοντες. | The Messenians also made joint invasions into Laconia, supported by contingents from the Arcadians. | This sentence describes preparations for a conflict and participation in an agōn, but in itself it is a general historical/political note rather than a specific datable event or biography; no mythic content. |
| 4.11.4 | 2 | historical | other | καὶ οὗτοι μὲν ἐλόχων τῆς Ἰθώμης ἔνθα ἔμελλον ἥκιστα ἔσεσθαι σύνοπτοι· | These men lay in ambush on Ithome, where they would least likely be spotted. | Purely a tactical/topographic statement about an ambush location; no mythic or historical event is asserted. |
| 4.11.5 | 2 | historical | other | ὅσοις δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ πλέον μετῆν τόλμης, προσέθεόν τε καὶ ἔτυπτον ἐκ χειρός. | Those who had greater daring rushed closer and struck them hand-to-hand. | Describes combat action in general terms; no mythic figure, historical event, or dated institution is asserted. |
| 4.11.5 | 4 | historical | other | διὰ δὲ τὴν κουφότητα οὐ χαλεπῶς ἀποφευγόντων ἀπορία τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις καὶ ἀπʼ αὐτῆς ἤδη καὶ ὀργὴ γίνεται. | Yet, as the enemy easily avoided them owing to their agility, the Spartans fell into confusion and consequently grew angry. | Describes a battle situation and the Spartans' reaction, but no mythic narrative or specific historical event/act is asserted in this sentence itself. |
| 4.11.7 | 4 | historical | other | τραπέντων δέ, ἐνταῦθά σφισι πλείω παρεῖχον κακὰ οἱ ψιλοί. | After they had turned to flight, the light-armed soldiers inflicted even greater harm upon them. | Military action in a battle, but this sentence is only a tactical narrative with no specific historical event or mythic content asserted. |
| 4.11.8 | 2 | historical | other | ἡ δὲ οἴκαδε ἀναχώρησις τοῖς μὲν ἄλλοις καθʼ ἡσυχίαν, Κορινθίοις δὲ ἔμελλεν ἔσεσθαι χαλεπή· διὰ πολεμίας γὰρ ἐγίνετο ὁμοίως διά τε τῆς Ἀργείας πειρωμένοις καὶ παρὰ Σικυῶνα ἀνασωθῆναι. | The return journey home was peaceful for most, but it was destined to be difficult for the Corinthians; for their route passed through hostile territory, as they attempted alike to reach safety both through the Argive land and by way of Sicyon. | Pure route/travel note describing the Corinthians' return path through hostile territory; no mythic or historical event is asserted. |
| 4.12.1 | 2 | mythic | other | καὶ διὰ τοῦτο θεωροὺς ἀποστέλλουσιν ἐς Δελφούς. | For this reason, they sent messengers to Delphi to consult the oracle. | This is a procedural note about sending messengers to Delphi to consult the oracle, not narration of mythic or historical events. |
| 4.12.1 | 3 | other | mythic | τούτοις ἐλθοῦσιν ἡ Πυθία χρᾷ τάδε· | When these envoys arrived, the Pythia declared this oracle to them: | The sentence reports an oracle being delivered by the Pythia, which is mythic/religious content; it does not itself assert a historical event beyond the procedural arrival of envoys. |
| 4.12.1 | 4 | mythic | both | οὔ σε μάχης μόνον ἔργʼ ἐφέπειν χερὶ Φοῖβος ἄνωγεν, ἀλλʼ ἀπάτῃ μὲν ἔχει γαῖαν Μεσσηνίδα λαός, ταῖς δʼ αὐταῖς τέχναισιν ἁλώσεται αἷσπερ ὑπῆρξεν. | Phoebus commands you not only to rely upon deeds of war with your hand, but the people hold the Messenian land by deceit, and by the same arts through which they prevailed, they shall themselves be conquered. | Phoebus gives an oracle-like command, which is mythic; the sentence also refers to the Messenian people holding land and being conquered, a historical-political situation. |
| 4.12.2 | 1 | mythic | both | ὁ πρὸς ταῦτα τοῖς βασιλεῦσι καὶ τοῖς ἐφόροις τέχνας μὲν οὖν προθυμουμένοις οὐκ ἐγίνετο ἀνευρεῖν· | Since the kings and ephors were eager to devise some stratagem for this situation, but could not discover one, they resolved instead to imitate the craft of Odysseus at Troy. | The sentence names kings and ephors in a historical Spartan context, and it also invokes Odysseus at Troy, a mythic heroic figure and episode. |
| 4.12.2 | 3 | historical | other | ἦν δὲ καὶ φυγὴ τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ κατεγνωσμένη. | To make the deception convincing, these men's supposed defection had been publicly condemned. | This is a procedural/historical setup detail about a publicly staged condemnation, not a narrated historical event or mythic story. |
| 4.12.2 | 4 | historical | other | τούτους ἥκοντας ἀπέπεμπεν αὐτίκα Ἀριστόδημος, Λακεδαιμονίων φήσας τὰ ἀδικήματα καινὰ εἶναι, τὰ δὲ σοφίσματα ἀρχαῖα. | But as soon as they arrived, Aristodemus immediately sent them away, asserting that the wrongdoings of the Lacedaemonians might be new, but their tricks were very old indeed. | This is a speech about the Lacedaemonians’ wrongdoing and tricks, not a mythic narrative or a post-500 BC historical event. |
| 4.12.3 | 3 | other | both | Ἀριστόδημος δὲ πυνθανόμενος τὰ πρασσόμενα ὑπὸ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων πέμπει καὶ αὐτὸς ἐρησομένους τὸν θεόν, ἡ δὲ Πυθία σφίσιν ἔχρησε· | Aristodemus, upon learning what the Lacedaemonians were plotting, himself also sent messengers to inquire of the god, and the Pythia gave them this oracle: | The sentence reports a historical person, Aristodemus, acting in response to Spartan plotting, and also includes an oracle from the Pythia, which is mythic/religious content. |
| 4.12.4 | 1 | historical | other | κῦδός σοι πολέμοιο διδοῖ θεός· ἀλλʼ ἀπάταισι φράζεο μὴ Σπάρτης δόλιος λόχος ἐχθρὸς ἀνέλθῃ κρείσσων· | The god grants you glory in war, yet beware treacheries, lest the deceptive ambush of Sparta rise superior as your enemy. | A general divine mention and warning about war/ambush, but no specific mythic episode or historical event is asserted. |
| 4.12.5 | 1 | historical | other | ἕτερα δὲ ἐν τῷ τότε τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις συνέβαινε τοιαῦτα. | At that time another event befell the Messenians, as follows. | Pure transition to another event; no mythic or historical content asserted in the sentence itself. |
| 4.12.5 | 2 | historical | other | Λυκίσκου μετοικοῦντος ἐν Σπάρτῃ τὴν θυγατέρα ἐπέλαβεν ἀποθανεῖν, ἣν ἅμα ἀγόμενος ἔφυγεν ἐκ Μεσσήνης. | The daughter of Lykiskos, who had moved his residence to Sparta, happened to die; she was the very girl he had taken with him when fleeing Messene. | This is a biographical/relational note about Lykiskos and his daughter, but it does not itself assert a mythic deed or a post-500 BCE historical event. |
| 4.12.5 | 3 | historical | other | πολλάκις δὲ αὐτὸν φοιτῶντα ἐπὶ τὸ μνῆμα τῆς παιδὸς λοχήσαντες ἱππεῖς τῶν Ἀρκάδων αἱροῦσιν· | While he was repeatedly visiting the tomb of his daughter, a group of Arcadian horsemen, ambushing him, captured him. | This sentence only reports an ambush and capture at a tomb; it does not itself assert mythic or historical content. |
| 4.12.5 | 4 | other | both | ἀναχθεὶς δὲ ἐς τὴν Ἰθώμην καὶ ἐς ἐκκλησίαν καταστὰς ἀπελογεῖτο ὡς οὐ προδιδοὺς τὴν πατρίδα ἀποχωρήσαι, πειθόμενος δὲ τοῖς ῥηθεῖσιν ὑπὸ τοῦ μάντεως ἐς τὴν παῖδα ὡς οὖσαν οὐ γνησίαν. | Being led back to Ithome and brought before the assembly, he defended himself by arguing that he had not left the country in betrayal, but rather had followed the instruction given by the oracle regarding his child—namely, that she was not genuinely his own. | The sentence refers to an oracle’s pronouncement about his child (mythic/religious content) and to being brought before the assembly and defending himself, which is a historical-political action. |
| 4.12.6 | 1 | historical | other | ταῦτα ἀπολογούμενος οὐ πρότερον ἔδοξεν ἀληθῆ λέγειν πρὶν ἢ παρῆλθεν ἐς τὸ θέατρον ἡ τὴν ἱερωσύνην τότε τῆς Ἥρας ἔχουσα. | Making this defense, he was not believed to be telling the truth until the woman who at that time held the priesthood of Hera came forward into the theater. | This is a procedural narrative about a woman holding Hera's priesthood and entering the theater; it does not itself assert mythic story or historical event. |
| 4.12.6 | 5 | historical | other | νομίζοντες οὖν τὴν γυναῖκα ἀληθῆ λέγειν, τῇ θεῷ τε εἵλοντο ἱερατευσομένην ἀντʼ ἐκείνης καὶ Λυκίσκον συγγνωστὰ ἔφασαν εἰργάσθαι. | Therefore, believing the woman spoke the truth, they selected another priestess to serve the goddess in her place and declared that Lykiskos had acted understandably. | This sentence reports a procedural decision to appoint a replacement priestess and a judgment about Lykiskos, without narrating mythic or historical events. |
| 4.12.8 | 1 | historical | other | ταῦτʼ ἀκούσαντες γεγονέναι τε ἡγοῦντο ὑπὲρ αὑτῶν τὴν μαντείαν καὶ σφίσι διδόναι τὸ τοῦ πολέμου κράτος· οὐ γὰρ αὐτῶν γε ἐχόντων ἐντὸς τείχους τοῦ Ἰθωμάτα τὸ ἱερὸν Λακεδαιμονίους προτέρους ἀναθέντας φθήσεσθαι. | When they heard these things, they thought that the oracle had been given concerning themselves and that victory in war was being granted to them; for while they held within their walls the sanctuary of Ithome, they believed the Lacedaemonians would not surpass them by being the first to dedicate the offering. | The sentence reports their interpretation of an oracle and a belief about victory, but in itself it is a procedural/interpretive statement about the oracle's meaning, not a narrated mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.12.9 | 3 | mythic | other | ἀναμίξας δὲ αὑτὸν ἀνδράσιν ἀγροίκοις ἐσῆλθέ τε μετʼ αὐτῶν ἐς τὴν Ἰθώμην καὶ ὡς νὺξ τάχιστα ἐπελάμβανεν ἀναθεὶς τοὺς τρίποδας τῷ θεῷ | Having mixed among farmers, he entered Ithome alongside them, and as soon as night fell, he dedicated the clay tripods to the god. | The sentence only describes entering Ithome and dedicating tripods; it does not itself narrate a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.12.10 | 1 | historical | other | Μεσσηνίους δέ, ὡς εἶδον, ἐτάραξε μὲν μεγάλως, καὶ εἴκαζον---ὥσπερ ἦν---παρὰ Λακεδαιμονίων εἶναι· | When the Messenians saw it, however, they were greatly dismayed and concluded—as indeed it was—that it was from the Spartans. | This is a reaction and inference about who sent something; it does not itself narrate mythic or historical content. |
| 4.12.10 | 2 | historical | other | παρεμυθεῖτο δὲ ὅμως αὐτοὺς ὁ Ἀριστόδημος λέγων ἄλλα τε ἃ ἐν τοῖς παροῦσιν εἰκὸς ἦν καὶ τοὺς ξυλίνους τρίποδας---ἐπεποίηντο γὰρ ἤδη ---περὶ τοῦ Ἰθωμάτα τὸν βωμὸν ἔστησε. | Nevertheless, Aristodemus tried to encourage them, both by speaking whatever seemed fitting in the circumstances, and by placing around the altar of Zeus Ithomatas the wooden tripods—for they already had been crafted. | This sentence describes Aristodemus placing wooden tripods around an altar; it is a procedural/action detail and a cult object notice, not a mythic narrative or post-500 BCE historical event. |
| 4.13.1 | 1 | mythic | both | τὰ δὲ ἐντεῦθεν---ἔρρεπε γὰρ ἤδη τὸ χρεὼν ἐς ἅλωσιν τῶν Μεσσηνίων---προεσήμαινεν αὐτοῖς τὰ μέλλοντα ὁ θεός. | From this point onward—for fate was already inclining towards the fall of the Messenians—the god gave them signs of what was coming. | The sentence itself says the god gave signs and frames the Messenians' fall as fate, which is mythic/divine action and a historical conflict outcome. |
| 4.13.1 | 2 | mythic | other | τό τε γὰρ τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος ἄγαλμα, ὂν χαλκοῦν καὶ αὐτὸ καὶ τὰ ὅπλα, παρῆκε τὴν ἀσπίδα· καὶ Ἀριστοδήμου τῷ Διὶ τῷ Ἰθωμάτᾳ θύειν μέλλοντος τὰ ἱερεῖα, οἱ κριοὶ ἐπὶ τὸν βωμὸν αὐτόματοι καὶ βίᾳ τὰ κέρατα ἐνράξαντες ἀποθνήσκουσιν ὑπὸ τῆς πληγῆς. | First, the bronze statue of Artemis, along with its bronze weapons, dropped its shield; next, as Aristodemus was about to sacrifice the victims to Zeus Ithomatas, the rams, of their own accord, violently dashed their horns against the altar and died from their injuries. | The sentence is a cultic/ritual narrative and a physical omen-like event, but it does not itself assert a mythic deed or a post-500 BCE historical event. |
| 4.13.1 | 3 | historical | other | τρίτον δὲ ἄλλο συνέβη σφίσιν· οἱ κύνες συνιόντες ἐς τὸ αὐτὸ ἀνὰ πᾶσαν νύκτα ὠρύοντο, τέλος δὲ καὶ ἀπεχώρησαν ἀθρόοι πρὸς τὸ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων στρατόπεδον. | Thirdly, another omen befell them: every night the dogs assembled together and howled incessantly, until finally they withdrew all together towards the Spartan camp. | This is an omen narrative about dogs howling and moving toward a camp; it does not assert mythic or post-500 BCE historical content in itself. |
| 4.13.2 | 1 | mythic | other | ταῦτά τε δὴ τὸν Ἀριστόδημον ἐτάρασσε καὶ ὀνείρατος ὄψις ἐπιγενομένη τοιάδε. | These things were troubling Aristodemus, and afterwards a vision appeared to him in a dream of the following nature: | The sentence only reports Aristodemus being troubled and a dream vision appearing; it does not itself narrate mythic or historical content. |
| 4.13.2 | 2 | other | mythic | ἔδοξεν ἐξιέναι οἱ μέλλοντι ἐς μάχην καὶ ὡπλισμένῳ τῶν ἱερείων τὰ σπλάγχνα ἐπὶ τραπέζῃ προκεῖσθαι, τὴν δέ οἱ θυγατέρα ἐπιφανῆναι μέλαιναν ἐσθῆτα ἔχουσαν καὶ φαίνουσαν τό τε στέρνον καὶ τὴν γαστέρα ἀνατετμημένα, ἀναφανεῖσαν δὲ ἀπορρῖψαι μὲν τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης, ἀφελέσθαι δὲ αὐτοῦ τὰ ὅπλα, ἀντὶ τούτων δὲ στέφανον ἐπιθεῖναι χρυσοῦν καὶ ἱμάτιον ἐπιβαλεῖν λευκόν. | As he was preparing to go out armed into battle, he seemed to see upon a table set before him the entrails of sacrificial victims. | The sentence reports a visionary omen involving a daughter appearing and transforming the battle gear, which is mythic/legendary narrative content; it does not assert a post-500 BCE historical event. |
| 4.13.3 | 1 | other | mythic | ἔχοντος δὲ Ἀριστοδήμου τά τε ἄλλα ἀθύμως καὶ τὸν ὄνειρον ἡγουμένου προλέγειν οἱ τοῦ βίου τελευτήν, ὅτι οἱ Μεσσήνιοι τῶν ἐπιφανῶν τὰς ἐκφορὰς ἐποιοῦντο ἐστεφανωμένων καὶ ἱμάτια ἐπιβεβλημένων λευκά, ἀπαγγέλλει τις Ὀφιονέα τὸν μάντιν οὐχ ὁρᾶν ἔτι ἀλλʼ ἐξαίφνης γενέσθαι τυφλόν, ὥσπερ γε καὶ ἦν τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς. | As Aristodemus was already disheartened by other reasons, and interpreting the dream as foretelling his death—for the Messenians customarily carried forth their noble dead wearing garlands and clothed in white garments—someone brought word that Ophioneus, the seer, could no longer see, having suddenly become blind just as he had originally been. | The sentence reports a dream interpreted as foretelling Aristodemus's death and a seer's sudden blindness, both presented as mythic/legendary narrative content; it does not assert post-500 BCE historical events. |
| 4.13.4 | 1 | historical | mythic | ἐνταῦθα Ἀριστόδημος τά τε οἰκεῖα ἀναλογιζόμενος, ὡς οὐδὲν ὠφέλιμον γένοιτο φονεὺς θυγατρός, καὶ τῇ πατρίδι οὐχ ὁρῶν ἔτι ὑποῦσαν σωτηρίας ἐλπίδα, ἐπικατέσφαξεν ἑαυτὸν τῆς παιδὸς τῷ τάφῳ, τὰ μὲν ἐς ἀνθρώπου λογισμὸν ἥκοντα Μεσσηνίους σώσας, τῆς τύχης δὲ ἐς τὸ μηδὲν ἀγαγούσης τά τε ἔργα αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ βουλεύματα. | At this point Aristodemus, reflecting upon his own situation, saw that he had gained nothing beneficial by slaying his daughter, and perceiving no longer any hope of salvation remaining for his country, he killed himself upon his child's tomb—he who in respect of human reasoning had saved the Messenians, yet whose achievements and plans Fortune reduced utterly to nothing. | The sentence narrates Aristodemus, a legendary/heroic figure in the Messenian story, killing himself and saving the Messenians; this is mythic/legendary narrative rather than post-500 BCE history. |
| 4.14.1 | 2 | historical | other | ὁ δὲ ὄχλος ὁ πολὺς κατὰ τὰς πατρίδας ἕκαστοι τὰς ἀρχαίας ἐσκεδάσθησαν. | The majority of the populace scattered, each group returning to their own ancestral homelands. | A plain narrative of people dispersing to ancestral homelands; no mythic or post-500 BCE historical assertion in itself. |
| 4.14.4 | 5 | historical | other | καὶ τοῖς παραβᾶσιν ἐπέκειτο ποινή. | And those who violated these conditions were subject to punishment. | States a general punishment for violators; this is procedural/institutional, not mythic narrative or a specific historical event. |
| 4.14.5 | 3 | historical | other | ὅτι δὲ καὶ συμπενθεῖν ἔκειτο αὐτοῖς ἀνάγκη, δεδήλωκεν ἐν τῷδε. | And that they were compelled even to join in mourning with their masters, he makes clear in these lines also: | Authorial comment about what the text shows; no mythic or historical event is asserted in this sentence itself. |
| 4.14.7 | 1 | historical | other | ἐπετράφη δὲ νεότης καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ τῆς Μεσσηνίας, οἱ δὲ ἄριστοι καὶ ἀριθμὸν πλεῖστοι περὶ τὴν Ἀνδανίαν, ἐν δὲ αὐτοῖς καὶ Ἀριστομένης, ὃς καὶ νῦν ἔτι ὡς ἥρως ἔχει παρὰ Μεσσηνίοις τιμάς. | Elsewhere too within Messenia the young men were entrusted with responsibilities, but the best and the greatest in numbers were stationed around Andania. | This sentence is a location/administrative note about youths stationed around Andania; the mention of Aristomenes is incidental and not itself a mythic assertion. |
| 4.14.8 | 1 | other | mythic | Μεσσήνιοι γὰρ οὐκ ἐσποιοῦσιν Ἀριστομένην Ἡρακλεῖ παῖδα ἢ Διί, ὥσπερ Ἀλέξανδρον Ἄμμωνι οἱ Μακεδόνες καὶ Ἄρατον Ἀσκληπιῷ Σικυώνιοι· | For the Messenians do not claim Aristomenes as the son of Heracles or Zeus, as the Macedonians say Alexander was the son of Ammon, or as the Sicyonians assert Aratus was the son of Asclepius. | The sentence explicitly discusses mythic/heroic genealogy claims about Aristomenes, Alexander, and Aratus being sons of gods. |
| 4.15.3 | 4 | historical | mythic | Λεωτυχίδης δὲ μετὰ Δημάρατον βασιλεύσας φαίνεται τὸν Ἀρίστωνος· Θεοπόμπου δὲ Ἀρίστων ἀπόγονος ἕβδομος. | Leotychides is found reigning after Demaratus, the son of Ariston, and Ariston was the seventh descendant from Theopompus. | This sentence gives a royal genealogy and succession involving Leotychides, Demaratus, Ariston, and Theopompus; it is historical-biographical rather than mythic. |
| 4.15.4 | 2 | historical | other | ἀπῆσαν δὲ ἀμφοτέροις οἱ σύμμαχοι. | Both sides were without their allies. | States a tactical situation (both sides lacked allies), with no mythic narrative or specific historical event/agent asserted. |
| 4.15.6 | 1 | other | mythic | ἐγένετο δὲ καὶ Λακεδαιμονίοις μάντευμα ἐκ Δελφῶν τὸν Ἀθηναῖον ἐπάγεσθαι σύμβουλον. | There came also to the Lacedaemonians an oracle from Delphi, instructing them to take an Athenian as adviser. | The sentence itself reports an oracle from Delphi and its pronouncement, which is mythic/religious content; it does not assert a post-500 BC historical event or institution. |
| 4.15.6 | 2 | mythic | other | ἀποστέλλουσιν οὖν παρὰ τοὺς Ἀθηναίους τόν τε χρησμὸν ἀπαγγελοῦντας καὶ ἄνδρα αἰτοῦντας παραινέσοντα ἃ χρή σφισιν. | They therefore sent envoys to Athens, to announce the oracle and request a man who would counsel them as to what they should do. | This sentence only reports an action of sending envoys and requesting advice; it is procedural and does not itself narrate mythic or historical content. |
| 4.16.1 | 1 | mythic | both | ὡς δὲ ἀμφοτέροις προεθύσαντο οἱ μάντεις, Λακεδαιμονίοις μὲν Ἕκας ἀπόγονός τε καὶ ὁμώνυμος Ἕκα τοῦ σὺν τοῖς Ἀριστοδήμου παισὶν ἐλθόντος ἐς Σπάρτην, τοῖς δὲ Μεσσηνίοις Θέοκλος---ἐγεγόνει δὲ ὁ Θέοκλος οὗτος ἀπὸ Εὐμάντιδος, Εὔμαντιν δὲ ὄντα Ἠλεῖον τῶν Ἰαμιδῶν Κρεσφόντης ἐπηγάγετο ἐς Μεσσήνην---τότε δὲ παρόντων καὶ τῶν μάντεων σὺν φρονήματι ἀμφότεροι μᾶλλον ἠπείγοντο ἐς τὴν μάχην. | And after the seers had offered preliminary sacrifices for both sides—on behalf of the Lacedaemonians, Hecas, a descendant and namesake of that Hecas who had come to Sparta together with the sons of Aristodemus; and on behalf of the Messenians, Theoclus, who was descended from Eumantis (this Eumantis was an Elean, one of the Iamidae, whom Cresphontes had brought into Messene)—then, indeed, with the seers themselves present, both sides, encouraged in spirit, pressed on eagerly to the battle. | The sentence gives mythic genealogies for Hecas and Theoclus and also describes the historical battle context between Lacedaemonians and Messenians. |
| 4.16.3 | 1 | historical | other | κατὰ δὲ αὐτὸν Ἀριστομένην εἶχεν οὕτω. | This was the situation around Aristomenes himself. | A brief situational remark about Aristomenes; it does not itself narrate a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.16.3 | 2 | historical | mythic | λογάδες περὶ αὐτὸν ὀγδοήκοντα ἦσαν Μεσσηνίων, ἡλικίαν τε γεγονότες ἐκείνῳ τὴν αὐτὴν καὶ ἕκαστος προτετιμῆσθαι μεγάλως νομίζων ὅτι ἠξίωτο Ἀριστομένει συντετάχθαι· ἦσαν δὲ καὶ αἰσθέσθαι διʼ ὀλίγου δεινοὶ τά τε παρʼ ἀλλήλων καὶ μάλιστα ἐκείνου καὶ ἀρχομένου τι δρᾶν καὶ ἔτι μέλλοντος. | He had chosen about eighty select Messenians around him, men who were of the same age as he, each of whom regarded it as a great honor to have been deemed worthy of serving alongside Aristomenes; and they were men notably quick to perceive one another's purposes and especially swift to grasp Aristomenes' intentions, whether he had just begun or was yet intending to act. | The sentence describes Aristomenes and his select Messenians, a heroic figure from Messene; it is a biographical/heroic narrative rather than a bare location or route note. |
| 4.16.4 | 2 | historical | other | αὐτὸς δὲ ὁρμήσας πρὸς τὸ μάλιστα ἀνθεστηκός, ὡς ἐβιάσατο καὶ τούτους, ἐπʼ ἄλλους ἐτράπετο αὖθις. | He himself charged against those who still resisted strongly, and having forced these back as well, he immediately turned upon others. | Purely a battle-action narrative with no mythic figure, genealogy, or historical event asserted beyond the immediate action. |
| 4.16.4 | 4 | mythic | historical | καὶ οὐχὶ σὺν αἰδοῖ φευγόντων οὐδὲ ἀναμένειν θελόντων ἔτι ἀλλήλους, ἐπέκειτό σφισι φοβερώτερος ἢ κατὰ ἀνδρὸς ἑνὸς εἶναι μανίαν. | As they fled without shame, no longer willing even to wait for one another, Aristomenes pressed upon them, terrifying them beyond what might be expected from the fury of a single man. | The sentence describes Aristomenes' action in battle; Aristomenes is a historical figure in Pausanias' account, and the sentence itself asserts a biographical/military deed. |
| 4.16.6 | 2 | historical | mythic | Ἀριστομένει δέ, ὡς ἀνέστρεψεν ἐς τὴν Ἀνδανίαν, ταινίας αἱ γυναῖκες καὶ τὰ ὡραῖα ἐπιβάλλουσαι τῶν ἀνθῶν ἐπέλεγον ᾆσμα τὸ καὶ ἐς ἡμᾶς ἔτι ᾀδόμενον ἔς τε μέσον πεδίον Στενυκλήριον ἔς τʼ ὄρος ἄκρον εἵπετʼ Ἀριστομένης τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις. | Aristomenes, upon returning to Andania, was greeted by women who threw ribbons and blossoms of flowers upon him, chanting a song which is still sung even in our day: "To the Stenyclerian plain and the lofty mountain, Aristomenes pursued the Spartans." | The sentence reports a song about Aristomenes pursuing the Spartans, a heroic figure and deed; it is mythic/legendary rather than post-500 BCE historical. |
| 4.16.6 | 3 | historical | other | ἀνεσώσατο δὲ καὶ τὴν ἀσπίδα ἐκείνην, ἔς τε Δελφοὺς | He also recovered that shield which he dedicated at Delphi. | The sentence only says he recovered a shield and that it had been dedicated at Delphi; this is a bare notice of an object and location, not a mythic or historical assertion. |
| 4.16.7 | 1 | mythic | other | ἀφικόμενος καὶ ὥς οἱ προσέταξεν ἡ Πυθία καταβὰς ἐς τὸ ἄδυτον ἱερὸν τοῦ Τροφωνίου τὸ ἐν Λεβαδείᾳ. | Having arrived, he descended, according to the command given him by the Pythian oracle, into the sacred sanctuary of Trophonius at Lebadeia. | This is a route/action note about someone descending into a sanctuary by oracle command; it does not itself narrate a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.16.8 | 1 | historical | other | συλλέξας δὲ ἄλλους τε τῶν Μεσσηνίων καὶ τοὺς περὶ ἑαυτὸν ἅμα ἔχων λογάδας, φυλάξας τὰ μετὰ ἑσπέραν ἦλθεν ἐπὶ πόλιν τῆς Λακωνικῆς, τὸ μὲν ἀρχαῖον ὄνομα καὶ ἐν Ὁμήρου καταλόγῳ Φᾶριν, ὑπὸ δὲ τῶν Σπαρτιατῶν καὶ προσοίκων καλουμένην Φαράς· | Having gathered together other Messenians as well as the chosen warriors around himself, and waiting until after evening fell, he marched against a city in Laconia—originally named Pharis even in Homer's catalogue, but called Pharae by the Spartans and neighboring peoples. | This sentence is mainly a movement/attack narrative and a naming note about the city; it does not itself assert mythic or post-500 BCE historical content. |
| 4.16.8 | 2 | historical | other | ἐπὶ ταύτην ἀφικόμενος τούς τε πειρωμένους ἀμύνεσθαι διέφθειρε καὶ λείαν περιβαλλόμενος ἀπήλαυνεν ἐς τὴν Μεσσήνην. | Having reached it, he slew those who sought to resist him, seized spoil, and drove it back toward Messenia. | This sentence is a narrative action report about attacking opponents and taking spoil; it does not itself assert mythic or post-500 BCE historical content. |
| 4.16.8 | 4 | historical | other | βληθεὶς δὲ ἀκοντίῳ τὸν γλουτὸν τὴν δίωξιν ἐπέσχεν, οὐ μέντοι τὴν λείαν γε ἣν ἤλαυνεν ἀφῃρέθη. | But he was struck by a javelin in the buttock, which halted his pursuit; nevertheless, he did not surrender the booty he was driving off. | Pure narrative action about being wounded and continuing a pursuit; no mythic or historical assertion in itself. |
| 4.16.9 | 3 | historical | other | ἀγαγὼν δὲ ἐς κώμην τῆς Μεσσηνίας τὴν νύκτα ἀνεπαύετο, ἀνδράσι τῶν ἐκ τοῦ λόχου τὴν φρουρὰν ἐπιτρέψας τῶν παρθένων. | Attacking by daylight, he captured those among them who excelled either by wealth or by the prominence of their fathers. | This sentence is a narrative action about moving to a village and assigning a guard; it does not itself assert mythic or historical content. |
| 4.16.10 | 1 | historical | other | ἐνταῦθα ὑπὸ μέθης οἱ νεανίσκοι δοκεῖν ἐμοὶ καὶ ἄλλως ἀκρατῶς ἔχοντες λογισμοῦ πρὸς βίαν ἐτρέποντο τῶν παρθένων, Ἀριστομένους δὲ ἀπείργοντος οὐ νομιζόμενα Ἕλλησι δρῶντας οὐδένα ἐποιοῦντο λόγον, ὥστε ἠναγκάσθη καὶ ἀποκτεῖναι τοὺς παροινοῦντας μάλιστα ἐξ αὐτῶν. | Here, it seems to me, the young men, driven by drunkenness and otherwise losing self-restraint, resorted violently to assault the maidens; Aristomenes prevented them, protesting that they were acting in ways not customary among Greeks, but they paid no heed whatsoever to him, so that he was forced even to slay those among them who were most consumed by drink. | The sentence narrates a violent incident involving young men and Aristomenes, but in this context it is not presented as mythic genealogy or a post-500 BC historical event; it is a narrative detail without a clear mythic/historical assertion. |
| 4.16.10 | 2 | historical | other | τὰς δὲ αἰχμαλώτους λαβὼν ἀπέλυσε χρημάτων πολλῶν, παρθένους ὥσπερ γε καὶ εἷλεν. | The captive maidens, whom he had taken, he later released for a large ransom, preserving them as virgins just as when he had captured them. | Describes the treatment of captives and ransom in a narrative way, but does not itself assert mythic or post-500 BCE historical content. |
| 4.17.1 | 2 | mythic | both | ἐνταῦθα ἐπιστάμενος ὁ Ἀριστομένης καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ τὰς γυναῖκας ἀγούσας ἑορτὴν ἀμύνεσθαι τῶν γυναικῶν οὐκ ἄνευ τῆς θεοῦ προαχθεισῶν. | Here Aristomenes and his men, knowing that women were celebrating a festival and intending to defend themselves, met resistance from the women, who must have been inspired by the goddess herself. | Mentions Aristomenes, a historical figure in a historical conflict, and also attributes the women’s resistance to divine inspiration by the goddess. |
| 4.17.1 | 5 | historical | other | ἀπεσώθη δὲ ὅμως τῆς αὐτῆς ἐκείνης νυκτὸς ἐς τὴν Μεσσηνίαν. | Even so, he managed to escape back to Messenia that very night. | Pure route/movement note: it states that he escaped to Messenia that night, with no mythic or historical assertion in itself. |
| 4.17.4 | 3 | mythic | other | καὶ ἀπὸ τούτου τὸ παθεῖν ὁποῖόν τις καὶ ἔδρασε Νεοπτολέμειον τίσιν ὀνομάζουσι. | Due to this occurrence, the suffering of one who endures a fate similar to that he has previously inflicted is called the "punishment of Neoptolemus." | This is an explanatory naming sentence about a proverbial punishment, not a narration of mythic or historical events. |
| 4.17.6 | 1 | historical | mythic | Λακεδαιμονίοις μὲν τὸ ἐς Μεσσηνίους σόφισμα ὁ δαίμων ἔμελλεν αὐτοῖς ἀποφανεῖν συμφοράν· | But for the Lacedaemonians, this stratagem against the Messenians the divinity was already preparing to turn into a disaster. | The sentence itself attributes the outcome to a divinity acting on a stratagem; this is mythic/divine agency, not a post-500 BCE historical assertion. |
| 4.17.6 | 3 | historical | other | ἐκέλευεν οὖν πάντα τινά, ἐπειδὰν αὐτὸς σημήνῃ, φυγῇ χρῆσθαι. | But when the battle was about to begin, he suddenly alarmed them, saying that they were caught in a difficult position, that retreat would be impossible if they were defeated, and claiming also that the sacrifices had not proved favorable for them. | This is a tactical instruction about retreat in battle and unfavorable sacrifices; it does not itself narrate mythic or post-500 BCE historical content. |
| 4.17.8 | 1 | historical | other | οἱ δὲ πρὸς τὸ ἀνέλπιστον τῶν παρόντων ἐγένοντο ἔκφρονες καὶ ἅμα ὑπὸ τῆς διεξόδου τῆς κατὰ σφᾶς τῶν Ἀρκάδων ἐταράσσοντο, ὥστε αὐτῶν ἐδέησαν οἱ πολλοὶ καὶ ἐπιλαθέσθαι τῶν ἐν χερσίν· | Faced with circumstances they had not expected, they became panic-stricken and, at the same time, were confounded by the Arcadians' withdrawal from their side, so that most of them even forgot the weapons in their hands. | Describes a battle situation and panic among troops, but does not itself assert a mythic episode or a post-500 BCE historical event. |
| 4.17.11 | 2 | mythic | other | οὔρεος ἀργεννοῖο περὶ πτύχας ἐστρατόωντο χείματά τε ποίας τε δύω καὶ εἴκοσι πάσας· | "Around the folds of the silvery mountain they campaigned for two and twenty seasons, winters and grass-times all together." | Purely a descriptive statement about duration and location of campaigning; no mythic or historical event is asserted in this sentence itself. |
| 4.18.1 | 2 | historical | other | ἄλλοι τε δὴ συνίσταντο ἐς τὰς καταδρομάς, ὡς ἕκαστοι τύχοιεν, καὶ Ἀριστομένης δὲ τοὺς περὶ αὑτὸν λογάδας ἐς τριακοσίων ἀριθμὸν προήγαγεν. | They gathered together in separate bands, as chance might allow; and Aristomenes himself assembled his chosen followers, numbering three hundred, and led them forth. | This is a battle-movement description naming Aristomenes and his followers, but it does not itself assert mythic or post-500 BCE historical content. |
| 4.18.3 | 2 | historical | other | οὐ γὰρ ἠνείχοντο οἱ ταύτῃ τὰ κτήματα ἔχοντες τὰ σφέτερα ἀργὰ εἶναι. | Tyrtaeus reconciled these disputes among them. | This sentence is a general statement about local landowners not tolerating their property lying idle; it does not itself narrate mythic material or a datable historical event. |
| 4.18.3 | 3 | historical | other | καὶ τούτοις μὲν τὰ διάφορα διέλυε Τυρταῖος· | Aristomenes, meanwhile, taking his chosen troops, made his departure around late evening, and because of his great speed, he arrived at Amyclae before sunrise. | This sentence is a narrative transition about Tyrtaeus settling disputes; it does not itself assert mythic or post-500 BCE historical content. |
| 4.18.5 | 2 | mythic | both | οἱ δὲ ἀποσεμνύνοντες τὰ κατʼ αὐτὸν Ἀριστομένει φασὶν ἐμβληθέντι ἐς τὸν Κεάδαν ὄρνιθα τὸν ἀετὸν ὑποπέτεσθαι καὶ ἀνέχειν ταῖς πτέρυξιν, ἐς ὃ κατήνεγκεν αὐτὸν ἐς τὸ πέρας οὔτε πηρωθέντα οὐδὲν τοῦ σώματος οὔτε τραῦμά τι λαβόντα. | Those who glorify Aristomenes' deeds declare that when he was thrown into the Ceadas, an eagle flew beneath him and supported him with its wings, carrying him down safely to the bottom without injury to his body or sustaining any wound. | The sentence narrates a legendary feat of Aristomenes, a historical figure, with an eagle miraculously aiding him; it combines heroic/mythic action with a historical person. |
| 4.18.6 | 1 | mythic | other | καὶ ὁ μὲν ὡς ἐς τὸ τέρμα ἦλθε τοῦ βαράθρου, κατεκλίθη τε καὶ ἐφελκυσάμενος τὴν χλαμύδα ἀνέμενεν ὡς πάντως οἱ ἀποθανεῖν πεπρωμένον· | When he reached the bottom of the pit, he lay down and, wrapping the cloak tightly around him, awaited what he was certain would inevitably be his death. | Describes a person's actions and impending death in the pit; no mythic or historical assertion in itself. |
| 4.18.6 | 2 | other | mythic | τρίτῃ δὲ ὕστερον ἡμέρᾳ ψόφου τε αἰσθάνεται καὶ ἐκκαλυψάμενος---ἐδύνατο δὲ ἤδη διὰ τοῦ σκότους διορᾶν---ἀλώπεκα εἶδεν ἁπτομένην τῶν νεκρῶν. | But after the third day he heard a noise and uncovering himself—by now his eyes had adjusted enough to the darkness—he saw a fox touching the corpses. | The sentence narrates a fox interacting with corpses in a story-like episode, which is mythic/legendary content rather than historical. |
| 4.19.2 | 1 | historical | mythic | τούτους παρὰ τῶν κατασκόπων πυνθανόμενος ὁ Ἀριστομένης τῇ πορείᾳ τε ἀτακτότερον χρῆσθαι καὶ ταῖς στρατοπεδείαις ἀφυλάκτως, ἐπιτίθεται νύκτωρ σφίσι· | When Aristomenes learned from his scouts that they proceeded carelessly on the march and neglected their camps' defense, he attacked them by night. | Aristomenes is a heroic figure and the sentence narrates his nocturnal attack, a mythic/heroic deed. |
| 4.19.2 | 3 | historical | mythic | διαρπάσας δὲ καὶ τὴν σκηνὴν τὴν στρατηγίδα παρέστησεν εὖ εἰδέναι Σπαρτιάταις ὡς Ἀριστομένης καὶ οὐκ ἄλλος Μεσσηνίων ἐστὶν ὁ ταῦτα εἰργασμένος. | After plundering the tent of the Spartan generals, he made it clear to the Spartans beyond doubt that it was Aristomenes and no other Messenian who had performed these deeds. | The sentence asserts a deed by Aristomenes, a heroic figure in Messenian legend, so it is mythic/heroic content; it is not a post-500 BCE historical claim. |
| 4.19.3 | 1 | historical | other | ἔθυσε δὲ καὶ τῷ Διὶ τῷ Ἰθωμάτᾳ τὴν θυσίαν ἣν ἑκατομφόνια ὀνομάζουσιν. | He sacrificed also to Zeus Ithomatas the offering they call "Hekatomphonia" (the sacrifice for one hundred slain). | A ritual sacrifice is described, but the sentence is only a procedural notice naming the offering; it does not narrate mythic or historical events. |
| 4.19.3 | 3 | historical | other | Ἀριστομένει δέ, ὅτε ἐπὶ Κάπρου σήματι ἐμαχέσατο, θύσαντι ἑκατομφόνια πρῶτον, δεύτερα ἤδη θῦσαι καὶ ὁ ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ τῶν Κορινθίων παρέσχε φόνος. | Aristomenes first offered this sacrifice after he had fought at the tomb of Kapros; a second occasion was provided for him by the slaughter of the Corinthians during the night. | The sentence reports Aristomenes' sacrifice and a night slaughter of Corinthians as events in a historical narrative, but in this sentence they function as a bare action report without mythic genealogy or a specifically dated post-500 BCE historical claim. |
| 4.19.3 | 4 | mythic | other | τοῦτον μὲν δὴ λέγουσι καὶ ἐπὶ ταῖς ὕστερον θῦσαι καταδρομαῖς θυσίαν τρίτην, Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ---ἐπῄει γὰρ | They say he also performed this sacrifice a third time after his subsequent attacks; but the Lacedaemonians—for he was advancing toward them— | This sentence is a narrative transition about subsequent attacks and the Lacedaemonians advancing; it does not itself assert mythic or post-500 BCE historical content. |
| 4.19.5 | 5 | mythic | other | τῇ δὲ προτέρᾳ νυκτὶ εἶδεν ὄψιν ἡ παῖς· | On the previous night the girl had seen a vision: | Reports that the girl saw a vision; this is a narrative event but not itself a mythic deed, genealogy, or historical event. |
| 4.19.6 | 1 | mythic | other | τότε δὲ ὡς τὸν Ἀριστομένην ἐσάγουσιν οἱ Κρῆτες, συνεφρόνησεν ἡ παρθένος ὕπαρ ἥκειν τὸ ἐν τῇ νυκτί οἱ πεφηνὸς καὶ ἀνηρώτα τὴν μητέρα ὅστις εἴη· μαθοῦσα δὲ ἐπερρώσθη τε καὶ ἀπιδοῦσα ἐς αὐτὸν τὸ προσταχθὲν συνῆκεν. | At that time, as the Cretans were bringing Aristomenes in, the maiden recognized clearly the vision she had seen during the night. | The sentence only describes a maiden recognizing a dream/vision as Aristomenes is brought in; it does not itself narrate a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.19.6 | 3 | historical | other | ταύτην τὴν παρθένον λαμβάνει γυναῖκα Γόργος Ἀριστομένους· ἐδίδου δὲ Ἀριστομένης τῇ παιδὶ ἐκτίνων σῶστρα, ἐπεὶ Γόργῳ οὐκ ἦν πω δέκατον καὶ ὄγδοον ἔτος, ὅτε ἔγημεν. | Gazing upon Aristomenes, she understood the command that had been given to her. | The sentence is a marriage/age detail about Aristomenes and Gorgo, a biographical/historical-style note, but in this context it is not a datable post-500 BCE historical event; it also does not narrate mythic action. |
| 4.20.1 | 3 | historical | mythic | τούτοις γὰρ ἐλθοῦσιν ἐς Δελφοὺς μετὰ τὴν ἐπὶ τῇ τάφρῳ πληγὴν καὶ ἐπερομένοις ὑπὲρ σωτηρίας τοσόνδε εἶπεν ἡ Πυθία· | After their defeat at the trench, they traveled to Delphi and consulted the oracle concerning their safety, and the Pythia replied only this: | The sentence narrates an oracle consultation and the Pythia's reply, which is mythic/religious content; it does not itself assert a historical event beyond the travel context. |
| 4.20.2 | 4 | mythic | other | τοῖς δὲ ἄρα ὁ δαίμων προεσήμαινε τοιόνδε. | But a divine sign foretold for them the following. | This is only a brief authorial statement that a divine sign foretold something; it does not itself narrate a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.20.3 | 2 | mythic | other | καὶ ἐς μὲν τοὺς ἄλλους εἶχεν ἐν ἀπορρήτῳ, Ἀριστομένην δὲ πρός τε τὸν ἐρινεὸν ἤγαγε καὶ ἀνεδίδασκεν ὡς τῆς σωτηρίας ἐξήκοι σφίσιν ὁ χρόνος. | To all others he kept the matter secret, but he brought Aristomenes to the fig tree and instructed him that the time of their deliverance had come. | This is a narrative action and speech about secrecy and instruction, not a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.20.3 | 3 | historical | other | Ἀριστομένης δὲ ἔχειν οὕτω πείθεται καὶ ἀναβολὴν οὐκέτι εἶναί σφισι, προενοήσατο δὲ καὶ ἐκ τῶν παρόντων. | Aristomenes was thus persuaded that it was so, and concluded there could be no further delay, perceiving clearly the necessity from their present circumstances. | This is a narrative transition about Aristomenes' decision and perception, with no mythic deed or historical event asserted in the sentence itself. |
| 4.20.4 | 5 | mythic | other | καὶ Δία Ἰθώμην ἔχοντα καὶ θεοὺς οἳ Μεσσηνίους ἐς ἐκεῖνο ἔσωζον φύλακας μεῖναι τῆς παρακαταθήκης αἰτούμενος, μηδὲ ἐπὶ Λακεδαιμονίοις ποιῆσαι τὴν μόνην καθόδου Μεσσηνίοις ἐλπίδα. | He then entreated Zeus of Ithome and the gods who had protected the Messenians up to that time to remain guardians of this buried treasure, and pleaded with them not to let the Spartans extinguish this sole remaining hope for the Messenians' return. | A prayer/entreaty to Zeus and other gods is a procedural religious act, not narration of a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.20.6 | 2 | mythic | other | ἀνδρὸς οὖν τῶν Μεσσηνίων τῶν οὐκ ἐντὸς τείχους ἐχόντων οἴκησιν γυναῖκα εἶδεν ἐφʼ ὕδωρ ἐλθοῦσαν· ἐρασθεὶς δὲ διαλεχθῆναί τε ἐτόλμησε καὶ δοὺς δῶρα συγγίνεται. | He saw the wife of a certain Messenian man who lived outside the walls coming to draw water; struck by desire, he dared to address her, and after giving her gifts, he lay with her. | A narrative of a man's encounter and seduction of a Messenian woman; it is not mythic or historical in the sense required, but a personal anecdote/other content. |
| 4.20.6 | 3 | historical | other | καὶ ἀπὸ τούτου τὸν ἄνδρα παρεφύλασσεν αὐτῆς, ὁπότε ἀποχωρήσειεν ἐς τὴν φρουράν. | From that time forth, he watched closely for whenever her husband went away to the guard-station. | This is a narrative action about watching a husband leave for guard duty; it does not itself assert mythic or historical content. |
| 4.20.6 | 4 | historical | other | ἀνὰ μέρος δὲ τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις τῆς ἀκροπόλεως ἐπήγετο ἡ φυλακή· ταύτῃ γὰρ τοὺς πολεμίους μάλιστα ἐδεδοίκεσαν μὴ ὑπερβῶσιν αὐτοῖς ἐς τὴν πόλιν. | Indeed, the Messenians kept watch over the citadel by turns, since at that point especially they feared that their enemies might climb in and invade their city. | This is a procedural military watch arrangement and fear of enemy entry, not a narrated historical event or mythic claim. |
| 4.20.7 | 1 | historical | other | καί ποτε ἔτυχε σὺν ἄλλοις ἐς ἐκεῖνον περιήκουσα ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ ἡ φυλακή, ἔτυχε δὲ καὶ ὕειν πολλῷ τὸν θεόν, καὶ ἐκλείπουσιν οἱ Μεσσήνιοι τὴν φρουράν· | And once it happened that a guard post at that place had fallen to him and others during the night. | A simple narrative event about a guard post falling at night; no mythic deed or post-500 BCE historical assertion in the sentence itself. |
| 4.20.8 | 1 | historical | mythic | Ἀριστομένης δὲ οὐ πολλαῖς πρότερον ἡμέραις Κεφαλλῆνα ἔμπορον, ἑαυτῷ ξένον καὶ ἐσάγοντα ἐς τὴν Εἶραν ὁπόσων ἐδέοντο, ἑαλωκότα ὑπὸ Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ τοξοτῶν Ἀπτεραίων ὧν ἦρχεν Εὐρύαλος Σπαρτιάτης, τοῦτον τὸν Κεφαλλῆνα ἀφαιρούμενος ἐκεῖνον μὲν καὶ τὰ χρήματα ὁπόσα ἦγεν ἀπέσωσεν, αὐτὸς δὲ ἐτέτρωτο καὶ οὐκ ἐδύνατο ἐπιφοιτᾶν τοῖς φυλάσσουσι καθάπερ εἰώθει. | A few days earlier Aristomenes had rescued a certain merchant from Cephallenia—his guest-friend and supplier bringing into Eira all the supplies they required—who had been captured by the Lacedaemonians and the Apteraian archers under the Spartan leader Euryalus. | The sentence narrates Aristomenes rescuing a merchant and being captured by named forces; this is heroic narrative about a legendary figure, not post-500 BCE history. |
| 4.20.8 | 2 | historical | other | τοῦτο μάλιστα αἴτιον ἐγένετο ἐκλειφθῆναι τὴν ἀκρόπολιν· | While rescuing this Cephallenian and the goods he was bringing, Aristomenes himself was wounded, so severely that he could no longer perform his customary visits to the sentries. | This sentence is a causal/route-style explanation of why the acropolis was abandoned; it does not itself narrate a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.20.9 | 2 | mythic | other | ἡ δὲ τηνικαῦτα ἔνδον εἶχε τὸν βουκόλον, αἰσθάνεταί τε τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἐπιόντος καὶ αὐτίκα ὡς τάχους εἶχεν ἀποκρύπτει τὸν ἄνθρωπον. | At that time she had the herdsman indoors with her; sensing her husband's arrival, she immediately concealed the man as quickly as possible. | Pure narrative action about concealing a man; no mythic or historical assertion in itself. |
| 4.20.10 | 3 | historical | other | ἀφικόμενος οὖν ἐς τοῦτον πρῶτα μὲν τὸ ἐπὶ τῷ δρασμῷ παρῃτεῖτο ἁμάρτημα, δεύτερα δὲ ἀνεδίδασκεν ὡς τὴν Εἶραν ἐν τῷ παρόντι μάλιστα αἱρήσουσιν, αὐτὰ ἕκαστα ὁπόσα ᾔσθετο τοῦ Μεσσηνίου διηγούμενος. | After coming to him, the herdsman first sought forgiveness for his earlier desertion, then informed him precisely how they could now best capture Eira, relating exactly each detail he had discovered from the Messenian. | This is a narrative report of a herdsman giving tactical information; it contains no mythic episode or post-500 BCE historical assertion in itself. |
| 4.21.1 | 4 | historical | other | γνόντες οὖν τὸν ὕστατον ὁμοῦ καὶ ἀναγκαιότατον σφᾶς ἀγῶνα ἐπειληφότα, οὐδὲ τὰ ὅπλα ἅπαντα ἀνελάμβανον, ἀλλʼ ὅτῳ προχείρῳ μάλιστα ἐντύχοι τις, ἁρπάζοντες ἤμυνον τῇ πατρίδι, ἣ μόνη σφίσιν ἐλείπετο ἐκ τῆς Μεσσηνίας πάσης. | The Messenians were alerted to the present danger by various signs, but especially by their dogs, which barked not in their usual way, but with a louder and more incessant noise. | The sentence describes the Messenians' response to danger in general terms; it does not itself assert a mythic episode or a post-500 BC historical event. |
| 4.21.2 | 1 | mythic | both | πρῶτοι δὲ ᾔσθοντο ἔνδον τῶν πολεμίων ὄντων καὶ ἐβοήθουν ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς πρῶτοι Γόργος τε ὁ Ἀριστομένους καὶ Ἀριστομένης αὐτὸς Θέοκλός τε ὁ μάντις καὶ Μάντικλος ὁ Θεόκλου, σὺν δὲ αὐτοῖς Εὐεργετίδας ἀνὴρ καὶ ἄλλως ἐν Μεσσήνῃ τιμώμενος καὶ διὰ τὴν γυναῖκα ἐπὶ πλέον ἀξιώματος ἥκων· | The first who perceived that the enemies were within and who led the rescue against them were Gorgus, son of Aristomenes, Aristomenes himself, Theoclus the seer, and Mantiklos, son of Theoclus, together with them Euergitidas—a man otherwise honored in Messene, but further exalted on account of his wife, for he had married Aristomenes' sister, Hagnagora. | The sentence names Aristomenes and his kin in a battle rescue, which is heroic/mythic material, and it also describes a post-classical historical action by identifiable persons in Messene. |
| 4.21.2 | 2 | historical | other | ἀδελφὴν γὰρ εἶχεν Ἀριστομένους Ἁγναγόραν. | The rest, despite realizing that they were caught as if in a net, nevertheless maintained some hope even in their desperate circumstances. | The sentence only states that Aristomenes had a sister named Hagnagora; it is a bare genealogical relation without mythic narration or historical event. |
| 4.21.3 | 2 | historical | other | ἐπιόντες δὲ τὴν πόλιν σπουδῇ καὶ ἐπὶ πάντας ἐρχόμενοι τοῖς τε ἐντυγχάνουσιν, ὁπότε αἰσθάνοιντο ὄντας Μεσσηνίους, παρεκελεύοντο ἄνδρας ἀγαθοὺς εἶναι καὶ ἐκ τῶν οἰκιῶν ἀνεκάλουν τοὺς ἔτι ὑπολειπομένους. | Going quickly through the city and approaching everyone they met, whenever they perceived them to be Messenians, they urged them to show themselves good men, and called forth from their houses those still remaining behind. | This is a narrative action in a city during an episode, but it does not itself assert mythic or post-500 BCE historical content; it is just what people did. |
| 4.21.7 | 2 | historical | mythic | τοῖς δὲ Λακεδαιμονίοις ταῦτα πάντα παρίστη φρόνημα, καὶ αὐτὸν ἀμύνειν σφίσιν ἔφασαν τὸν θεόν· καὶ---ἤστραπτε γὰρ τούτοις κατὰ δεξιὰ---ἀπέφαινεν Ἕκας ὁ μάντις ὡς αἴσιον εἴη τὸ σημεῖον. | For the Lacedaemonians, all these events raised their spirits, and they declared that the god himself was fighting on their side; and indeed—since lightning flashed for them on the right—Hecas the seer interpreted this omen as favorable. | The sentence reports a divine omen and the Lacedaemonians' claim that the god was fighting for them; this is mythic/religious content, not a post-500 BCE historical event. |
| 4.21.8 | 1 | historical | other | οὗτος δὲ καὶ στρατήγημα ἐξεῦρε τοιόνδε. | He also devised the following stratagem. | This is a bare statement that someone devised a stratagem; it does not itself narrate a mythic deed or a post-500 BC historical event. |
| 4.21.8 | 3 | historical | other | τούτους ἐκέλευεν ἀποχωρήσαντας ἐς τὸ στρατόπεδον σιτίων μεταλαβεῖν καὶ ὕπνου καὶ αὖθις πρὸ ἑσπέρας ἥκειν τοῖς ὑπομενοῦσιν αὐτῶν διαδεξομένους τὸν πόνον. | He ordered these men to withdraw to the camp, partake of food and rest, and then return again before evening, relieving in turn their comrades who had remained to endure the battle. | Purely procedural/military instruction about withdrawing to camp, eating, resting, and returning; no mythic or historical assertion in itself. |
| 4.21.9 | 3 | historical | other | μάλιστα δὲ αἱ γυναῖκες ἀηθείᾳ τε πολέμου καὶ τῇ συνεχείᾳ τῆς ταλαιπωρίας ἀπειρήκεσαν. | Most of all, the women, unaccustomed to warfare and overwhelmed by constant suffering, had reached the limits of endurance. | Describes the women’s condition during warfare; it is a situational/psychological statement, not mythic narration or a historical event in itself. |
| 4.21.10 | 1 | mythic | other | παραστὰς οὖν ὁ μάντις Θέοκλος πρὸς Ἀριστομένην εἶπε· "τί μάτην τόνδε ἔχεις τὸν πόνον; | Then the seer Theoclus stood beside Aristomenes and said, "Why do you persist in this labor in vain? | A speech introduction and question only; it does not itself narrate mythic or historical content. |
| 4.21.10 | 3 | mythic | other | ἐμοὶ μὲν οὖν ὁ θεὸς αὐτῷ κοινὴν πρὸς τὴν πατρίδα ἐπάγει τὴν τελευτήν· σὺ δὲ σώζειν μὲν ὡς δυνάμεως ἥκεις Μεσσηνίους, σώζειν δὲ καὶ σαυτόν." | For me personally, the god brings death shared with my country; but you have come to save the Messenians as best you can—now also save yourself." | A speech about impending death and saving the Messenians; it does not itself narrate mythic or post-500 BCE historical events. |
| 4.21.10 | 4 | historical | both | ἐπεὶ δὲ εἶπε πρὸς τοῦτον, ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους ἔθει· καί οἱ καὶ ἐς τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ἔπεισιν ἐκβοῆσαι τοσόνδε· "ἀλλʼ οὔ τοι τὸν πάντα γε χρόνον χαίροντες καρπώσεσθε τὰ Μεσσηνίων." | After speaking thus to Aristomenes, he rushed upon the enemy, and charging against the Lacedaemonians, cried aloud: "Yet know this: you will not forever rejoice in reaping the spoils of Messene!" | The sentence narrates Aristomenes rushing into battle and addressing the Lacedaemonians, which is a heroic/mythic-style action, and it concerns the Messenians vs. Lacedaemonians in a historical war context. |
| 4.21.11 | 1 | historical | other | μετὰ τοῦτο τοῖς καθʼ αὑτὸν ἀνθεστηκόσιν ἐμπεσὼν ἐκείνους τε ἔκτεινε καὶ αὐτὸς ἐτιτρώσκετο, προεμπλήσας δὲ τὸν θυμὸν τῷ φόνῳ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἀφίησι τὴν ψυχήν. | After this, he fell upon those who stood against him, slew them, and was himself wounded; but having first sated his fury with the slaughter of his enemies, he yielded up his spirit. | Narrates a violent death in general terms without identifying a mythic hero or a historical person/event. |
| 4.21.12 | 2 | other | historical | αὐτὸς δὲ ἀναδραμὼν ἐς τοὺς προτεταγμένους τῆς τε κεφαλῆς τῷ νεύματι καὶ τοῦ δόρατος τῇ κινήσει δῆλος ἦν διέξοδόν τε αἰτούμενος καὶ ἀποχωρεῖν ἤδη βεβουλευμένος. | He himself then ran forward to those stationed at the front, clearly signaling, by nodding his head and waving his spear, that he was requesting passage through and had already determined upon withdrawal. | The sentence describes a tactical military action and withdrawal decision by a person in a battle context, which is historical content. |
| 4.22.3 | 1 | historical | mythic | Ἀριστομένει δὲ ὅ τε οἶκτος διαρπαζομένης τῆς Εἴρας καὶ τὸ μῖσος τὸ ἐς τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους βούλευμα παρίστησι τοιόνδε. | Pity for the sacking of Eira and hatred against the Lacedaemonians prompted Aristomenes to devise the following plan. | The sentence attributes a motive and plan to Aristomenes, a heroic figure in a legendary context; it is mythic/heroic narration, not post-500 BCE history. |
| 4.22.4 | 2 | historical | other | "καὶ ἢν μὲν ἑλεῖν τὴν Σπάρτην καὶ κατασχεῖν δυνηθῶμεν", ἔφασκεν ὁ Ἀριστομένης, "ἔστιν ἡμῖν ἀποδόντας Λακεδαιμονίοις τὰ ἐκείνων κομίσασθαι τὰ οἰκεῖα·" | Aristomenes said, "If we succeed in capturing Sparta and holding it, we shall recover our own possessions by exchanging them for what belongs to the Lacedaemonians." | This is direct speech about a proposed exchange after capturing Sparta; it does not itself narrate a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.22.4 | 3 | historical | other | "ἁμαρτάνοντες δὲ ὁμοῦ ἀποθανούμεθά γε μνήμης καὶ τοῖς ἔπειτα ἄξια ἐργασάμενοι." | "But should we fail, we shall at least die together, having achieved deeds worthy of remembrance by posterity." | This is a general statement about dying together and earning remembrance, not a mythic narrative or a specific historical event. |
| 4.22.5 | 3 | historical | other | τὰ γὰρ τοῦ Ἀριστομένους βουλεύματα αὐτίκα ὁ Ἀριστοκράτης ἐγγράψας βιβλίῳ, καὶ τὸ βιβλίον ἐπιθεὶς τῶν οἰκετῶν ὃν ἠπίστατο ὄντα εὐνούστατον, παρὰ Ἀνάξανδρον ἀπέστελλεν ἐς Σπάρτην. | Aristocrates immediately had written down Aristomenes' intentions in a letter, and entrusting the letter to the most trustworthy of his servants, dispatched it to Anaxander at Sparta. | This sentence only reports a letter being written and sent; it is a procedural/historical narrative detail without asserting mythic or historical content itself. |
| 4.22.7 | 2 | other | mythic | καὶ ὁ μὲν ἐς τὴν γῆν ἀφορῶν ἔκλαιεν· | Aristomenes, gazing down at the ground, wept. | The sentence names Aristomenes, a heroic figure, and describes his action; this is mythic/heroic narrative rather than historical institutional content. |
| 4.22.7 | 4 | mythic | other | χαλεπὸν δὲ λαθεῖν θεὸν ἄνδρʼ ἐπίορκον. | In the precinct of Zeus Lycaeus, they erected a stele with this inscription: | This is an inscriptional statement/proverbial warning, not narration of a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.23.2 | 2 | historical | other | ἐκείνοις δὲ Γόργον καὶ Μάντικλον ἔδωκεν ἡγεμόνας. | To the others he gave Gorgus and Mantiklos as leaders. | This is a bare statement that someone gave Gorgus and Mantiklos as leaders; it names figures but does not itself narrate mythic or historical content. |
| 4.23.2 | 3 | historical | both | ὁ δὲ Εὐεργετίδας ἐς μὲν τὸ Λύκαιον σὺν τοῖς ἄλλοις Μεσσηνίοις καὶ αὐτὸς ἀπεχώρησεν· ἐκεῖθεν δέ, ὡς ἑώρα τὸ βούλευμα διαπεπτωκὸς τῷ Ἀριστομένει τὸ ἐς τὴν κατάληψιν τῆς Σπάρτης, ἀναπείσας τῶν Μεσσηνίων ὡς πεντήκοντα ἐπάνεισιν ἐπὶ τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ἐς τὴν Εἶραν, καὶ ἐντυχὼν διαρπάζουσιν ἔτι τὰ ἐπινίκια | Evergetidas withdrew along with the other Messenians to Mount Lycaeus; from there, seeing that Aristomenes' plan to capture Sparta had failed, he persuaded around fifty of the Messenians to return with him against the Lacedaemonians at Eira, and encountering them still celebrating their victory, they plundered them. | The sentence narrates Aristomenes and the Messenians in a specific war episode, including a tactical plan and attack on Lacedaemonians, which is historical in Pausanias' sense; Aristomenes is also a heroic figure in Messenians' legendary history, so the sentence itself contains mythic-heroic narrative. |
| 4.23.5 | 3 | historical | other | γνῶμαι δὲ ἦσαν Γόργου μὲν Ζάκυνθον τὴν ὑπὲρ Κεφαλληνίας καταλαβόντας καὶ νησιώτας ἀντὶ ἠπειρωτῶν γενομένους ναυσὶν ἐς τὰ παραθαλάσσια τῆς Λακωνικῆς ἐπιπλέοντας κακοῦν τὴν γῆν· | At the coming of spring they debated where to migrate. | The sentence reports a plan/debate about migration and raiding, not a mythic story or a post-500 BCE historical event. |
| 4.23.7 | 2 | historical | other | ἡγεμόνες δὲ ἦσαν αὐτῶν Κραταιμένης Σάμιος καὶ Περιήρης ἐκ Χαλκίδος. | Their leaders were Crataemenes of Samos and Perieres from Chalcis. | Names leaders of a group without narrating a mythic deed or a historical event; this is a bare identification. |
| 4.23.10 | 2 | historical | both | Μάντικλος δὲ καὶ τὸ ἱερὸν Μεσσηνίοις τοῦ Ἡρακλέους ἐποίησε, καὶ ἔστιν ἐκτὸς τείχους ὁ θεὸς ἱδρυμένος, Ἡρακλῆς καλούμενος Μάντικλος, καθάπερ γε καὶ Ἄμμων ἐν Λιβύῃ καὶ ὁ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι Βῆλος ὁ μὲν ἀπὸ ἀνδρὸς Αἰγυπτίου Βήλου τοῦ Λιβύης ὄνομα ἔσχεν, Ἄμμων δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἱδρυσαμένου ποιμένος. | Mantiklos also built the sanctuary of Heracles for the Messenians; the god stands outside the city wall, and is known as Heracles Mantiklos, just as among the Libyans Ammon takes his name from the shepherd who dedicated him, and the Babylonian Bel derives his name from the Egyptian man Belus, son of Libya. | The sentence asserts a historical dedication by Mantiklos and also gives mythic/etiological naming claims about Heracles, Ammon, and Bel. |
| 4.23.10 | 3 | historical | other | Μεσσηνίοις μὲν οὖν τοῖς φεύγουσιν ἐγεγόνει πέρας τῆς ἄλης· | Thus the wanderings of the exiled Messenians came to an end. | States only that the exiled Messenians' wandering ended; this is a narrative transition, not a mythic or historical event in itself. |
| 4.24.1 | 2 | mythic | other | αὐτὸς δὲ ἀφικόμενος ἐς Δελφοὺς ἐχρῆτο τῷ θεῷ. | Aristomenes himself went to Delphi and consulted the god. | A visit to Delphi and consulting the god is a procedural/action note, not narration of mythic or historical events. |
| 4.24.1 | 3 | mythic | other | καὶ τὸ μὲν τῷ Ἀριστομένει γενόμενον μάντευμα οὐ λέγεται· | However, the oracle given to Aristomenes is not recorded. | The sentence only says the oracle to Aristomenes is not recorded; it does not narrate the oracle's content or any mythic/historical event. |
| 4.24.2 | 3 | historical | other | Ἀριστομένης δὲ ἐς μὲν τὴν Ῥόδον ἀφίκετο σὺν τῇ θυγατρί, ἐκεῖθεν δὲ ἔς τε Σάρδεις ἐνενόει παρὰ Ἄρδυν τὸν Γύγου καὶ ἐς Ἐκβάτανα τὰ Μηδικὰ ἀναβῆναι παρὰ τὸν βασιλέα Φραόρτην· | Aristomenes accompanied his daughter as far as Rhodes, and from there intended to journey onward—to Sardis, to Ardys son of Gyges, and then up to Ecbatana, the Median capital, to King Phraortes. | This sentence only reports travel intentions and destinations; it does not itself narrate a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.24.3 | 1 | historical | mythic | ἀλλὰ γὰρ πρότερον τούτων συνέπεσεν ἀποθανεῖν αὐτῷ νοσήσαντι, οὐ γὰρ ἔδει συμφορὰν οὐδεμίαν Λακεδαιμονίοις ἔτι ἐξ Ἀριστομένους γενέσθαι. | However, before these things could occur, Aristomenes fell ill and died; for it was not ordained that the Lacedaemonians should suffer any further misfortune at the hands of Aristomenes. | The sentence asserts the mythic/heroic figure Aristomenes dying and frames it with a fate-like pronouncement about his role; no post-500 BCE historical event is narrated. |
| 4.25.4 | 2 | historical | other | καὶ οἱ μὲν ὡς πολιορκήσοντες παρεσκευάζοντο· | They prepared as if about to besiege them. | Describes preparation for a siege, a military action, but in this sentence it is only a procedural/ongoing action and not a narrated historical event. |
| 4.25.4 | 4 | historical | other | οἱ δὲ Μεσσήνιοι προητοιμασμένοι μὲν καὶ σῖτον καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἦσαν ὁπόσα εἰκὸς ἦν, πολιορκίας πειράσεσθαι μακροτέρας ἐλπίζοντες· | The Messenians, however, had previously stocked up food and all other things which might reasonably be needed, expecting they would face a prolonged siege. | This is a logistical preparation note about stocking provisions for a siege; it does not narrate mythic or historical events. |
| 4.25.5 | 1 | historical | other | παρίστατο δέ σφισι πρὸ τῆς μελλούσης πολιορκίας ἀγῶνα ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ ποιήσασθαι, μηδὲ ὄντας Μεσσηνίους, οἳ μηδὲ Λακεδαιμονίων ἀνδρίᾳ, τύχῃ δὲ ἠλαττώθησαν, καταπεπλῆχθαι τὸν ἥκοντα ὄχλον ἐξ Ἀκαρνανίας· | Before the impending siege, they determined openly to engage in battle, lest the Acarnanian host that had come should lose heart, thinking that the Messenians, though defeated by the Spartans through adverse fortune rather than through inferiority in valor, were incapable fighters. | This is a battle-preparation and characterization sentence about the Messenians and Acarnanian host; it does not itself narrate mythic material or a post-500 BCE historical event. |
| 4.25.6 | 1 | historical | other | καθίσταντό τε δὴ τοῖς Ἀκαρνᾶσιν ἐς ἀγῶνα καὶ ὁ τρόπος λέγεται τῆς μάχης γενέσθαι τοιόσδε. | And indeed the Acarnanians drew up for battle against them; and the manner of the fight is said to have been as follows. | This is a transition into describing the battle; it does not itself assert mythic or historical content. |
| 4.25.9 | 1 | historical | other | καὶ ἁλῶναι μὲν κατὰ κράτος τὸ τεῖχος ἢ ὑπερβάντων τῶν Ἀκαρνάνων ἢ καὶ ἀπολιπεῖν βιασθεῖσιν αὐτοῖς τὴν φρουρὰν δέος ἦν οὐδέν· | There was no fear among them that their wall might be stormed either by force or by the Acarnanians scaling it, nor were they afraid that they would be compelled to abandon their garrison post. | This is a military situation description about fear of a wall being stormed and a garrison abandoning its post; it does not itself assert mythic or post-500 BCE historical content. |
| 4.26.2 | 3 | historical | other | ἐς τούτους τῶν Μεσσηνίων τὸ πολὺ ἀπεχώρησεν· | To these people, therefore, most of the Messenians withdrew. | Purely a movement/route statement about Messenians withdrawing to a group; no mythic or historical event is asserted. |
| 4.26.3 | 1 | historical | both | ἐνιαυτῷ δὲ πρότερον ἢ κατορθῶσαι Θηβαίους τὰ ἐν Λεύκτροις, προεσήμαινεν ὁ δαίμων Μεσσηνίοις τὴν ἐς Πελοπόννησον κάθοδον. | A year before the success of the Thebans at Leuctra, the deity had already indicated to the Messenians their return to the Peloponnese. | Mentions a deity giving a sign to the Messenians (mythic) and dates it relative to the historical Theban victory at Leuctra (historical). |
| 4.26.3 | 3 | historical | other | καὶ ὁ μὲν ἐπήλπιζεν Ἀθηναίων δυνηθέντων ναυτικῷ κάθοδον ἔσεσθαί σφισιν ἐς Ναύπακτον· | At Euesperitae, again, Comon dreamed that he lay with his dead mother, and while he slept beside her she returned to life again. | This sentence is a prediction about the Athenians and a naval descent to Naupactus; it is not itself mythic narration or a post-500 BC historical event. |
| 4.26.3 | 4 | historical | other | τὸ δὲ ἄρα ἐδήλου τὸ ὄνειρον ἀνασώσεσθαι Μεσσήνην. | Comon expected that, once the Athenians acquired naval supremacy, the Messenians would return to Naupactus, but the dream in fact foreshadowed the revival of Messene itself. | This sentence reports the meaning of a dream and a prediction, but it does not itself narrate a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.26.5 | 2 | historical | other | οἱ δὲ θᾶσσον ἢ ὡς ἄν τις ἤλπισε συνελέχθησαν γῆς τε τῆς πατρίδος πόθῳ καὶ διὰ τὸ ἐς Λακεδαιμονίους μῖσος παραμεῖναν ἀεί σφισιν. | They summoned the Messenians from everywhere—if any were anywhere—to return to the Peloponnese. | This is a historical/administrative action of summoning the Messenians, but the sentence as given only states that they were gathered and returned; it does not itself narrate a specific datable event or biography, so it is best treated as other. |
| 4.26.6 | 2 | historical | other | τὴν γὰρ Ἀνδανίαν οἱ Μεσσήνιοι καὶ Οἰχαλίαν οὐκ ἔφασαν ἀνοικιεῖν, ὅτι αἱ συμφοραί σφισιν ἐγεγόνεσαν ἐνταῦθα οἰκοῦσιν. | The Messenians declared they would not re-inhabit Andania and Oechalia, because their past misfortunes had occurred while they lived there. | This is a statement about the Messenians' decision and their reason for not resettling; it is historical/behavioral context but not a specific post-500 BCE event, and it contains no mythic narrative. |
| 4.26.6 | 5 | mythic | other | καὶ ἢν ἐξ ἀνθρώπων γένῃ, ἔγωγε ὦ Θηβαῖε ποιήσω μή ποτε ἀνώνυμον μηδὲ ἄδοξόν σε γενέσθαι. | And even should you depart from this life as mortal men do, I will ensure, O Theban, that your name shall never be without fame or honour. | A promise about someone’s future fame or honor is not itself mythic narration or historical assertion. |
| 4.26.7 | 1 | mythic | historical | Ἐπαμινώνδᾳ μὲν ταῦτα ἔλεγεν, Ἐπιτέλει δὲ τῷ Αἰσχίνου τάδε ἐμήνυε---στρατηγεῖν δὲ αὐτὸν οἱ Ἀργεῖοι τὸν Ἐπιτέλην καὶ Μεσσήνην ἀνοικίζειν ᾕρηντο--- | These words he spoke to Epaminondas; but to Epiteles, the son of Aeschines—whom the Argives had chosen as their general to resettle Messene—the dream gave the following message. | The sentence states a historical political fact: the Argives had chosen Epiteles as general to resettle Messene. The dream message itself is not narrated here. |
| 4.26.7 | 3 | mythic | other | κάμνειν γὰρ ἐν τῷ χαλκῷ καθειργμένην θαλάμῳ καὶ ἤδη λιποψυχεῖν αὐτήν. | She lay exhausted and close to fainting, imprisoned in a bronze chamber. | This is a physical description of a person’s condition and confinement, with no mythic or historical assertion in the sentence itself. |
| 4.26.7 | 4 | historical | other | ὁ δὲ Ἐπιτέλης, ὡς ἐπελάμβανεν ἡμέρα, παραγενόμενος ἐς τὸ εἰρημένον χωρίον ἐπέτυχεν ὀρύσσων ὑδρίᾳ χαλκῇ, καὶ αὐτίκα παρὰ τὸν Ἐπαμινώνδαν | Therefore Epiteles, as soon as day dawned, went to the appointed place and began digging; he quickly chanced upon a bronze water-urn, and then immediately went to Epaminondas. | A narrative action about Epiteles digging up a bronze urn and going to Epaminondas; it does not itself assert mythic or historical content beyond the immediate action. |
| 4.26.8 | 1 | mythic | other | κομίσας τό τε ἐνύπνιον ἐξηγεῖτο καὶ αὐτὸν ἐκεῖνον τὸ πῶμα ἀφελόντα ἐκέλευεν ὅ τι ἐνείη σκοπεῖσθαι. | He recounted the dream he had received, and instructed the other man, after removing that very lid, to examine what was inside. | Reports a dream and gives an instruction; it does not itself narrate mythic or historical events. |
| 4.26.8 | 3 | mythic | historical | ἐνταῦθα τῶν Μεγάλων θεῶν ἐγέγραπτο ἡ τελετή, καὶ τοῦτο ἦν παρακαταθήκη τοῦ Ἀριστομένους. | Inscribed thereupon was the rite of the Great Gods, which had been entrusted there by Aristomenes. | Mentions Aristomenes as the historical agent entrusting the rite; the sentence itself is a historical notice about a dedication/entrustment, not a mythic narrative. |
| 4.27.2 | 1 | historical | other | Λακεδαιμονίων δὲ ἐπὶ στρατοπέδου Διοσκούροις ἑορτὴν ἀγόντων καὶ ἤδη πρὸς πότον καὶ παιδιὰς τετραμμένων μετὰ τὸ ἄριστον, ὁ Γώνιππος καὶ ὁ Πάνορμος χιτῶνας λευκοὺς καὶ χλαμύδας πορφυρᾶς ἐνδύντες ἐπί τε ἵππων τῶν καλλίστων ὀχούμενοι καὶ ἐπὶ ταῖς κεφαλαῖς πίλους, ἐν δὲ ταῖς χερσὶ δόρατα ἔχοντες ἐπιφαίνονται Λακεδαιμονίοις. | While the Lacedaemonians were celebrating a festival in honor of the Dioscuri in their encampment, and had already turned after the midday meal toward drinking and amusements, Gonippus and Panormus appeared before them, dressed in white tunics and purple cloaks, riding upon most distinguished horses, with piloi on their heads and holding spears in their hands. | The sentence is a narrative scene description of the Dioscuri festival and the appearance of two men; it does not itself assert a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.27.4 | 1 | historical | both | μάλιστα δὲ τὸν Ἐπαμινώνδαν ἐς τὸν οἰκισμὸν οἱ Βάκιδος ἐνῆγον χρησμοί. | It was above all Bacis's oracles that led Epaminondas towards the founding of the city. | Bacis's oracles are a mythic/religious oracle tradition, and Epaminondas is a historical figure associated here with the founding of a city. |
| 4.27.4 | 4 | historical | mythic | καί οἱ καὶ τόδε ἐστὶ τῶν χρησμῶν, οἵ τʼ ἀπὸ Μεσσήνης πατάγῳ κρουνοῖς τε δαμείσης. | "Sparta shall perish, deprived of her splendid flower, Messenia, however, shall again be inhabited forever." | The sentence reports an oracle's pronouncement about Messenia's fate, which is mythic/legendary content rather than historical narration. |
| 4.27.6 | 1 | historical | other | ὡς δὲ ἐγεγόνει τὰ πάντα ἐν ἑτοίμῳ, τὸ ἐντεῦθεν---ἱερεῖα γὰρ παρεῖχον οἱ Ἀρκάδες---αὐτὸς μὲν Ἐπαμινώνδας καὶ οἱ Θηβαῖοι Διονύσῳ καὶ Ἀπόλλωνι ἔθυον Ἰσμηνίῳ τὸν νομιζόμενον τρόπον, Ἀργεῖοι δὲ τῇ τε Ἥρᾳ τῇ Ἀργείᾳ καὶ Νεμείῳ Διί, Μεσσήνιοι δὲ Διί τε Ἰθωμάτᾳ καὶ Διοσκούροις, οἱ δέ σφισιν ἱερεῖς θεαῖς ταῖς Μεγάλαις καὶ Καύκωνι. | When everything had been arranged and was ready—for the Arcadians provided the sacrificial animals—Epaminondas himself and the Thebans offered sacrifice to Dionysus and to Apollo Ismenius according to their customary rite, the Argives to Hera of Argos and Zeus of Nemea, and the Messenians to Zeus Ithomatas and the Dioscuri, while their priests sacrificed to the Great Goddesses and to Caucon. | This sentence is a procedural description of sacrifices being offered by various groups; it does not itself narrate a mythic story or a historical event. |
| 4.27.7 | 1 | historical | other | καὶ τὴν μὲν τότε ἡμέραν πρὸς θυσίαις τε καὶ εὐχαῖς ἦσαν, ταῖς δὲ ἐφεξῆς τοῦ τείχους τὸν περίβολον ἤγειρον καὶ ἐντὸς οἰκίας καὶ τὰ ἱερὰ ἐποιοῦντο. | On that first day they were occupied with sacrifices and prayers; but on the following days they built the circuit-wall, and inside its boundary they made houses and sanctuaries. | The sentence describes actions of building walls, houses, and sanctuaries; it is procedural/topographic rather than narrating mythic or datable historical content. |
| 4.27.8 | 2 | historical | other | Ναυπλιεῖς δὲ κατιοῦσιν ἐς Πελοπόννησον Μεσσηνίοις τε δῶρα ἤγαγον ὁποῖα εἶχον καὶ ἅμα μὲν ὑπὲρ καθόδου τῆς ἐκείνων συνεχέσιν ἐς τὸ θεῖον ταῖς εὐχαῖς, ἅμα δὲ ὑπὲρ σωτηρίας τῆς σφετέρας δεήσεσιν ἐς ἐκείνους ἐχρῶντο. | When the Nauplians returned into the Peloponnese, they brought the Messenians gifts according to their means, continually addressing prayers to the gods for their safe return, and at the same time entreating the Messenians for their own safety. | This sentence is a narrative of gifts and prayers/entreaties; it does not itself assert a mythic deed or a post-500 BC historical event. |
| 4.28.2 | 4 | historical | other | οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἐναντία θέσθαι τὰ ὅπλα ἠθέλησαν. | Yet, they refused utterly to bear arms against their fellow Greeks. | States a refusal to fight fellow Greeks; this is a general action, not mythic narration or a specific historical event. |
| 4.28.4 | 2 | other | historical | Ἠλεῖοι γὰρ τὰ μὲν παλαιότατα εὐνομώτατοι Πελοποννησίων ἦσαν· | For previously, the Eleans had been the most orderly of the Peloponnesians. | This sentence asserts a general historical characterization of the Eleans in earlier times, not mythic material. |
| 4.28.8 | 1 | mythic | other | ἔτι δὲ τοὺς διὰ νεότητα ἐν τοῖς Τρωσὶν ἢ γῆρας οὐχ ὡραίους μάχεσθαι, τούτους μὲν τὸ τεῖχος φρουρεῖν ἔταξε, τῶν ἐν ἡλικίᾳ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἐπηυλισμένων· | And moreover, those among the Trojans who, due to youthfulness or old age, were unfit to fight, Homer arranged to guard the wall while those of military age were encamped against the Greeks. | This is a narrative detail about Homer’s arrangement of Trojans in the Iliad, but in this sentence it functions as a descriptive account of who guarded the wall and who camped, not a mythic deed or historical event. |
| 4.29.3 | 1 | historical | other | ὡς δὲ ἡμέρα τε ἐπέσχε καὶ ἤδη τοῖς ἔνδον αἴσθησις ἐγεγόνει τοῦ κατειληφότος κινδύνου, τὸ μὲν πρῶτον αὐτοὺς ἐσῆλθεν ὑπόνοια ὡς οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι σὺν ὅπλοις παρέλθοιεν αὐτῶν ἐς τὴν πόλιν, ὥστε καὶ ὥρμησαν ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς ἀφειδέστερον διὰ τὸ μῖσος τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς. | When daylight arrived and those within became fully aware of the danger that had seized them, their first suspicion was that the Lacedaemonians had entered their city under arms, which prompted them to attack the enemy all the more recklessly, motivated by their longstanding hatred. | This is a battle narrative about immediate danger and suspicion of the Lacedaemonians entering the city; it does not assert mythic material or a post-500 BC historical event in its own right. |
| 4.29.4 | 1 | historical | other | ὅμως δὲ τοῦ τε παρόντος κακοῦ τὸ μέγεθος ἐδίδασκεν ἀνδρίαν τινὰ καὶ πέρα τοῦ δυνατοῦ γίνεσθαι καὶ ἅμα τὰ ἀμείνω παρίστατο αὐτοῖς ἐλπίζειν· οὐ γὰρ δὴ ἄνευ θεοῦ διὰ τοσούτου σφίσιν ὑπάρξαι τὴν ἐς Πελοπόννησον κάθοδον. | Nevertheless, the extent of their present misfortune taught them that courage could sometimes surpass even what was thought possible, and at the same time encouraged them to hope for better things; for indeed, not without divine help had they accomplished the long journey into the Peloponnese. | Authorial reflection on hardship and divine help; no mythic narrative or post-500 BCE historical event is asserted. |
| 4.29.5 | 2 | historical | other | ἅτε δὲ ὁδοιπορίᾳ προαπειρηκότες καὶ ὁμοῦ τῶν τε ἀνδρῶν σφισιν ἐγκειμένων καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν γυναικῶν κεράμῳ καὶ λίθοις βαλλόμενοι, σὺν οὐδενὶ ἔφευγον κόσμῳ. | Soon, however, exhausted by the march and at once attacked by the men pressing upon them and pelted by women hurling tiles and stones, they fled in utter disorder. | This sentence only describes the manner of a retreat and attack; it contains no mythic or historical assertion in itself. |
| 4.29.5 | 3 | historical | other | καὶ τὸ μὲν πολὺ αὐτῶν ἀπώλετο ὠθούμενοι κατὰ τῶν κρημνῶν, ἀπότομος γὰρ δὴ ταύτῃ μάλιστά ἐστιν ἡ Ἰθώμη· | Most of them perished, thrust over the cliffs, for at this place particularly Ithome is precipitous. | Describes terrain and the result of people falling over cliffs; no mythic or historical assertion in itself. |
| 4.29.5 | 4 | historical | other | ὀλίγοι δέ τινες καὶ ῥίψαντες τὰ ὅπλα ἀπεσώθησαν. | Only a few escaped, and those by throwing aside their weapons. | Reports only that a few escaped by discarding their weapons; no mythic or historical assertion. |
| 4.29.6 | 1 | historical | other | ἐς δὲ τὸ συνέδριον οἱ Μεσσήνιοι τὸ Ἀχαιῶν ἐπὶ τῷδε οὔ μοι δοκοῦσιν ἐσελθεῖν κατʼ ἀρχάς. | It is my opinion that the Messenians did not at first join the council of the Achaeans for the following reason. | Authorial comment about the Messenians joining the Achaean council; no mythic narrative or post-500 BCE historical event asserted in the sentence itself. |
| 4.29.12 | 2 | historical | other | τρόπον δὲ ὅντινα ὁ Φιλοποίμην ἑάλω καὶ ὡς ἐτελεύτησε, τάδε μὲν ἡμῖν καὶ ὕστερον ὁ Ἀρκαδικὸς λόγος ἐπέξεισι· | By what manner Philopoemen was captured and how he died, I shall relate further, when I later discuss Arcadian traditions. | Authorial cross-reference about what will be told later; it does not itself narrate Philopoemen's capture or death. |
| 4.30.2 | 4 | mythic | other | Φάρει δὲ ἄρρενας μὲν οὔ φασι γενέσθαι, θυγατέρα δὲ Τηλεγόνην. | Pharis, however, is said to have had no male children, but only a daughter, Telegone. | This is a bare genealogical notice about Pharis's children, with no mythic deed or historical event asserted. |
| 4.30.3 | 2 | mythic | other | διαμεμένηκε δὲ αὐτοῖς καὶ ἐς τόδε ἔτι νοσήματά τε καὶ τοὺς πεπηρωμένους τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἰᾶσθαι· | Even up to this day, it remains with their descendants to heal diseases and cure those who suffer infirmities. | Describes a continuing healing ability of descendants, but as a present-state note rather than a narrated mythic deed or historical event. |
| 4.30.3 | 3 | mythic | other | καί σφισιν ἀντὶ τούτων θυσίας ἐς τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ ἀναθήματα ἄγουσιν. | Hence, people bring sacrifices and dedicate offerings at their sanctuary in return for these favors. | This is a ritual/practical statement about bringing sacrifices and offerings to a sanctuary; it does not itself narrate a myth or a historical event. |
| 4.30.6 | 1 | other | historical | Βούπαλος δέ, ναούς τε οἰκοδομήσασθαι καὶ ζῷα ἀνὴρ ἀγαθὸς πλάσαι, Σμυρναίοις ἄγαλμα ἐργαζόμενος Τύχης πρῶτος ἐποίησεν ὧν ἴσμεν πόλον τε ἔχουσαν ἐπὶ τῇ κεφαλῇ καὶ τῇ ἑτέρᾳ χειρὶ τὸ καλούμενον Ἀμαλθείας κέρας ὑπὸ Ἑλλήνων. | Boupalos, a man excellent in the building of temples as well as in the shaping of figures, was the first—we know of—to depict Fortune in his work for the Smyrnaeans with a polos on her head and grasping in one hand what the Greeks call the horn of Amaltheia. | This sentence gives a biographical/art-historical claim about Boupalos and his work for the Smyrnaeans, a post-classical historical figure and commission. |
| 4.31.5 | 1 | historical | other | περὶ δὲ τὴν Μεσσήνην τεῖχος, κύκλος μὲν πᾶς λίθου πεποίηται, πύργοι δὲ καὶ ἐπάλξεις εἰσὶν ἐνῳκοδομημένοι. | Around Messene there is a surrounding wall built entirely of stone, with towers and battlements integrated into it. | Purely a physical description of Messene's wall and its construction; no mythic or historical event is asserted. |
| 4.31.6 | 2 | mythic | other | τὸ μὲν δὴ ὄνομα ἀπὸ τῆς Λευκίππου θυγατρὸς εἴληφεν, ὑπορρεῖ δὲ ἐς αὐτὴν ὕδωρ ἐκ πηγῆς καλουμένης Κλεψύδρας. | It took its name from the daughter of Leucippus, and water runs into it from a spring called Klepsydra. | The sentence only gives an etymology for the place name and a topographic note about water flowing from a spring; it does not narrate a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.31.6 | 4 | other | historical | καὶ οὗ μάλιστα ἄξιον ποιήσασθαι μνήμην, ἄγαλμα Μητρὸς θεῶν λίθου Παρίου, Δαμοφῶντος δὲ ἔργον, ὃς καὶ τὸν Δία ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ διεστηκότος ἤδη τοῦ ἐλέφαντος συνήρμοσεν ἐς τὸ ἀκριβέστατον· | And most deserving of mention is a statue of the Mother of the Gods carved from Parian marble, the work of Damophon, who also restored the ivory of the statue of Zeus at Olympia when it had come apart, connecting it again with the greatest precision. | The sentence identifies Damophon as the maker and states his restoration work on Zeus at Olympia, a historical/dedication-related fact; the statue of the Mother of the Gods is only located/described, not mythically narrated. |
| 4.31.9 | 4 | mythic | other | καί μοι καὶ ταῦτα ἐν τοῖς προτέροις ἐστὶν ἤδη δεδηλωμένα, ὡς οἱ Μεσσήνιοι τοὺς Τυνδάρεω παῖδας ἀμφισβητοῦσιν αὑτοῖς καὶ οὐ Λακεδαιμονίοις προσήκειν. | Previously I have already recounted that the Messenians contest the claim of Sparta to the sons of Tyndareus, insisting instead that the Dioscuri belong rightly to them. | Authorial cross-reference to earlier discussion; it reports a dispute about the Dioscuri but does not itself narrate mythic or historical ঘটনা. |
| 4.31.10 | 3 | historical | other | πόλις τε ἡ Θηβαίων καὶ Ἐπαμινώνδας ὁ Κλεόμμιδος Τύχη τε καὶ Ἄρτεμις Φωσφόρος, | There is also a representation of the city of Thebes, and statues of Epaminondas, son of Cleommides, of Tyche (Fortune), and of Artemis Phosphoros. | This sentence only notes the presence of representations/statues of Thebes, Epaminondas, Tyche, and Artemis Phosphoros; it does not narrate any mythic or historical event. |
| 4.31.11 | 1 | mythic | other | ἔστι δὲ καὶ Μεσσήνης τῆς Τριόπα ναὸς καὶ ἄγαλμα χρυσοῦ καὶ λίθου Παρίου· | There is also a temple and a statue of Messene, daughter of Triopas, made of gold and Parian marble. | This sentence only notes the existence and materials of a temple and statue; it does not narrate a myth or historical event. |
| 4.32.1 | 1 | historical | other | τὸ δὲ ὀνομαζόμενον παρὰ Μεσσηνίων ἱεροθέσιον ἔχει μὲν θεῶν ἀγάλματα ὁπόσους νομίζουσιν Ἕλληνες, ἔχει δὲ χαλκῆν εἰκόνα Ἐπαμινώνδου. | The place among the Messenians known as the Hierothesion contains statues of all the gods recognized by the Greeks, and also has a bronze image of Epaminondas. | This sentence only locates and describes the contents of the Hierothesion; it does not narrate a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.32.3 | 1 | historical | other | καὶ Ἀριστομένους δὲ μνῆμά ἐστιν ἐνταῦθα· | Here is also the tomb of Aristomenes. | Bare notice of a tomb's location; it does not assert a mythic deed or a historical event/biography in this sentence. |
| 4.32.3 | 2 | historical | both | οὐ κενὸν δὲ εἶναι τὸ μνῆμα λέγουσιν, ἀλλʼ ἐρομένου μου τρόπον τε ὅντινα καὶ ὁπόθεν Ἀριστομένους κομίσαιντο τὰ ὀστᾶ, μεταπέμψασθαι μὲν ἐκ Ῥόδου φασί, τὸν δὲ ἐν Δελφοῖς θεὸν τὸν κελεύσαντα εἶναι. | They say that the tomb is not empty; and when I inquired in what manner and from what place the bones of Aristomenes had been brought back, they told me that they had sent for them from Rhodes, following an oracle given by the god at Delphi. | The sentence reports the retrieval of Aristomenes' bones and an oracle from Delphi directing it; Aristomenes is a heroic figure, and the bone transfer from Rhodes is a concrete historical/cultic action. |
| 4.32.3 | 4 | mythic | other | ταῦρον ὅντινα ἐναγίζειν μέλλουσιν, ἀγαγόντες ἐπὶ τὸ μνῆμα ἔδησαν πρὸς τὸν ἑστηκότα ἐπὶ τῷ τάφῳ κίονα· | A bull, destined for sacrifice, is brought to the tomb and tied to the column standing upon the tomb. | Describes a ritual action and the location of a bull at a tomb; it does not itself narrate mythic or historical events. |
| 4.32.4 | 1 | historical | both | παραγενέσθαι δὲ Ἀριστομένην καὶ τῷ περὶ Λεῦκτρα ἀγῶνι ἐθέλουσιν οὐ μετὰ ἀνθρώπων ἔτι ὄντα, καὶ ἀμῦναί τε αὐτόν φασι Θηβαίοις καὶ μάλιστα γενέσθαι τοῦ ἀτυχήματος Λακεδαιμονίοις αἴτιον. | They say also that Aristomenes was present willingly at the battle of Leuctra, though no longer among the living, and the Thebans claim he aided them and was chiefly responsible for the disaster that befell the Lacedaemonians. | Aristomenes is a heroic figure, and the sentence attributes to him posthumous participation in Leuctra and influence on the battle, combining mythic hero narrative with a historical event. |
| 4.32.4 | 2 | other | historical | ἐγὼ δὲ Χαλδαίους καὶ Ἰνδῶν τοὺς μάγους πρώτους οἶδα εἰπόντας ὡς ἀθάνατός ἐστιν ἀνθρώπου ψυχή, καί σφισι καὶ Ἑλλήνων ἄλλοι τε ἐπείσθησαν καὶ οὐχ ἥκιστα Πλάτων ὁ Ἀρίστωνος· | Now I know that the Chaldeans and the Magi of India were the first to declare the human soul immortal, and certain Greeks adopted this belief from their teachings, most notably Plato, the son of Ariston. | The sentence asserts a historical/intellectual claim about Chaldeans, Indian Magi, and Plato being first to teach soul immortality; it does not narrate mythic action. |
| 4.32.5 | 5 | other | both | πρὶν δορὶ συμβαλέειν ἐχθροῖς, στήσασθε τρόπαιον, ἀσπίδα κοσμήσαντες ἐμήν, τὴν εἵσατο νηῷ θοῦρος Ἀριστομένης Μεσσήνιος. | Before engaging with your enemies in battle, Set up a trophy, adorning it with my shield, The shield which fierce Aristomenes the Messenian Dedicated within my temple. | The sentence quotes a heroic figure, Aristomenes, and refers to his dedication of a shield in a temple, which is mythic/heroic content; it also mentions a named historical-style dedication by a specific agent, but the core is still heroic. |
| 4.32.5 | 6 | mythic | other | αὐτὰρ ἐγώ τοι ἀνδρῶν δυσμενέων φθίσω στρατὸν ἀσπιστάων. | Then shall I Bring ruin upon the shield-bearing ranks of hostile men. | A threat of destroying hostile men’s ranks is generic martial speech, not a specific mythic or historical assertion. |
| 4.32.6 | 1 | mythic | both | ἀφικομένου δὲ τοῦ χρησμοῦ δεηθῆναι Ξενοκράτους λέγουσιν Ἐπαμινώνδαν· ὁ δὲ τήν τε ἀσπίδα μεταπέμπεται τοῦ Ἀριστομένους καὶ ἐκόσμησεν ἀπʼ αὐτῆς τρόπαιον, ὅθεν τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις ἔσεσθαι σύνοπτον ἔμελλεν. | When this oracle reached them, they say Epaminondas sought the counsel of Xenocrates; the latter had the shield of Aristomenes brought from Lebadeia and from it raised a trophy, set in clear view for the Lacedaemonians. | Mentions Epaminondas and a historical military trophy, but also the shield of Aristomenes, a heroic figure from mythic tradition. |
| 4.32.6 | 4 | mythic | other | Ἀριστομένους δὲ καὶ χαλκοῦς ἀνδριάς ἐστιν ἐν τῷ Μεσσηνίων σταδίῳ· | A bronze statue of Aristomenes stands in the stadium of the Messenians. | Bare notice of a statue’s existence and location; it does not narrate Aristomenes’ deeds or any historical event. |
| 4.33.2 | 3 | other | historical | ἄγουσι δὲ καὶ ἑορτὴν ἐπέτειον Ἰθωμαῖα, τὸ δὲ ἀρχαῖον καὶ ἀγῶνα ἐτίθεσαν μουσικῆς· | They also hold an annual festival, the Ithomaia, and in ancient times they established a competition in music as well. | The sentence asserts an annual festival and an ancient musical contest, which are institutional/historical practices rather than mythic narrative. |
| 4.33.3 | 2 | other | historical | Ἀθηναίων γὰρ τὸ σχῆμα τὸ τετράγωνόν ἐστιν ἐπὶ τοῖς Ἑρμαῖς, καὶ παρὰ τούτων μεμαθήκασιν οἱ ἄλλοι. | For the Athenians represented their Herms with a square shape, and other peoples have learned this from them. | The sentence asserts a historical-cultural practice of the Athenians and its influence on other peoples, not a mythic story. |
| 4.33.3 | 7 | other | mythic | Φιλάμμωνα γὰρ οὐκ ἐθέλειν ἐς τὸν οἶκον αὐτὴν ἄγεσθαι. | For Philammon did not wish to bring her into his house. | Mentions Philammon, a mythic figure, and reports his personal action in the story. |
| 4.33.4 | 3 | mythic | other | τοῦ πεδίου δέ ἐστιν ἀπαντικρὺ καλουμένη τὸ ἀρχαῖον Οἰχαλία, τὸ δὲ ἐφʼ ἡμῶν Καρνάσιον ἄλσος, κυπαρίσσων μάλιστα πλῆρες. | Opposite this plain is the place formerly called Oechalia, but in my time the grove Carnasium, filled especially with cypresses. | This is a topographic/location note identifying a place formerly called Oechalia and describing the grove; it does not itself narrate mythic or historical events. |
| 4.33.4 | 5 | mythic | other | ἡ δὲ Ἁγνὴ Κόρης τῆς Δήμητρός ἐστιν ἐπίκλησις· | Hagne is an epithet for Kore, the daughter of Demeter. | This is a naming/epithet identification only; it does not narrate a myth or a historical event. |
| 4.33.5 | 2 | mythic | historical | ὅτι δʼ ὑδρία τε ἡ χαλκῆ, τὸ εὕρημα τοῦ Ἀργείου στρατηγοῦ, καὶ Εὐρύτου τοῦ Μελανέως τὰ ὀστᾶ ἐφυλάσσετο ἐνταῦθα, δηλῶσαί με καὶ ἐς ἅπαντας οὐκ ἀπεῖργε τὸ ὄνειρον. | But my dream has not prevented me from openly disclosing to everyone that the bronze water-jar, discovered by the Argive general, and the bones of Eurytos, son of Melaneus, were kept there. | The sentence reports the bronze jar as a find of an Argive general and mentions preserved bones of Eurytos; this is a historical/antiquarian notice rather than a mythic narrative. |
| 4.33.6 | 2 | other | mythic | καὶ ὅτι μὲν τῇ πόλει τὸ ὄνομα ἀπὸ γυναικὸς γέγονεν Ἀνδανίας, ὁμολογεῖται ὑπὸ τῶν ἐξηγητῶν· οὐ μὴν τά γε ἐς τοὺς γονέας αὐτῆς οὐδὲ τῷ συνῴκησεν ἔχω λέγειν. | It is agreed among the guides that the city derived its name from a woman named Andania; however, I am unable to speak precisely concerning her parentage or to whom she was married. | The sentence asserts a city-name origin from a woman named Andania, which is a naming/foundation legend; the parentage/marriage uncertainty is not itself historical content. |
| 4.33.6 | 3 | other | mythic | ἰόντων δὲ ὡς ἐπὶ Κυπαρισσιὰς ἀπὸ Ἀνδανίας Πολίχνη τέ ἐστι καλουμένη καὶ ποταμὸς Ἠλέκτρα καὶ Κοῖος ῥέουσι· τάχα δʼ ἄν τινα καὶ λόγον ἐς Ἠλέκτραν τὴν Ἄτλαντος λέγοιεν καὶ ἐς Κοῖον τὸν Λητοῦς πατέρα, ἢ καὶ τῶν ἐπιχωρίων ἡρώων εἶεν Ἠλέκτρα τε καὶ Κοῖος. | Going from Andania toward Cyparissiae, there is a place called Polichne, and rivers named Elektra and Coeus flow there; perhaps one might relate these names to Elektra, daughter of Atlas, and Coeus, father of Leto; or else Elektra and Coeus could have been local heroes. | The sentence itself proposes mythic identifications for the river names with Elektra daughter of Atlas and Coeus father of Leto, and mentions local heroes; no post-500 BCE historical event or institution is asserted. |
| 4.34.4 | 2 | mythic | other | κατὰ δὲ τὴν ὁδὸν ταύτην ἐστὶν ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ χωρίον, ὃ Ἰνοῦς ἱερὸν εἶναι νομίζουσιν· | On this route, beside the sea, there is a place believed to be sacred to Ino. | Bare topographic notice that a place is believed sacred to Ino; it does not narrate a myth or historical event. |
| 4.34.5 | 2 | historical | mythic | ἐπεὶ δὲ ὑπὸ Θηβαίων κατήχθησαν ἐς Πελοπόννησον, Ἐπιμηλίδην φασὶν ἀποσταλέντα οἰκιστὴν καλέσαι Κορώνειαν, εἶναι γὰρ αὐτὸν ἐκ Κορωνείας τῆς Βοιωτῶν, τοὺς δὲ Μεσσηνίους ἐξ ἀρχῆς τε οὐ κατορθοῦν περὶ τὸ ὄνομα καὶ μᾶλλον ἔτι ἀνὰ χρόνον ἐκνικῆσαι τὸ ἐκείνων ἁμάρτημα. | But after they had been brought down into the Peloponnese by the Thebans, they say that Epimelides, who had been sent as founder, gave it the name Coroneia, as he himself was from Coroneia in Boeotia; the Messenians, however, did not approve this name from the very beginning, and over time they succeeded still more in rejecting this mistaken naming. | The sentence gives a foundation/naming legend: Epimelides is sent as founder and names the place Coroneia because of his Boeotian origin. |
| 4.34.5 | 3 | mythic | other | λέγεται δὲ καὶ ἕτερος λόγος, ὡς τοῦ τείχους τὰ θεμέλια ὀρύσσοντες ἐπιτύχοιεν κορώνῃ χαλκῇ. | Another story is also told, namely that while digging the foundations of the city-wall they came upon a bronze crow ("korone"). | A reported story about finding a bronze crow while digging foundations is an etiology/legendary anecdote, but the sentence itself only says 'another story is told' and reports the discovery, so it is treated as other. |
| 4.34.9 | 2 | other | mythic | ὄνομα δὲ ἦν αὐτοῖς, ὃ δὴ καὶ ἐς Πελοπόννησον διεσώσαντο, ἀπὸ τοῦ οἰκιστοῦ Δρύοπες. | They had received the name Dryopes from their founder, which they preserved even after migrating into the Peloponnesus. | This sentence gives a foundation/name-origin legend from the founder Dryops; no post-500 BCE historical event or institution is asserted. |
| 4.35.3 | 5 | other | historical | θυγάτηρ δὲ ἦν Πύρρου τοῦ Πτολεμαίου τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ Πύρρου· | She was the daughter of Pyrrhus, son of Ptolemy, who was the son of Alexander, and he in turn was son of Pyrrhus. | This is a genealogical identification of a historical person by descent, not mythic narrative. |
| 4.35.4 | 1 | historical | other | τὰ δὲ ἐς Πύρρον τὸν Αἰακίδου πρότερον ἔτι ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τῷ ἐς Ἀθηναίους ἐδήλωσα, | As for matters concerning Pyrrhus, son of Aeacides, I have already earlier related them in my account of the Athenians. | Authorial cross-reference to earlier discussion; no mythic or historical event is asserted in this sentence itself. |
| 4.35.5 | 4 | historical | other | συνέσει γὰρ οἰκείᾳ τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν ὑπερεβάλλοντο καὶ νόμοις τοῖς καθεστηκόσιν ἐλάχιστα ἠπείθουν. | For they surpassed the rest of the Greeks by reason of their own good sense, and they least disobeyed the established laws. | General characterization of the Greeks’ good sense and obedience to laws; no mythic narrative or specific historical event/person. |
| 4.36.1 | 3 | historical | mythic | ταύτην ᾤκισε Πύλος ὁ Κλήσωνος ἀγαγὼν ἐκ τῆς Μεγαρίδος τοὺς ἔχοντας τότε αὐτὴν Λέλεγας· | This city was founded by Pylos, son of Cleson, who brought from Megaris the Leleges, who then inhabited it. | This sentence gives a foundation legend: Pylos son of Cleson founded the city and brought the Leleges, which is mythic/etiological rather than historical. |
| 4.36.1 | 5 | historical | mythic | ἀποχωρήσας δὲ ἐς τὴν ὅμορον ἔσχεν ἐνταῦθα Πύλον τὴν ἐν τῇ Ἠλείᾳ. | Departing, he occupied the nearby territory and established the Pylos that lies within Elis. | The sentence asserts a foundation/naming act by a figure ('he established the Pylos'), which is mythic in Pausanias' sense; it does not present a post-500 BCE historical event. |
| 4.36.2 | 1 | mythic | other | ἐνταῦθα ἱερόν ἐστιν Ἀθηνᾶς ἐπίκλησιν Κορυφασίας καὶ οἶκος καλούμενος Νέστορος· | Here there is a sanctuary of Athena surnamed Koryphasia, and a house said to belong to Nestor. | Bare notice of a sanctuary and a house said to belong to Nestor; it locates objects but does not itself narrate a myth or historical event. |
| 4.36.2 | 2 | mythic | other | ἐν δὲ αὐτῷ καὶ ὁ Νέστωρ γέγραπται· | Inside it, Nestor himself has been depicted. | This is only a notice that Nestor is depicted inside the object; it does not itself narrate a mythic deed or a historical event. |
| 4.36.5 | 1 | mythic | other | ἐνέμοντο δὲ ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν αἱ τοῦ Νηλέως βοῦς ἐν τῇ ὑπερορίᾳ τὰ πολλά· ὑπόψαμμός τε γάρ ἐστιν ὡς ἐπίπαν ἡ τῶν Πυλίων χώρα καὶ πόαν βουσὶν οὐχ ἱκανὴ τοσαύτην παρασχέσθαι. | But in my opinion, the cattle of Neleus generally grazed beyond the borders; for the land of the Pylians is almost entirely sandy and unable to supply enough pasture for cattle. | This is a topographic/geographical explanation about pasture and the land of the Pylians; it does not itself narrate mythic or historical events. |